I-Informatics. Okubalulekile kwe-Algorithmization ne-Programming

Ukuze ubhale izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene eziyinkimbinkimbi, okokuqala kudingeka uthole ulwazi lokuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu. Futhi kuyinto efiselekayo ukuqala ngesisekelo sohlelo lokuhlelwa kwezinto kanye nokuhlela. Yizo ngabo, futhi sizokhuluma ku-athikili.

Kuyini i-informatics?

Leli yigama lesayensi eyinkimbinkimbi yezobuchwephesha, umsebenzi wokuhlela izinhlelo zokudala, ukucubungula, ukudlulisa, ukugcina nokukhiqiza idatha ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha. Futhi, libhekisela ezimisweni zokusebenza nokuphatha izindlela ezisiza ukufeza umgomo. Igama elithi "ikhompiyutha yesayensi" lingumthombo waseFrance futhi liyi-hybrid yegama elithi "ulwazi" nelithi "okuzenzakalelayo". Kwavela ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa nokusatshalaliswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokuqoqwa kwedatha, ukucubungula nokudluliswa kwempahla, okuhlotshaniswa nokulungiswa kwabo emithini yemishini. Lona umsuka we-informatics. Okuyisisekelo kokuhlelwa kwe-algorithmization kanye nokuhlela kungenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kule sayensi.

Wenzani?

Ngaphambi kwesayensi yekhompiyutha kunemisebenzi enjalo:

1. Ukusekelwa kwekhwalithi kanye nesofthiwe yobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.
2. Kusho ukuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye zomuntu kanye nekhompiyutha phakathi kwabo.

Ukuchaza ingxenye yezobuchwepheshe, igama elithi "isikhombimsebenzisi" lisetshenziswa njalo. Nasi uhlelo olungenakuphikisa ngaphambi kwethu. Okusemqoka kokuhlelwa kwe-algorithmization nokuhlelwa njalo kusetshenziselwa ukudala imikhiqizo yokusabalalisa okuningi, okumele "ukuthi" izuze abalaleli abaningi. Phela, ngoba ukuthandwa kwesicelo esithuthukile kufanele kusebenze kahle futhi kubheke.

Ukubonakaliswa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza

Zingabhalwa ngezindlela eziningi ezibalulekile. Okuthandwa kakhulu yilokhu okulandelayo:

1. Incazelo yokuchazwa ngamazwi. Kusho ukubeka umbhalo kanye namafomula athile achaza izici zokuxhumana kuzo zonke izimo.
2. I-Flowchart. Kusho ukuthi kukhona khona izimpawu zemifanekiso ezenza kube lula ukuqonda izici zokuxhumana kwalolu hlelo ngaphakathi kwalo kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza noma ingxenye yekhompyutha yekhompuyutha. Ngamunye wabo angaba nomsebenzi wemisebenzi ehlukene, inqubo noma ifomula.
3. Izilimi ze-algorithmic. Kuhloswe ukudala izindlela ezihlukene zokuchazwa kwamacala athile, abonisa izici nokuhleleka kwemisebenzi.
4. Ama-Operator schemes. Kusho ukudala umbukiso - kuzobonisa ukusebenzisana okusekelwe ezindleleni ezizodlula ama-operands ngamunye.

I-pseudocode. Umdwebo we-backbone of the program.

Ukuqopha i-algorithm

Ungaqala kanjani ukudala uhlelo lwakho lokubonisa, umsebenzi noma inqubo? Ngoba lokhu kwanele ukusebenzisa izincomo ezijwayelekile:

1. I-algorithm ngayinye kumele ibe negama elichaza incazelo yalo.
2. Qinisekisa ukuthi unakekele ubukhona bokuqala nokuphela.
3. Idatha yokufaka nokukhipha kufanele ichazwe.
4. Kufanele ucacise imiyalo ezosetshenziselwa ukwenza izenzo ezithile kolwazi oluthile.

Izindlela zokubhala

Izethulo ze-algorithm zingaba ziningi ezinhlanu. Kodwa kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokurekhoda:

1. Ukukhuluma ngomlomo. Kubonakala ukuthi incazelo ichazwe ngokuyinhloko ngokusebenzisa amafomu namazwi. Okuqukethwe, kanye nokulandelana kwezinyathelo ze-algorithm, kulokhu kubhaliwe ngolimi lochwepheshe lwezemvelo ngendlela ephikisanayo.
2. I-Graphic. Okuvame kakhulu. Ngalo, vimbela izimpawu noma ama-algorithms asetshenziswayo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabo kuboniswa ngendlela ekhethekile.

Sakha uhlelo lwesofthiwe

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

1. Linear. Ngalesi sakhiwo, zonke izenzo zenziwe ngokulandelana ngokulandelana komugqa kanye kanye kuphela. Umdwebo ubonakala njengokulandelana kwamabhuloki atholakala phezulu kuya phansi, kuye ngokulandelana kokubulawa kwawo. Idatha ehamba phambili neyomphakathi ayikwazi ukuphazamisa ukuqondiswa kwenqubo yokucwaninga.
2. Ukuhlanganisa. Uthole uhlelo olubanzi ekusebenzeni, lapho uxazulula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, uma kunesidingo sokucabangela izimo zokuqala noma imiphumela ephakathi, izibalo ezidingekayo zenziwa ngokuhambisana nazo futhi ukuqondiswa kwenqubo yokucubungula kungahlukahluka ngokusho komphumela otholiwe.

I-Cyclic. Ukwenza kube lula kuwe ukuthi usebenze ngemisebenzi eminingi, kubalulekile ukuphinda ezinye izingxenye zekhodi yohlelo kaningi. Ukuze ungabizi izikhathi ezingakanani nokuthi yini okufanele ukwenze, sebenzisa isakhiwo se-cyclic. Inikeza ukulandelana kwemiyalo ezophindwa kuze kube yilapho isimo esibekiwe sihlangene. Ukusebenzisa imijikelezo ikuvumela ukuba unciphise kakhulu ukubunzima kokubhala uhlelo.

Ukuhlela

Kubalulekile ukukhetha ulimi lohlelo lapho kuzokwenziwa khona izinhlelo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi eziningi zazo "ziqinisiwe" ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zomsebenzi (isibonelo, kusiphequluli). Ngokuvamile, izilimi zokuhlela zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:

1. Isebenza.
2. I-Operator:

- hhayi inqubo;

- Izinqubo.

Ungacabanga ukuthi yiziphi ezivame ukusetshenziswa? I-Operator-inqubo - leyo yimpendulo. Zingaba umshini womshini noma ozimele. Owokuqala uhlanganisa ama-assemblers, autocode, ikhodi yokufanisa. Ukuhlukana okuzimele, ngokusekelwe ekuqondeni kwabo:

• Izinqubo;
• Inkinga;
• Into.

Ngamunye wabo unendawo yakhe yokusebenza. Kodwa ngezinhlelo zokubhala (izinhlelo zokusebenza eziwusizo noma imidlalo), izilimi ezibhekene nezinhloso zivame ukusetshenziswa. Yiqiniso, ungasebenzisa abanye ithuba, kepha iqiniso liwukuthi yizona ezakhiwa kakhulu ekudaleni imikhiqizo yokuphela kokusetshenziswa kwabantu. Yebo, futhi uma ungenayo umbono oqondile wendawo ozoqala kuyo, ngiphakamisa ukuthi nginakekele ukusekela okuyisisekelo sokuhlelwa kwe-algorithmization kanye nokuhlelwa kwezinhloso. Manje lokhu kuyisiqondiso esithandwa kakhulu, lapho ungathola khona izinto eziningi zemfundo. Ngokuvamile, okuyisisekelo sezilimi zokuhlela nokuhlelwa kwezilimi kuyadingeka manje, ngoba kukhona ukungabi nabathuthukisi abafanelekayo, nokubaluleka kwabo esikhathini esizayo kuzokhula kuphela.

Isiphetho

Uma usebenza ne-algorithms (futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nezinhlelo), kufanele uzame ukucabangela yonke imininingwane kuya encane kunazo zonke. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuchithwa kwendawo ngayinye engaphenduliwe ikhodi kuzoholela emsebenzini owengeziwe, ukwandisa izindleko zokuthuthukiswa kanye nesikhathi somsebenzi. Ukuhlela ngokucophelela nokuhlaziywa kwazo zonke izinhlobo ze-nuances kuzosindisa isikhathi esiningi, umzamo nemali. Yebo, manje bangasho ukuthi emva kokufunda lesi sihloko unombono mayelana nezinto eziyisisekelo zokuhlelwa kwe-algorithmization nokuhlela. Ihlala kuphela ukusebenzisa lolu lwazi. Uma kunesifiso sokutadisha isihloko ngokuningiliziwe, ngingakwazi ukweluleka incwadi ethi "Okubalulekile kwe-Algorithmization and Programming" (Semakin, Shestakov) 2012.