Imizimba yemifino yakhiwa yiziphi? Izici zesakhiwo somzimba wefungus

Umbuso wamakhowe uhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi. I-fungi engaphansi iyingxenye yama-microorganisms. Ukuze ubone umuntu angakwazi kuphela uma nje ngokusebenzisa i-microscope noma ekudleni okungcolile. Amakhowe aphakeme anesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi namasayizi amakhulu. Bangakwazi ukukhula emhlabathini nasemithini yomuthi, bathole lapho kukhona khona izinto eziphilayo. Imizimba ye-mushroom yakhiwa yinkimbinkimbi encane, ehambisana ne-hyphae. Lezi yizinhlobo esizisebenzisayo ukuqoqa amabhasikidi, sihamba phakathi kwehlathi.

Isifungi esiphezulu si-agaric

Mhlawumbe, umuntu ngamunye unombono onembile wokuthi yini i-mushroom evamile ebukeka ngayo. Wonke umuntu uyazi lapho angakhula nalapho angatholakala khona. Kodwa empeleni, abamele umbuso wama-mushroom akulula kakhulu. Ahlukile ngesimo nesakhiwo. Izidumbu zesikhunta zakhiwa yi-plexus hyphae. Eziningi zezinhlobo eziyaziwayo zinomlenze nesigqoko, esingadwetshwa ngemibala ehlukene. Cishe yonke imfucumfucu abantu abayisebenzisayo yokudla ikhonjiswe kumyalelo we-agaric. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezinjengama-champignons, i-valuvia, i-ryzhiki, i-chanterelles, amakhowe, abamhlophe, ama-freckles, njll. Ngakho kufanelekile ukutadisha isakhiwo salezi fungi ngokuningiliziwe.

Isakhiwo esijwayelekile sefungi eliphakeme

Izidumbu zesikhunta zakhiwa ngamaseli amakhulu ama-giant multinucleated - hyphae, okwenza i-Plectenchyma. Abaningi bamameli abanjwe inkokhelo basesimweni se-agaric, kuhlukaniswe ngokucacile sibe yinqwaba nomlenze oyindilinga. Lesi sakhiwo sangaphandle sinezinhlobo ezithile ezihlobene ne-aphyllophoric ne-morel. Kodwa-ke, ngisho naphakathi kwezolimo kukhona okuhlukile. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo, i-stem ingaba i-lateral noma engekho ngokuphelele. Futhi ku-Gasteromycetes, imizimba yefungal isakhiwe ngendlela yokuthi akukho unit efanayo ekhonjisiwe, futhi abanayo hat. Unesimo se-tuber-like, clavate, spherical noma ukubukeka kwenkanyezi.

Isigqoko sivikela isikhumba, lapho kukhona ungqimba lwe-pulp. Kungaba nombala ogqamile nokuhogela. Umlenze noma isitshalo sinamathele ku-substrate. Kungaba inhlabathi, isihlahla esiphilayo noma isidumbu sesilwane. Ama-Penecks, njengombuso, aqinile, ubuso bawo buhlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo. Kungaba bushelelezi, i-scaly, i-velvety.

Amakhowe aphakeme akhiqiza ngezindlela zobulili nezisetshenziswa. Amandla amaningi kakhulu aphikisana. Umzimba we-vegetative we-fungus ubizwa ngokuthi i-mycelium. Iqukethe i-branpha encane ye-hyphae. I-Gifa yinkambo ehlanganisiwe ene-vertex ukukhula. Kungenzeka ukuthi abanakho ukwahlukana, okwamanje i-mycelium inamaseli amaningi amakhulu, i-branched kakhulu. Umzimba we-fungus of fungus ungathuthuki nje kuphela enhlabathini ecebile ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa nasezinkuni zezihlahla eziphilayo futhi ezifile, ngezigqoko, izimpande futhi kaningi kakhulu ezihlahleni.

Isakhiwo somzimba wesithelo se-mushroom capillary

Imizimba yezithelo ezinama-agarics amaningi zilula futhi zinomsoco. Uma befa, bavame ukubola. Isikhathi sokuphila kwabo sincane kakhulu. Amanye amakhowe angathatha amahora ambalwa kuphela kusukela ekubukeni kwawo ngaphezu komhlaba kuze kube sezingeni lokugcina lentuthuko, kaningi lihlala izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Umzimba we-fruiting uqukethe i-cap ne-stem ephakathi. Ngezinye izikhathi, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umlenze kungenzeka ukuthi awukho. Izinwele ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, kusukela kumamitha ambalwa kuya kwamashumi ayisentimitha. Ukuhamba phakathi kwezinkuni, ungabona ukuthi amakhowe amancane ane-cap encane evela emunwe omncane atshalwa emhlabathini emilenzeni emincane yethenda. Futhi eduze kwabo bangahlala esiqhingini esikhulu samakhowe. Isikhumba sakhe sikhula sibe ngu-30 cm, futhi umlenze usindayo futhi unzima. Amasayizi amnandi kangaka angaziqhenya ngamakhowe amhlophe namakhowe.

Ukuma kwe-cap nakho kuhlukile. Ukuhlukanisa okwenziwe ngomqubu, okwenziwe nge-hemispherical, flattened, campanulate, okwenziwe ngamapulangwe, enomphetho ophansi noma ophezulu. Ngokuvamile phakathi nempilo emfushane i-fungus ishintsha isimo sayo izikhathi eziningana.

Isakhiwo sekhanda le-mushroom singumyalelo we-agaric

Amakati, njengomzimba wefungi, akhiwa yi-hyphae. Ngaphezulu kwabo kukhona isikhumba esinyene. Ibuye iqukethe i-hyphae yokumboza. Umsebenzi wabo ukuvikela izicubu zangaphakathi ekulahlekelweni komswakama obalulekile. Ngakho, ikhasi elivimbela ukuma. Ingahle ibe nemibala ngemibala ehlukene kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwe-fungus nobudala balo. Amanye amapelisi amhlophe, amanye akhanyayo: i-orange, obomvu noma obomvu. Kungaba eyomile noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ihlanganiswe ne-mucus obukhulu. Ubuso bayo bubushelelezi futhi bubucayi, buhle noma bubuhlungu. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane, isibonelo, ibhotela, ikhasi likhishwa kalula ngokuphelele. Kodwa ngokugibela okuluhlaza kanye nama-freckles, iguqa ngemuva kuphela emaphethelweni ngokwawo. Ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ayisusiwe nhlobo futhi ixhunywe ngokuqinile epulp engaphansi kwayo.

Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwesikhumba, umzimba we-fruiting uhlanganiswa yinyama-izicubu ezingenalutho ezakhiwe nge-plexus hyphae. Ihluke ekuhlanganiseni. Inyama yezinye izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ayizimele, ezinye ziyanwebeka. Kungaba brittle. Le ngxenye ye-fungus inephunga elithile. Kungaba mnandi noma nutty. Iphunga lenyama yezinye izinhlobo ze-acrid noma i-pepper-elibabayo, kwenzeka ngegromegranate ngisho ne-garlic tinge.

Njengomthetho, ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi inyama engaphansi kwesikhumba isesikhwameni sombala okhanyayo: umhlophe, i-lactic, i-brownish noma i-greenish. Yiziphi izici zesakhiwo somzimba wefungus kule ngxenye? Kwezinye izinhlobo zezinhlobo, umbala uhlala isikhathi esifanayo, kanti kwabanye umbala ushintsha kakhulu. Izinguquko ezinjalo zichazwa ngezinqubo ze-oxidative zembala. Isibonelo esivelele salesi simo yi-aspen-tree. Uma usika umzimba wakhe wesithelo, khona-ke le ndawo izomnyama ngokushesha. Izinqubo ezifanayo ziyabonakala emasimini nasezintweni.

Emalindeni yezinhlobo ezinjengama-freckles, amakhowe kanye ne-ginger, kune-hyphae ekhethekile. Izindonga zabo ziyancipha. Zibizwa ngokuthi izindlela ezinamandla futhi zigcwele umsizi omuncu noma onemibala.

I-Hymenium - ungqimba oluvundile

Umzimba we-fruiting we-fungus ukhiwa yinyama, ngaphansi kwayo ngqo ngaphansi kwe-cap kuyindawo ecebile - izingoma. Lena uchungechunge lwamaseli aphethwe yi-spore-basidium. Inqwaba enkulu ye-hymenium yama-agaric itholakala ngokucacile kwi-hymenoptera. Lezi ziqephu ezikhethekile ezibekwe ngaphansi kwe-cap.

I-hymenophore ngezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-fungi ephakeme inesakhiwo esihlukile. Isibonelo, kuma-chanterelles, inikezwa ngesimo sezinsipho ezinama-branched ezinqamulelayo ezisehlela ku-pedicle yazo. Kodwa i-hymenophore ye-blackberry - ngendlela ye-sprittle spines, ehlukaniswa kalula. Amakhowe ase-tubular akha ama-tubulus, futhi ahlotshaniswa ipuleti, ngokulandelana, ipuleti. I-hymenophore ingaba yikhululekile (uma ingafinyeleli ku-stem) noma ihlanganiswe (uma ifaka i-tightly nayo). I-Gimenium iyadingeka ekukhiqizeni. Kulezi zinhlamvu ezisakaze nxazonke, umzimba omusha we-fungus ukhiwa.

Ama-spores amakhowe

Isakhiwo somzimba wesithelo sefungus asiyinkimbinkimbi. Izinhlamvu zakhe zikhula ngamaseli avundile. Kuzo zonke izifungi ze-agaric ziyi-unicellular. Njenganoma yisiphi iseli eukaryotic, i-spore ihlukanisa i-membrane, i-cytoplasm, i-nucleus namanye ama-organelles eselula. Futhi, babonisa inombolo enkulu yezingxoxo. Ubukhulu bezinhlamvu buvela kumamitha angu-10 ukuya ku-25. Ngakho-ke, zingacatshangwa kuphela kumakrofrikhi ngokukhulisa okuhle. Ngomumo, ziyizungezile, zinyene, zenziwe njenge-spindle, zifakwe okusanhlamvu futhi zibuye zibeke. Igobolondo labo libuye lihluke kuye ngezinhlobo zazo. Kweminye i-spores, ibushelelezi, abanye bayihlambalaza, bristly noma barty.

Uma ungena emvelweni, izinhlamvu zivame ukufana ne-powder. Kodwa amangqamuzana ngokwawo angabombala futhi anemibala. Ngokuvamile phakathi kwefungi kukhona izinhlamvu eziphuzi, ezinobundu, ezibomvu, ezibomvu-omnyo, umnqumo, i-violet, i-orange kanye nomnyama. Ososayensi-i-mycologists banake kakhulu umbala nosayizi wezinhlamvu. Lezi zimpawu zizinzile, futhi zivame ukusiza ekunqumeni izinhlobo zefungi.

Ukwakhiwa komzimba wesithelo: i-mushroom unyawo

Ukubukeka komzimba we-fungal kujwayelene cishe wonke umuntu. Umlenze, njengekhanda, usungulwa kusuka kuma-hyphal filaments aqinile. Kodwa lezi amangqamuzana ezinkulu ziyaziwa ngokuthi igobolondo labo liyancipha futhi linamandla amakhulu. Umlenze udinga amakhowe ukusekela. Uyayiphakamisa ngaphezu kwe-substrate. I-hyphae emlenzeni ixhunyiwe ezinkampanini eziseduze komunye nomunye ngokufana futhi iya kusuka phansi kuya phezulu. Ngakho kuzoza amanzi namaminerali amakhemikhali avela ku-mycelium kuya ku-cap. Imilenze ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: okuqinile (i-hyphae igxilile eduze) futhi ingenalutho (lapho phakathi kwe-hyphae isikhumba sibonakala - izibungu). Kodwa emvelweni kunezinhlobo eziphakathi. Imilenze enjalo inokulimaza kanye ne-chestnut. Kulezi zinhlobo, ingxenye yangaphandle inkulu. Futhi phakathi komlenze ugcwele inyama enesiponti.

Wonke umuntu onomqondo wokuthi ukubonakala komzimba wesithelo se-fungus, uyazi ukuthi imilenze ihluke hhayi ekuhlelweni kuphela. Zinezobunjwa ezahlukene nobukhulu obuhlukene. Isibonelo, imilenze yama-russet ne-oily iyabushelela futhi i-cylindrical. Kodwa kuzo zonke i-podberezovikov ne-boletus eyaziwa kancane kancane kancane kancane. Kukhona ne-backmpsal ifomu le-hemp. Kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwefungi le-agaric. Lo mlenze unokukhuliswa okubonakalayo phansi, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi kuphenduka i-ani-bulb. Leli fomu le-hemp livame ukutholakala ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zefungi. Kuyisici se-fly agarics, ama-cobwebs, izambulela. I-fungi, lapho i-mycelium iqala khona ehlathini, ngokuvamile ihamba kancane kuze kube sezinyaweni. Ingahlehliswa futhi ifinyelele ku-rhizomorph elula ngaphansi kwezimpande zomuthi noma isitshalo.

Ngakho-ke, umzimba womzimba uyenjani? Lona ngumlenze owuphakamisa ngenhla kwe-substrate, kanye nejaji, engxenyeni engezansi eyenza izinhlamvu. Ezinye izinhlobo zefungi, isibonelo, fly fly agaric, emva ukwakheka ingxenye engaphandle komhlaba zihlanganiswa isikhathi esithile nge igobolondo elimhlophe. Ibizwa ngokuthi "ingubo jikelele." Njengoba umzimba wezithelo ukhula, izingxenye zawo zihlala ekhanda nxazonke, futhi ngesisekelo se-hemp kukhona ukwakheka kwe-baggy-like the volva. Kwamanye amakhowe akhululekile, kuyilapho kwezinye zikhula futhi zibukeka njenge-thickening or rollers. Futhi, izinsalela "zeveli" ezivamile zingamabhande esitsheni sefungus. Ziyabonakala ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ikakhulukazi esiteji sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa. Njengomthetho, amabhande amancane ama-mushroom ahlanganisa ukwakha i-hymenophore.

Umehluko ekwakheni ama-caplets

Izingxenye zomzimba we- fungus zihlukile ezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukene. Izidumbu zezithelo zezinye azifani nesakhiwo esichazwe ngenhla. Kukhona okungafani phakathi kwefungi le-agaric. Futhi kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinjalo. Kodwa imigqa kanye ne-morels zikhumbuza ngaphandle ukukhumbuza amakhowe agaric. Izidumbu zabo ezihlumayo nazo zihlukaniswa ngokucacile zibe ibhontshisi nomlenze. Isikhwama sinomzimba futhi singenalutho. Isimo sawo sivame ukulingana. Ubuso abukho bushelelezi, kepha kunokuba bubiwe. Ukubamba kwesicu esenziwe ngendlela engafanele. Ihlanganiswe nemifantu elula yokuqonda. Ngokungafani nesikhunta sama-agaric, ama-morels anesendlalelo se-sporiferous ebusweni be-cap. Imelelwa "izikhwama" noma ibuza. Kuyinto isitsha lapho izinhlamvu zakhiwa futhi zibuthe. Ukuba khona kwengxenye enjalo yomzimba we-fungus, njenge-asci, kuvamile kuwo wonke umkhuhlane we-marsupial. Umlenze we-morels nama-pods awukho, ubuso bawo bubushelelezi futhi ngisho, phansi - ukuqina okuphawulekayo kwe-tuberous.

Abamele ukuhleleka okuhlukile - amakhowe ase-afifloforovye, futhi baye baqeda imizimba ye-fruiting nge-stem ecacile. Leli qembu lihlanganisa ama-chanterelles nama-blackberries. Ibhenqo labo liyisigubhu noma isakhiwo esincane. Isibonelo esihle salokhu ngamakhowe, afaka phakathi nalokhu kulandelwa. Njengomthetho, isikhunta se-affilophore asiboli, njengalabo abanama-agaric nomzimba wabo onamafutha. Lapho befa, bayoma.

Futhi, isikhunta somyalelo wezinyosi ezigudluzelayo zihlukile ngokuhlelekile kusuka ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi ezinemibala. Umzimba wabo we-fruiting unesimo sokugqoka noma se-coral. Ihlanganiswe ngokuphelele ngengoma. Isici esibalulekile salesi siyalo ukungabi khona kwe-hymenophore.

Isakhiwo se-Gasteromycete futhi asivamile. Kuleli qembu umzimba wefungus uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-tuber. Ngezinhlobo ezifaka lo myalelo, ifomu ingaba yiyona ehlukene kunazo zonke: i-globose, stellate, ovoid, i-pear-shape kanye nesidleke. Usayizi wabo kunkulu kakhulu. Amanye amakhowe alo myalelo afinyelela ububanzi buka-30 cm. Isibonelo esihle kakhulu se-Gasteromycetes yi-raincoat enkulu.

Umzimba we-Vegetative of fungus

Umzimba we-vegetative owenziwe ngesikhunta ubizwa ngokuthi i-mycelium (noma i-mycelium), ekhona emhlabathini noma, ngokwesibonelo, ngokhuni. Iqukethe izintambo ezincane kakhulu - hyphae, ubukhulu bayo obuhluka kusuka ku-1.5 kuya ku-10 mm. I-Hyphae ihlanganiswe ngokuqinile. I-mycelium iqala kokubili e-substrate nangaphezulu. Ubude be-mycelium enhlabathini enomsoco, njengokwesibonelo, i-litha yehlathi, ingafinyelela ku-30 km nge-1 gram.

Ngakho-ke, umzimba wezitshalo we-fungi uqukethe i-hyphae ende. Ziyakhula kuphela emphethweni, okungukuthi, ngamaphilisi. Isakhiwo se-mycelium siyathandeka kakhulu. I-Mycelium ezinhlobo eziningi ze-species ayi-noncellular. Akusizo izingxenye ze-intercellular futhi iyiselula eyodwa enkulu. Akukho okukodwa kodwa inani elikhulu lama cores kuwo. Kodwa i-mycelium ingaba iselula. Kulesi simo, ngaphansi kwe-microscope, izingxenye ezihlukanisa iseli eyodwa kwezinye zibonakala ngokucacile.

Ukuthuthukiswa komzimba we-vegetative we-fungus

Ngakho, umzimba we-vegetative we-fungus ubizwa ngokuthi i-mycelium. Ukungena ngaphansi kwe-substrate enomanzi, ecebile ezintweni eziphilayo, izinhlamvu zamakhowe zikhula. Kuvela kubo ukuthi imicu ende ende ye-mycelium ithuthuka. Bakhula kancane. Kuphela ngokuqoqa inani elanele lezinto eziphilayo nezomsoco ezinomsoco, amafomu e-mycelium emzimbeni wesithelo, esiwabiza ngokuthi amakhowe. Iziqalo zabo zivela ngenyanga yokuqala ehlobo. Kodwa ekugcineni bahlakulela kuphela lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esihle. Njengomthetho, kunamakhowe amaningi ngenyanga eledlule yasehlobo nasekwindla lapho kufika imvula.

Ukudla okunhlobonhlobo kwezinhlobo ze-cap akufani nhlobo nezinqubo ezenzeka ezitshalweni noma ezitshalweni eziluhlaza. Awukwazi ukwenza izinto eziphilayo ezidingayo. Ayikho i-chlorophyll kumaseli awo. Badinga izakhi ezenziwe ngomumo. Njengoba umzimba we-vegetative we-fungus uboniswa yi-hyphae, yibo abagqugquzela ukumuncwa kwamanzi avela kwi-substrate ngamakhemikhali amaminerali aqhekekile kuwo. Ngakho-ke, amakhowe akhetha inhlabathi ecebile yamahlathi e-humus. Ngaphansi kokuvame ukukhula emadlelweni nasemasimini. Iningi lezinto eziphilayo ezidingayo ziyathathwa ezimpandeni zezihlahla. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile bayakhula eduze kwabo.

Ngokwesibonelo, bonke abalandeli ukuzingela buthule Kuyaziwa ukuthi amakhowe amhlophe angahlala akuthola ezinye birches, oki kanye firs. Kodwa amakhowe okumnandi ukuba waqala ukutholakala emahlathini kaphayini. Boletus ezikhulayo emahlathini birch kanye aspen - e-aspen. Lokhu kalula wachaza iqiniso lokuthi isikhunta ukusungula ubuhlobo obuseduze izihlahla. Njengomthetho, kuyasiza kokubili zilwane. Lapho ezinabantu branched mycelium twist emhlabeni isitshalo izimpande, futhi uzama ukuthola kwabo. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu ukulimaza esihlahleni. Into wukuthi, kokuba itholakala ngaphakathi zamangqamuzana, ama-mycelium enhlabathini okushiya amanzi, yebo, compounds yayo amaminerali siphela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo bathola kumaseli impande, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhonza ukudla nezinkuni. Ngakho, ama-mycelium yene yenza umsebenzi empandeni izinwele. Lona ikakhulukazi ewusizo izimpande amadala. Phela, abanakho izinwele. Yini Symbiosis ezifana isikhunta ewusizo? They zuza ezitshalweni compounds ewusizo organic badinga sokudla. Kuphela uma ngokwanele babo phezu kobuso substrate bayatfutfuka fruiting imizimba isikhunta pileate.