Wayengubani uCopernicus? Nikolay Kopernik: Biography, ukuvulwa

Umuntu angeke akwazi ngobani uCopernicus. Kukholakala ukuthi lokhu kuyinto umhlaziyi, isazi sezinkanyezi, sezifundo, owaphila kusukela 1473 at 1543. He is umdali Kusolakala inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela yesimanje unit kwamaplanethi, owawuthi nendawo ilanga. Nokho, izinto eziphathelene nokuphila kwakhe kanye nomsebenzi kukhona ukwaziswa okungafani kakhulu ukuthi ayikuvumeli elilodwa ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo: "? Ngubani uCopernicus" Kukhona amathuba eqinile ukuthi kwaba figurehead. Igama uCopernicus, ngaphezu, kungasho lonke iqembu izinto emkhakheni yezinkanyezi, ngubani ababecashe woshushiso. Nokho, sizobe ukwethula biography olusemthethweni lomuntu isayensi. Uyazi ukuthi ubani uCopernicus, ngokuvumelana inguqulo evamile. Ngezinye izikhathi eziningana izinguqulo athandwayo, bese sizobe fikisa them bonke.

Usuku lokuzalwa, umsuka uCopernicus

Nikolay Kopernik, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando Polish kwekhulu le-19, wazalwa ngo-1473, 2 Februwari. Lo mcimbi senzeka emzini Prussian ka Thorn (Torun yesimanje, Poland). Ngokusho izibalo ezinkanyezi uGalileo futhi Kepler sika uthisha (M. Mestlina), wazalwa 4 h. 48 imiz. PM Februwari 19, 1473 Kuyinto lolu suku lulandela imithombo lwesayensi lwanamuhla kakhulu.

UYise Usosayensi namesake wakhe. Kukhona izinguqulo eziningi ngobani uCopernicus Sr. futhi lokho ayekwenza. Wayengumuntu umthengisi noma umlimi, noma udokotela, noma elikulesi, noma nombhaki. Le ndoda kusukela Krakow ukuba Torun mayelana 1460. Ngo Torun, uyise Nicholas waba muntu. Wakhonza iminyaka eminingi umahluleli kamasipala akhethwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena waba umphathi isihloko zokuhlonipha Dominican Order "UMfoweth 'ukuze wesithathu" (Umsizi zezwe ephathelene nale oda izindela).

Lisho ukuthini igama uCopernicus?

Asinakusho kahle ukuthi igama uCopernicus, kodwa izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi okhokho lo Nicholas ubudala ezikude babengabahwebi yethusi (ithusi Latin - "cuprum"). Enye inguqulo - igama livela amagama nemizana eSilesia, elinegama elifanayo. Kucatshangwa bathola igama labo kusukela fennel ezikhulayo eduze (e dill Polish - "Koper"). Nokho, indawo esiqondile mizi alwaziwa. mlando Polish baye bathola okokuqala leli gama kumadokhumenti Krakow eziphathelene 1367. Tinker, makhi, gunsmith isikhonzi umlindi - Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemva abathwali zawo zazilotshiwe ababazi ukuzibonakalisa ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ezaziwayo.

Isiphetho izihlobo Nicholas

Nikolay Kopernik e Torun, Sr. washada uBarbara Vatzenrode, indodakazi Ijaji. Kukholakala ukuthi umshado kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba izingane 1463 Abane bazalelwa umndeni. UNikolai wayengomncane kunabo bonke kubo.

EPoland namuhla abonisa endlini lapho okuthiwa ozalwa Nikolay Kopernik, ogama biography sinesithakazelo kwesikwenzayo. Lesi sakhiwo, okuvezwe lapha esithombeni ngezansi, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, kwaba into yokugogobala iqoqo izingongolo. Usimende izitini kuwo - izinsalela kazwelonke ezigcinwe eminyuziyamu.

Izingane emkhayeni uCopernicus wafunda edolobheni lakubo, lapho athola imfundo enhle. Andreya umfowabo umdala, eyazalelwa emhlabeni 1464, cishe yonke indawo ephelezelwa Nicholas ekufeni kwakhe (wafa ngo-1518 noma 1519). Wasiza kuye ekufundeni futhi umsebenzi zenkolo. Ngo-1512, u-Andrew wagula ngochoko, futhi wafa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva A. uCopernicus. Sitshele kafushane mayelana nokuthi kwenzekani bosisi hero yethu. Okokuqala, uBarbara, waba tonsured indela e Kulm. Washona mayelana 1517 Futhi Catherine waya Krakow nomyeni wami, umthengisi noBartolomewu Gertner. Ngemva kwalokho iminonjana elahleka. Futhi iyini iqhawe lethu, Nikolay Kopernik? Biography nokwatholakala olufanele cwaningo enemininingwane. Okokuqala, sizokutshela ngokuphila Nikolaya Kopernika, bese - ku impumelelo yayo.

Ukufa abazali, ukunakekelwa Uncle

Ngo-1483, kwashona ubaba wakhe ka agijima Nicholas isifo (mhlawumbe isifo). Unina washona ngo 1489. Emva kokushona kwakhe, lo mkhaya waqala ukhathazeke Luca Vatzenrode, umzalwane kamama (ngezansi). Yena wayengumbulali ezisohlwini lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli bhishobhi wendawo, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana kwaba umbhishobhi. Lo muntu kwase kumiswe ngaleso sikhathi. Yena wayengumbulali inkosi Krakow Jagiellonian University, kanye nodokotela kohlu lwezincwadi umthetho kwenye inyuvesi - Bologna.

Ezemfundo abazalwane uNicholas Andrew

Ngokushesha basilingisa bomfowabo kayise, u-Andrew Nikolay Kopernik. Biography of hero wethu uqhubeka isikhathi eside ukuqeqeshwa. Ngemva kokuphela esikoleni edolobheni (mayelana 1491), abafowethu baya Jagiellonian University. UNicholas Andrew wakhetha Faculty of Liberal Arts. Kulesi sikole baye wajoyina esintwini, ke sandile ngaleso sikhathi. Le nyuvesi kusolakala ngisho ngasinda isitifiketi evidencing ukukhokhelwa yokufundiswa (ngoba 1491) ngu likaNikolawu uCopernicus. Ukuba wafunda iminyaka 3 Latin, ulwazi ngezinkanyezi, izibalo nezinye izinhlobo zesayensi, abafowethu banquma ukushiya Krakow ngaphandle kokuthola diploma. Mhlawumbe benza lesi sinqumo ngenxa yokuthi eyunivesithi 1494 won party esikoleni, elimalungu alo okwakungokwenkosi elangenza Hungarian.

Abazalwane bakhetha ukubeka canons

Weza u-Andreya Nicholas okuhloswe ukuqhubeka nezifundo zabo e-Italy. Nokho, umalume wakhe ngalesi sikhathi kwaba umbhishobhi Ermelandskim wawungewona ukuthi imali eyengeziwe. Weluleka bomzala bakhe ukuthatha izihlalo canons (amalungu Isahluko of uhulumeni) esihlokweni besifunda-bhishobhi kuye ukuze uthole iholo kudingekile ukuhamba kude futhi cwaningo phesheya. Nokho, leli cebo waqalwa ngesikhathi esisodwa - ke kuvimbe yokuntuleka amadiploma abazalwane. It akaphinda wamsiza ngisho ukusekelwa eqinile. Noma kunjalo, abazalwane e 1496 namanje wahamba ngenxa ukuqeqeshwa abameli e-University of Bologna. Bakhandwa abakhethiwe engekho ku canons indawo 1487, ngokuhlinzekwa amaholo, kanye ikhefu engu-3 ngokuqhubeka nemfundo.

Ukwenezela imfundo e-University of Bologna

I-University of Bologna wafunda hhayi kuphela efanele kodwa nangenxa isazi yezinkanyezi Nikolay Kopernik. Biography kuye kulesi sikhathi buboniswa ngokuba ujwayele Dominique Mariey Di Navar. Lokhu uthisha wase-University of Bologna, ngezinkanyezi eyaziwayo sikhathi. UCopernicus, ogama biography kungenziwa ukusungulwa kuphela ngesisekelo imithombo engaqondile esikhathini esizayo uma incwadi yabo likhuluma ababecabanga yezinkanyezi, yena ngokuhlanganyela aphethwe nothisha wakhe. I-University of Bologna futhi Nicholas wafunda Nokho, isiGreki, owawungumnyaka zithandwa phakathi abaphika, kuphakamisa amahemuhemu ayekhona ngaye okuhlubuka yi scholastics lamaKatolika. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ethanda Umdwebo - gcina isithombe, okuyinto ubhekwa ikhophi eyenziwe uCopernicus self-portrait.

Benokuthile eRoma, ubudokotela

Abazalwane baye wafunda e Bologna engu-3, futhi ngaphandle kokuthola diploma. Ngokwezazi-mlando, kafushane Nikolay wasebenza njengomfundisi wezibalo eRoma, ukufunda ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye izinkulumo yezinkanyezi u-Alexander VI Borgia, upapa, kanye usosayensi wase-Italy. Nokho, ubufakazi bale umbono alikho.

Abazalwane 1501 wabuya kafushane Frauenburg, kokuthunyelwe. Babefuna ukucela ukubambezeleka ukuqhubeka nemfundo yabo. Emva kokuthola ke, bahamba ukuze ngifundele ubudokotela e-University of Padua. Bahlala khona kuze kube-1506, futhi futhi akatholanga diploma. Nokho, ngo-1503, abafowethu baye badlula izivivinyo njengenhlangano umfundi zangaphandle eNyuvesi yaseFerrara kanye iziqu zobudokotela zomthetho umthetho.

Amazing, isevisi umbhishobhi

Kopernicki e 1506 ebuyela ekhaya ngemva iziqu. Nicholas ngaleso sikhathi owayehamba kakade engu-33 ubudala, no-Andreya - 42. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthola ama-diploma ngaleso ubudala imizwa kubhekwa njengento evamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi abaningi abasezingeni eliphakeme emphakathini yesayensi (isib, G. Galilei), akazange abe idiploma. Lokhu akuzange kuvimbele zonke zazo ukuze uthole esihlalweni professorial.

Nikolay Kopernik, sesineminyaka sikhonza ohlwini lwezincwadi Frombork waba umeluleki umbhishobhi (umalume wakhe), bese ishansela besifunda-bhishobhi. Wasiza umzala wakhe ukuba ngilwe nesikhulu zamaJalimane Order, okwaholela ngo-1511 ngu-Albrecht von Hohenzollern, ikusasa angamambuka yakhe. UNicholas wasiza izingxoxo Sigismund mina, iNkosi yase-Poland, owayeyizibulo, uyisekazi ka-Albrecht. Kukholakala ukuthi uLuka Vattselrode wayefuna ukwenza umlandeli wakhe UNicholas. Nokho, akazange abe umsebenzi okwanele kanye ukuvelela kulolu hlobo lo msebenzi.

Ukudlulela Fraenburg

UCopernicus ngalesi sikhathi waqala ukudala ocatshangelwayo yezinkanyezi. Ngo-February 1512 uMbhishobhi Luka Vattselrode wafa. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi siphela sinecure uCopernicus. Isihlalo yombhishobhi kuthatha UFabian Losaynen, ekilasini abafowethu e-University of Bologna. Nicolas has ukushiya Lidzbarga. UCopernicus wabuyela Frauenburg, lapho aba khona uhlu lwezincwadi zeBhayibheli lombhishobhi. Tideman Gize, umsekeli wakhe nomngani, iba Shansela besifunda-bhishobhi. Nokho, uNicholas imisebenzi kuze akhe abadliwa kakhulu. Kuyinto obhekene nezindaba kwezomnotho kanye nokuqoqwa kwentela. Ngalesi sikhathi, nomfowabo u-Andrisi waphathwa ochokweni isiqunto sokuya kwa-Italy.

UCopernicus yaziwa

UCopernicus nezifundo zakhe kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi. Scientific ozuza udumo kulo mkhakha uma ekupheleni kwekhulu le-15. ezinkulumo zakhe athandwa kakhulu, basuke wavakashelwa kuka-Alexander VI Borgia, kanye Nicholas da Vinci waseNgilandi. Izazi-mlando aveze ukuthi UPapa Leo X e-1514, kusho usosayensi, lokho akucabangayo wezinguquko ikhalenda. Nikolay Kopernik ethulwa imibono yakhe ayeyibhalela uPawulu Middelburgskomu, labahluleli we sobupapa le nkinga. Weluleka isikhashana ukuhlehlisa lesi okusunguliwe, inqobo nje uma ayengeke uqedele ukudalwa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela (zazo, ngenhlanhla uCopernicus wasebenza iminyaka engu-30). Nokho, ubufakazi ukuba kufakazelwe labhaliwe, kubalulekile ayivezi.

Nikolaya Kopernika ekwindla ka-1516 ukukhetha indawo Tiedemann Giese. Uba umphathi we dominions eningizimu okuqondene besifunda-bhishobhi Warmia. Futhi Giza kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uye wakhonza njengephayona umbhishobhi kulmskogo. UCopernicus ngokuqondene ukuqokwa entsha wathutha iminyaka 4 Olsztyn. Lapha ephoqelelwe ukwenza izikebhe lempi - the zamaJalimane Order Varma kuhlasela futhi bamba ingxenye yayo. Futhi uma they imali ngisho yokuhlala uCopernicus. Nicholas wabuyela Frombork ngo-1521, ngemva ukuthula esiphethwe zamaJalimane Order.

I indatshana lokuqala, lokusa iimphakamiso zokwenziwa kabutjha yemali

Kukholakala ukuthi kulapho edala indatshana yakhe yokuqala, enesihloko esithi "amazwana Small '. Lo msebenzi wazisile bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yebanga emincane. iziphakamiso uCopernicus ku kabusha yemali Prussia okukhulunywe 1528. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho Wasewabeka phezu ukudla ka Elblag.

Bekwentiwa uCopernicus

Warmia Bishop Ferber ngemva kokufa, okwenzeka ngo-1537, abe Johann Dantisk sezifundo wangaphambili futhi izazi. Kamuva waba prude futhi retrograde, futhi ngenxa yalokho benza umsebenzi zenkolo. Kuningi losizi enkingeni uCopernicus zilethwe wokubusa kwakhe. Dantisk uma Nicholas usolwa ngokunukubeza kuhlalisana kabi Anna Schilling, isisebenzi sasendlini oshadile. Owesifazane uma isimemezelo esikhethekile umbhishobhi avinjwe Frombork, ngoba ungumuntu oyingozi yayenga "isazi sezinkanyezi zihlaba."

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, ukufa

Ukuze uCopernicus ngo-1539 kuza Retik AI ukufunda theory yayo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, waphindela wanyathelisa incwadi lapho theory entsha yethulwa, bese wanyathelisa incwadi futhi uthisha wakhe.

UCopernicus washona ngo-May 24, 1543 Washona ngemva nokufa uhlangothi nokukhubazeka kubangelwa ke isigamu kwesokudla umzimba. Ngo 1655 Pierre Gassendi wabhala umlando, owawuthi okhulayo isandla abandayo uCopernicus abangane bakhe ubeke yasekuqaleni sencwadi yakhe. UNicholas, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando zanamuhla, wembelwa e-sesonto Fromborkskom (isithombe ngenhla ibonisa). Ngo-1581 phambi ithuna lakhe efakwe uqwembe nge portrait kanye eceleni lombhishobhi kuyinto lesikhumbuzo ukuze UNicholas.

IzEnzo Nicholas

UCopernicus ngokuyinhloko njengoba umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela heliocentric ezaziwayo. Nokho, udumo neminye imisebenzi eminingi esivela a abaphika wezingoma onekhono ababefunde bagogoda isikhathi. Sichaza okwatholwa main uCopernicus kafushane.

Ukuhumusha kusuka Greek

Ngo 1509, uNicholas, ababekhuluma isiGreki kahle, lahunyushelwa umsebenzi Latin 6 noma 7. BC. e. "Zokuziphatha, izincwadi yasemakhaya nothando Feofilakta Simokatty, scholasticism." Kukholakala ukuthi umdali lo msebenzi mlando zokugcina esibiza isiko lasendulo. Ngeshwa, yokulibiza ayaziwa kazi le nguqulo yanyatheliswa, kodwa umbhalo yaziwa. Ngokuthakazelisayo, izazi-mlando ukutshela uma lokhu ukuxhumana ligcwele anachronisms futhi lutho emangalisayo ngokwako akusona abantu zomlando wasenganekwaneni. Nokho, lokhu 'ukuzikhohlisa " ," udoti "futhi" kuyisicefe "ngandlela-thile bayahlonishwa uCopernicus, uNicholas translation ephefumlelwe. Umsebenzi wakhe, wayehumusha umalume. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlalifa Nicholas izindaba esekude, futhi eminye imisebenzi uTheophylact Scholastica.

amakilasi ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe

Futhi kule ndawo uCopernicus zangishiya yakhe. Layidalile ibalazwe Prussia, okuyinto, ngeshwa, akazange ngasinda. Ukusebenzisa umugqa self-ezenziwe Parallax ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi Izigaxa, uNicholas sizimisele ngaphakathi 3 'latitude Frauenburga. Lezi izinduku, ngokuthi "Trikvetra" namhlanje e-University of Krakow. Ngokwezazi-mlando, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-16. lokhu esifuze eziyigugu Ganov John, uMbhishobhi Warmia, Tiho Brage badabula Elias Olai Tsimber, umfundi odlule.

Okunye amakilasi uCopernicus

Ngo ukuphathwa ezweni Warmia inkathi (kusuka 1516 kuya onyakeni 1520) Nikolay Kopernik kahle umkhuzi izikebhe, unjiniyela ezempi kanye nomqondisi. izifundo akhe ahlanganisa izimali zomphakathi ekupheleni 1520-sika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babhala ukuthi Nicholas wayengudokotela bodumo, iphathwa mahhala artisan kanye abalimi. Okuvunjululwe uCopernicus kusolakala ngisho zihlanganisa indlela yakhe ka isamishi.

"Commentariolus"

Imisebenzi emithathu ethulwa imisebenzi yezinkanyezi of Nikolaya Kopernika. Ababili babo zishicilelwe kuphela ekhulwini le-19. Umsebenzi wokuqala - "amazwana Small ', elikhombisa imfundiso yokuziphendukela UNicholas. Kopisha wesandla otholakala umtapo wenkantolo Vienna ngo-1877 noma 1878 Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1881, kwatholakala i-notebook okufanayo amarekhodi uCopernicus. Siqukethe Amakhasi 16 yabuye yatholakala at Uppsala University, emtatsheni wakhe. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi, kubika ukuthi atholakala Stockholm.

"Umyalezo uCopernicus ngokumelene Werner" futhi "On the Revolutions the Sphere waseZulwini"

"Incwadi ngokumelene Werner uCopernicus" - wesibili isikhathi Nicholas indaba astronomy. Lena incwadi yakhe eya Bernard Wapowski, li lombhishobhi Krakow. Umsebenzi isibili ezithakazelisayo njengoba inikeza ukucabanga ngokulandelana kwazo zonke izenzakalo umbhali, okuncike uhlaziyo precession izinkanyezi ngokusho emithonjeni ephakathi lasendulo. Ngo 1543 lanyatheliswa incwadi eyinhloko uCopernicus 'On the Revolutions the Sphere waseZulwini ". Indawo kwale ncwadi ibonisa ukuthi Regensburg, le eNuremberg. Iqukethe imiphumela kokuma lombhali, kanye ibhuku 1025 izinkanyezi, mathupha sakhiwa kubo.

ithiyori Copernican

Imibono lokhu usosayensi nesibindi kakhulu ngesikhathi sayo. izwe Copernican kuyinto ngokuphelele ezahlukene kusukela ukubukwa olwamukelwa amandulela nabantu bangesikhathi. Nicholas waphonsa geocentric uhlelo zomhlaba, okuyinto sidalwe lukaPtolemy. Ngaleso sikhathi-ke kwakuyisinyathelo esidinga ngokugqamile, njengoba le modeli ifaniswe akuvamile bafakwa imibuzo. It is osekelwa oqavile ngesikhathi iSonto LamaKatolika. Ngokusho kwakhe, isikhungo wendawo yonke Zomhlaba kanye Sun, ngokuya ihogela izinkanyezi fixed kanye wonke amaplanethi singaxoxi ke. uhlelo Heliocentric uCopernicus ngokuyinhloko ephikisana nalo mbono. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi Earth, njengabanye Amaplanethi ahamba uzungeza ilanga. Nicholas wathi ukuhamba esibhakabhakeni ukuthi sibona emini - lokhu is phetho ukunyakaza iplanethi ezungeza axis awo. Okuvunjululwe uCopernicus owethulwe kubona emsebenzini "On the Revolutions the Sphere waseZulwini", esanyatheliswa ngonyaka sokufa kwakhe. Incwadi Ngo-1616 wavimbela eSontweni LamaKatolika. Noma kunjalo, imibono emisha njalo uphika ngokufuzula. Ukutholakala, eyenziwe uNicholas, wanika yisisusa esinamandla isayensi. Ososayensi abaningi yabe isiphendukela kuye.

Ngakho, sasuka Biography futhi kuvulwa Nikolaya Kopernika kafushane. Njengoba ungase ucabange, kukhona abanye ngezinga elithile okungenzeka ukuthi amaqiniso athile zokuphila zakhe ziyiqiniso. Lokuphinda biography of abantu ababephila ngaphambi kwethu, kuvame ukuba kube nzima. Nokho, siye sazama ukwethula ulwazi kungenzeka kakhulu ngendoda ezifana uCopernicus. Biography nokwatholakala yakhe zisekhona isihloko cwaningo-mlando. Mhlawumbe ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile bazokwazi ukuthola ulwazi oluqonde kakhulu.