Iyini i-coding yolwazi nokucubungula kwayo?

Ezweni kukhona ukushintshana njalo kolwazi olugelezayo. Imithombo ingaba ngabantu, amadivaysi ezobuchwepheshe, izinto ezihlukahlukene, izinto ezingenakuphila nokuphila okuphilayo. Ungathola ulwazi njengento eyodwa, noma eziningana.
Ukuze uthole ukushintshaniswa kwedatha okungcono, ukufaka ikhodi nokucubungula kolwazi ohlangothini lokudlulisa kwenziwa ngesikhathi esifanayo (ukulungiselela idatha nokuguqulwa zibe ifomu elula yokuhumusha, ukucubungula nokugcina isitoreji), ukudlulisela nokucubungula ngakwesokunxele (ukuguqula idatha encoded kwifomu yangempela). Lezi imisebenzi ezihambelanayo: umthombo kanye nomamukeli kumele abe nezinhlelo ezifanayo zokulungisa ulwazi, ngaphandle kwalokho inqubo yokwenza ikhodi yokukhipha ikhodi ngeke ibe khona. Ukwenza ikhodi nokucubungula ulwazi lwe-graphic and multimedia kuvame ukutholakala ngesisekelo sobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha.

Ukufaka imininingwane yokucwaninga kwikhompyutha

Kunezindlela eziningi zokucubungula idatha (imibhalo, izinombolo, ihluzo, ividiyo, umsindo) usebenzisa ikhompyutha. Yonke imininingwane esetshenziswe ikhompuyutha imelwe ikhodi kanambambili - ngosizo lamadijithi 1 no-0, okuthiwa ama-bits. Ngokuyisisekelo, le ndlela ilula: 1 - isignali kagesi ikhona, 0 - ayikho. Kusukela ekubambeni komuntu, amakhodi anjalo ayinakwenzeka ekuboneni - imigqa ende yama-zero kanye nalabo abamele izimpawu ezikhokhwe kunzima kakhulu ukuyiqonda ngokushesha. Kodwa le fomethi yokurekhoda ngokushesha ibonisa ukuthi yikuphi ukukhokhwa kolwazi. Isibonelo, inomboro engu-8 efomini yebhinta eliyisishiyagalombili libukeka njengezinhlamvu ezilandelayo: 000001000. Kodwa yini enzima kumuntu, nje ikhompyutha. I-Electronics kulula ukucubungula izakhi eziningi ezilula kunezinombolo ezincane eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Amatheksthi okubhala

Uma sicindezela inkinobho ekhibhodi, ikhompiyutha ithola ikhodi ethile yenkinobho ecindezelweyo, iyibheke etafuleni elijwayelekile le-ASCII lomlingiswa (ikhodi yaseMelika yokushintshanisa ngolwazi), "iyaqonda" ukuthi iyiphi inkinobho icindezelwe bese idlula le khodi ukuze iqhutshwe phambili (isibonelo, ukubonisa uphawu kumbeki ). Ukuze ugcine ikhodi yomlingisi ifomu elibanjwe kanambambili, amadijithi ayisishiyagalombili asetshenzisiwe, ngakho-ke inombolo enkulu yokuhlanganiswa ngu-256. Izinhlamvu zokuqala ezingu-128 zisetshenziselwa izinhlamvu zokulawula, izinombolo kanye nezinhlamvu zesiLatini. Ingxenye yesibili iwuphawu lwezwe kanye nama-pseudographics.

Amatheksthi okubhala

Kuyoba lula ukuqonda ukuthi yikuphi ukwaziswa kolwazi, isibonelo. Cabanga ngamakhodi we-English symbol "C" kanye nencwadi yaseRussia "C". Qaphela ukuthi izimpawu zibizwa ngegama, futhi amakhodi abo ahlukile ukusuka phansi. Uhlamvu lwesiNgisi luzobukeka njengo-01000010, no-Russian - 11010001. Iqiniso lokuthi umuntu esikrinini sokuqapha libukeka elifanayo, ikhompyutha iyaqonda ngokuhlukile. Kubalulekile futhi ukuba uqaphele ukuthi amakhodi wezinhlamvu ezingu-128 ahlala angashintshi, futhi kusukela ngo-129 kuya phambili, izinhlamvu ezahlukene zingase zihambisane nekhodi eyodwa yokubambisana, kuye ngokuthi ithebula lekhodi elisetshenzisiwe. Isibonelo, ikhodi yedesimali 194 ingahambelana ne-KOI8 encwadini "b", ku-CP1251 - "B", kuya ku-ISO - "T", naku-encodings ka-CP866 no-Mac ngokujwayelekile akukho uphawu oluhambisana nale khodi. Ngakho-ke, uma sivula umbhalo kunamazwi aseRussia, sibona i-abracadabra engokomfanekiso yama-alfabhethi, okusho ukuthi lokhu kukhonjiswa kolwazi akuhambisani nathi futhi kudingeka sikhethe elinye iguquli lesikhumbuzo.

Izinombolo zekhodi

Kuhlelo lokubhanana lokubala, ukuhluka okubili kuphela kwe-value-0 no-1 kuyathathwa. Yonke imisebenzi eyisisekelo ngezinombolo zamabhanasi isetshenziswa isayensi ebizwa ngokuthi i-arithmetic binary. Lezi zenzo zinokuzikhethela kwazo. Thatha, isibonelo, inombolo engu-45, ifakwe kukhibhodi. Idijithi ngayinye inekhodi yayo engu-8-bit etafuleni lekhodi le-ASCII, ngakho-ke inombolo ithatha ama-byte amabili (ama-16 bits): 5 - 01010011, 4 - 01000011. Ukuze usebenzise le nombolo kubalo, lihunyushwe yi-algorithms akhethekile kwisistimu kanambambili ye-calculus ngesimo senombolo kanambambili enezinhlamvu eziyisishiyagalombili: 45 - 00101101.

Ukwenza ikhodi nokucubungula ulwazi olucacile

Ngawo-1950, amakhompiyutha ayevame ukusetshenziselwa izinhloso zesayensi nezempi aqala ukusebenza ngokucacile. Namuhla, ukubukwa kolwazi olutholakala kwikhompyutha kuvamile futhi kwendabuko kunoma yimuphi umuntu, futhi ngalezo zinsuku kwaveza inguquko engavamile emsebenzini nomsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe. Mhlawumbe, umthelela wesifo sengqondo somuntu uthinteke: ulwazi olubonakalayo lungcono futhi luqondwe. Ukuphumelela okukhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuboniswa kwedatha kwenzeke eminyakeni yama-1980, lapho ukuqopha nokucubungula ulwazi lwezobuciko kwathola intuthuko enamandla.

I-Analog ne-crystal display representation

Ulwazi lwezithombe lungaba yizinhlobo ezimbili: i-analog (umdwebo wemibala ngokushintsha umbala) futhi ulahlekile (isithombe esinezigcawu zamaphuzu emibala ehlukene). Ukuze kube lula ukusebenza nezithombe kwikhompyutheni, zenzelwa ukucubungula - isampula yendawo, lapho isakhi ngasinye sinikezwa khona inani elithile lombala ngesimo sekhodi eyodwa. Ukwenza ikhodi nokucubungula ulwazi olucacile kufana nokusebenza nge-mosaic enenombolo enkulu yezingcezu ezincane. Futhi ikhwalithi yokubhala ikhodi ixhomeke ebukhulu bamaphoyinti (amancane amancane esakhiweni - amaphuzu azoba mkhulu ngeyunithi yendawo, - ikhwalithi ephezulu) futhi ubukhulu bephalethi yemibala esetshenzisiwe (umbala obonisa ukuthi iphuzu ngalinye lingathatha, ngokulandelana, lithwele ulwazi oluthe xaxa, ngcono ikhwalithi ).

Ukudala nokugcina ihluzo

Kunamafomethi amaningana ayisisekelo - i-vector, i-fractal ne-raster. Ngokuhlukile, inhlanganisela yama-raster ne-vector iyabhekwa - i-multimedia i-3D-ihluzo esetshenziswa kabanzi kakhulu esikhathini sethu, emele izindlela nezindlela zokwakha izinto ezintathu-ntathu endaweni ebonakalayo. Ukwenza ikhodi nokucubungula ulwazi lwe-graphic and multimedia kuhlukile kwindlela ngayinye yesithombe.

Isithombe se-Raster

Okubalulekile kwalolu hlobo lwezithombe ukuthi isithombe sihlukaniswe ngamachashazi amancane ambala (amaphikseli). Iphuzu eliphezulu lokulawula kwesokunxele. Ukubhaliswa kolwazi olucacile njalo luqala kusukela ekhoneni lesobunxele lomugqa wesithombe ngomugqa, i-pixel ngayinye ithola ikhodi yombala. Umthamo wesithombe se-raster ungabalwa ngokuphindaphinda inani lamaphoyinti ngevolumu yolwazi ngayinye yazo (okuyinto kuncike kwinani lezinketho zombala). Ukuphakama kwesinqumo sokweqapha, lapho inani lezinhlayiya ze-raster namachashazi elayini ngalinye, ngokulandelana, liphakeme ikhwalithi yesithombe. Ukucubungula idatha ye-raster-type graphic, ungasebenzisa ikhodi kanambambili, ngoba ukukhanya kwephuzu ngalinye kanye nezixhumanisi zendawo kungabelwa njengezinombolo.

Vector Image

Ukukhokhwa kolwazi olucacile nolwazi lwe-multimedia uhlobo lwe-vector kuncishisiwe ukuthi into eqondile iboniswe ngendlela yamacandelo ayisisekelo nama-arcs. Izakhiwo zomugqa okuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo kukhona ukuma (okuqondile noma ijika), umbala, ubukhulu, uhlaka (ukuphahlazeka noma umugqa oqinile). Lezo zindlela ezivaliwe zinezinye izindawo - ukugcwalisa nezinye izinto noma umbala. Isikhundla sento sinqunywa ngamaphuzu okuqala nokuphela komugqa kanye nengqikithi yokuvinjelwa kwe-arc. Umthamo wolwazi olucacile lwefomethi ye-vector luncane kune-bitmap, kodwa kudinga izinhlelo ezikhethekile zokubuka ihluzo zalolu hlobo. Kukhona nezinhlelo - ama-vectorizers aguqula izithombe ze-raster zibe izithombe ze- vector.

Ihluzo ze-Fractal

Lolu hlobo lwegrafu, njengevector, lusekelwe ekubalweni kwembalo, kodwa ingxenye yalo eyisisekelo i-formula ngokwayo. Kumemori yekhompiyutha, asikho isidingo sokugcina noma yiziphi izithombe noma izinto, isithombe ngokwawo sithathwa kuphela ngefomula. Lolu hlobo lwehluzo lungcono ukubona ngeso lengqondo izakhiwo ezingavamile nje kuphela, kodwa futhi nemifanekiso eyinkimbinkimbi yokufanisa, isibonelo, imihlaba emidlalweni noma emulator.

Amaza omsindo

Kuyini ukukhishwa kolwazi, ungabonisa isibonelo sokusebenza ngomsindo. Siyazi ukuthi umhlaba wethu ugcwele umsindo. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu baye bahlola indlela imisindo ezalwa ngayo - amagagasi omoya ocindezelekile futhi ongaqabulwanga, othinta ama-eardrum. Umuntu angabona amagagasi ngevaysi ye-16 Hz kuya ku-20 kHz (1 Hz - oscillation eyodwa ngomzuzwana). Wonke amagagasi ama-frequencies ayo awela ngaphansi kwalolu hlu abizwa ngokuthi amagagasi omsindo.

Izakhiwo zomsindo

Izindinganiso zomsindo yizwi, isitembu (umbala womsindo kuye ngokuthi isimo se-oscillations), ukuphakama (imvamisa, enqunywa umvuthwandaba oscillation ngomzuzwana) kanye nevolumu, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu bezinqamuleli. Noma yiliphi umsindo langempela liqukethe ingxube ye-oscillations yama-harmonic ne-set fixed frequencies. Ukukhipha imvamisa ngevolumu ephansi kakhulu kubizwa ngokuthi ithoni eyisisekelo, amanye amanye ama-overtones. Ithebula elikhethekile lombala linikezwa isiteji - inombolo ehlukile yezinhlawulo ezihambisana nale nzwakala ethile. Ngu-timbre esingakwazi ukubona amagama abantu abaseduze, ukuhlukanisa umsindo wezingoma zomculo.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza ngomsindo

Ngokwezimo, izinhlelo zokusebenza zingenziwa ngezigaba eziningana: izinhlelo zesevisi kanye nabashayeli bamakhadi asebenzayo abasebenza nabo ezingeni eliphansi, abahleli be-audio abenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ngamafayela alalelwayo futhi basebenzise imiphumela ehlukahlukene kubo, ama-synthesizers esofthiwe nabaguquli be-analog-to-digital ADC) ne-digital-to-analog (i-DAC).

Ukukhipha ikhodi yomsindo

Ukubhalisa ulwazi lwe-multimedia luhlanganisa ukuguqula uhlobo lwe-analogi lomsindo olulodwa oluqondayo ukuze kusetshenziswe okulula. I-ADC ithola isignali ye - analog kulokho okufakwayo , ilinganisa ukuphakama kwayo ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile, futhi iveza ukulandelana kwedijithali nedatha ekushintsheni kwamamitha. Akukho ukuguqulwa ngokomzimba.

Isibonakaliso sokukhipha siqondakali, ngakho-ke, ngokuphindaphindiwe imvamisa yezinga eliphezulu (isampuli), inembile kakhulu isignali yokukhipha ifana nokufaka, kungcono ukufaka ikhodi nokucubungula ulwazi lwe-multimedia. Isampula nayo ibizwa ngokuthi ukulandelana okulandisiwe kwedatha yedatha eyatholakala nge-ADC. Inqubo ngokwayo ibizwa ngokuthi isampuli, ngesi-Russian - sampuli.

Ukuguqulwa okuguquguqukayo kwenziwa nge-DAC: ngesisekelo se-digital data efika ekufakweni, isignali kagesi ye-amplitude edingekayo yenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile ezithile.

Imingcele yezibonelo

Imingcele eyinhloko yesampuli akuyona nje imvamisa yokulinganisa, kodwa futhi ukujula kancane - ukuchithwa kokulinganisa ushintsho lwe-amplitude yesampula ngayinye. Uma inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-amplitude yesignali idluliselwa ku-unit ngayinye ngesikhathi sokugcizelela, ukuphakamisa ikhwalithi yesignali ngemuva kwe-ADC, ukuphakama okuphezulu kokuvuselelwa kwegagasi ekuguqulweni okungafani.