Ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha buhlakulela kanjani?

Izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha zingahle zihlukaniswe ngokomzimba ngezikhathi eziyisithupha, kusukela ku-zero kuya kwisizukulwane sesihlanu. Ngamunye wabo uhlanganisa isinyathelo esisodwa noma esinye ekuthuthukisweni kwezakhiwo kanye nemisebenzi yekhompiyutha. Bambalwa abantu abazi ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokuqala bekhompyutheni buvele ngekhulu leshumi nesithupha. Ikhompyutheni yomshini eyakhiwe nguBlaise Pascal ingenza kuphela imisebenzi yokwengeza nokukhipha, kodwa ihlanganisa kuphela izakhi zomshini, amagiya kanye ne-drive manual. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwasungulwa (ngamakhulu eminyaka amathathu), okungaveza ukuphindaphinda, ukwehlukana, futhi kulondoloze imiphumela ephakathi, kepha ngokuvamile ubuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha ngaleso sikhathi abuzange budume kakhulu futhi abuhambanga ngaphezu kwezinga lokulinganisela kwephakethe lanamuhla. Lesi sikhathi ngokuvamile sibizwa ngokuthi isizukulwane saso.

Isizukulwane sokuqala

Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha kwenyuka ekukhuphukeni ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili. Lokhu kwakuyinhloko ngenxa yezidingo zempi, njengoba izimoto zasemfuleni zaseJalimane, ezamisa imikhumbi eminingi yaseBrithani, zithumelelana izinhlelo zomsakazo ezifakwe ekhompyutheni kanye nolwandle. Ngisho nalapho ekwazi ukuthenga idivayisi yekhodi (ENIGMA), abaseBrithani baqonda ukuthi ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo zemisakazo kufanele kube khona ngokushesha, okusho ukuthi kubalulekile ukukhiqiza inani elikhulu lokubala ngokushesha. Kwakukhona phakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho ikhompyutha yokuqala yokuqala, uColossus, ivele khona, okwamanje, eyayiyimfihlo yempi iminyaka engamashumi amathathu.

Isici esihlukile samakhompiyutha okuqala esiteshini kagesi kwakuyisisetshenziswa ezinkampanini zabo zeprosesa lamathuluzi ngekhodi yokubambisana yokubambisana ("isigaba se-zero", okwaba yizifaniso zokubangela "amanga enkohliso"), okwakungumgudu omkhulu phambili.

Isizukulwane sesibili

Ngo-1956, izazi ze-physics zakha i-transistor yokuqala, okwakungenakwenzeka nje ukufaka isiteji sesibani samakhompyutha angasebenzi, kodwa futhi yenze kube izikhathi ezincane ezincane izikhathi eziyishumi futhi ezincane! Kule nkathi yomlando lapho kubonakala khona amakhompiyutha okuqala, okuyilolu suku abizwa ngokuthi ama-supercomputers futhi asetshenziswa ezinqolobaneni ezihlukahlukene ze-elekthronikhi, emitapolamabhuku nezinhlangano ezinkulu zokuhlaziya.

Isizukulwane sesithathu

Kusukela ngalesi sikhathi ubuchwepheshe bekhompyutha bukhule ngokushesha. Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, insimu yokukhiqizwa komshini wokuqala we-transistor yasungulwa, yahlanganiswa iphinde ihlanganiswe ekukhiqizeni amakhomikhali okuhlanganiswa okokuqala, okwathi okokuqala avumela ama-OEM ukuba acabange ngokuqala ukwakhiwa kwamakhompyutha abo.

Isizukulwane sesine

Ama-circuits ahlanganisiwe akhuliswa, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwakungcono kakhulu ukuwabiza ngokuthi ama-microcircuits kakade ngenxa yenani elikhulu labathengi (kuze kube izigidi!) Ukuze bakwazi ukuhlala. Ama-circuits ahlanganisiwe amakhulu - yilokhu okusesekhaya ekhaya ngendlela yama-computer akho. Eqinisweni, lokhu kungukuphela kokuthuthukiswa kwamakhompyutha, futhi ubuchwepheshe bekhompuyutha abuyisetshenzisiwe, kepha ukuthuthukiswa kwawo akukakapheli.

Isizukulwane sesihlanu (amakhompyutha angabonakali)

Kuyi-computer yalezi zizukulwane esingazibona esibonelweni samathebhulethi, izincwadi ze-elekthronikhi namanye amakhompyutha ephaketheni . Ekuqaleni, bavezwa njengendlela yokwenza ikhompiyutha ibe yinkimbinkimbi futhi elula ngangokunokwenzeka, kepha ayitholanga njengama-PC ajwayelekile, aqoshiwe noma ama-laptops. Kodwa baye bathatha ngokuqinile i-niche yabo emakethe futhi babambelela ngokuqinile ekuthandeni kwabo okulinganiselwe amashumi eminyaka ambalwa.