Izimpawu zemifula: imingcele eyisisekelo

Kuze kube manje, akekho ongatshela ukuthi imingaki imifula emhlabeni. Ngempela, konke kuxhomeke kulokho okungabhekwa njengomfula, futhi yini-umfula. Ngakho, isibonelo, uma wengeza ubude bazo yonke imifula eRussia, uzothola amakhilomitha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8. Inombolo ephelele, uma ubala amakhulu nezincane, iseduze nezigidi ezingu-2.5. Imifula emikhulu emhlabeni wonke ayikho ngaphezu kwama-50, kanti ubude bayo buphelele buba ngu-200,000 km. Kodwa umfula uqukethe , yini umthombo nomlomo womfula?

Ukubaluleka kwezwe lomfula

Umfula ungumfudlana wamanzi ahlanzekile, ohamba embhedeni ohleliwe futhi ugcwalise ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yemvula. Ngaphambi kokuba uqonde izici zokugeleza kwamanzi ahlanzekile, udinga ukukhumbula amagama ambalwa ayisihluthulelo:

• Umfula uwukucindezeleka, lapho kugeleza khona amanzi omfula. Kuvame ukulungiswa, ukulandelana ngezindawo ezincane nezindawo ezijulile. Ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezwe noma ezinye izici, umfula ungashintsha, ushiye imigodi kanye nemigodi ngemuva kwawo. Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, eNdiya kukhona uMfula iKosi, cishe cishe ngonyaka uvula indlela entsha, uhlanza yonke into ehlangana ngendlela yayo.

• Umthombo ukuqala komfula. Kungaba yintwasahlobo, i-glacier ecibilikayo, noma yimuphi omunye echibini noma indawo yokuhlangana kwemifula emibili yamanzi.
• Umlomo yindawo lapho umfula uphela khona, ugeleza ulwandle, olwandle noma olunye umfudlana wamanzi.
• Uhlelo lwamanzi aluwona nje umfula ngokwawo, kodwa futhi nemifula yawo.
• Ibhasi lomfula yinsimu ethile lapho wonke amanzi eqoqwe khona. Zonke izimbiza zihlukaniswe ngamanzi aphansi, indima yabo idlala yiziqhingi.

Imingcele esemqoka yezici zemifula

Isici esiyinhloko semifula ubukhulu, isivinini sokugeleza, ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukugeleza, ukwehla kanye nohlobo lwamandla.

Umehluko umehluko phakathi kokuphakama komthombo nomlomo. Ukukhuphuka okuphakeme, ukuqhuma okukhulu komfula emfuleni.

Ukuhamba kwe-velocity kulinganiswa ngo-m / sec. Akukhona yonke indawo kuzoba okufanayo, amasayithi anendawo ehlukile futhi umthamo womfula uhlukile.

Izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi likhombisa ukuthi mangaki amamitha ayi cubic adlulisiwe ngomzuzwana owodwa ngokusebenzisa isigaba somgwaqo wesiteshi.

Umfula udla ngezindlela eziningana: amanzi emvula, emva kokuqhaqha kweqhwa, emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba kanye namaqhwa. Yondla imifula yemvula etholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Iqhwa londliwa yimifula yamabhande ahlanzekile futhi atholakala enyakatho yezwe, kanti i-glacial inemifula yezintaba. Kunezinhlobo eziningana eziyinhloko zemifula yokudla :

1. I-Equatorial - kuphela imvula unyaka wonke.
2. Ukulandelana - umfula udla ngokwezimali zemvula, kodwa awufani, futhi unyaka.
3. Iziqhingi ezishisayo - imvula ekhuphuka emkhakheni wobusika ebusika futhi ingajulile ehlobo.
4. I-subarctic yikudla okwenziwe iqhwa elihlinzeka izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi ehlobo kanye nokujula okubukhali ebusika, lapho iningi lemifula iqhwa.
5. Ichibi - umfula udliwa unyaka wonke ngokugcwele futhi awuxhomeki kwezinye izinhlobo zokudla.
6. Intaba - ezintabeni eziphakeme ebusuku ebusuku imifula ingaba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi emini bayagcwaliswa ngenxa yokuqhaqhazela kwamaqhwa neqhwa.

Kanti futhi uvame ukuzwa ngombuso womfula. Kodwa akubona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi umbuso womfula uwuphi. Kutholakala ngani? Impendulo ilula kakhulu, umbuso wemifula yinkambo yokuhlala isikhathi eside, ukuguqulwa komfula kanye ne-diurnal ukuguquka komfula emfuleni. Izinguquko zingenzeka ngokushesha kakhulu, konke kuxhomeke kuphi nokuthi yiziphi izimo umfula ogelezayo.

Imifula igeleza phakathi kwamathafa, igeleza ukusuka ezintabeni, empilweni yabo yonke ingashintsha indlela yayo izikhathi eziningana, ingaba yinkimbinkimbi noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, igcwele.

Izici zokugeleza kwemifula

Iyini umthombo nomlomo womfula, seyaziwa kakade, kodwa yiziphi izici zokugeleza kwamanzi kulowo nalowo? Ngemuva kwalokho, kwaziwa ukuthi kunemifula ngokuma amanzi kanye namanje okuthulile, futhi kukhona lapho amanzi egijimela khona ngesivinini esinokuthi asithwale noma yikuphi, isithiyo endleleni.

Ubuhlobo besikhathi samanje nesivinini somfula kuxhomeke ekusizeni, ukugxila kanye nokwehla kwamanzi. Emathafeni imifudlana yomfula iyanzila, ezolile, futhi umthamo wokuwa uncane. Le milambo ihlanganisa i-Volga, iDanube, i-Dnieper, i-Neman. Kodwa kukhona nalabo abageleza phakathi kwamagquma asezintabeni. Ziyakwazi ukugeleza okusheshayo nokuqinile, ama-rapids amaningi futhi ngezinye izikhathi amaphupho aphezulu afunyanwa endleleni. Imifula enjalo inokuwa okukhulu, okusho ukuthi isimo samanje sihluke kakhulu. Lezi zimifudlana zihlanganisa iTerek, Rioni, Tiger ne-Yangtze.

Isimo sezulu sincike kokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphakeme, umbuso, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukudla kwemifula. Ezimweni ezinomswakama, imifula ihlale igcwele nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, futhi ezimweni ezomile bayomisa njalo futhi bayondla kuphela emvula, futhi azikho eziningi ngonyaka.

Imifula yasentabeni iyabanda, ngoba iyondla ngokuqhakaziza kwama-glaciers aseziqongweni. Kodwa uma uhamba kuwo wonke umfula, ekugcineni komfula amanzi angafudumala kakhulu, njengoba phakathi nohambo lwayo luvutha ngaphansi kwelanga elikhanyayo.

Iyini intaba nomfula flat?

Sekukwazi ukuthola ukuthi umbuso womfula ukhona, kodwa hlobo luni lomfula lukhona? Ngempela, bangakwazi ukugijimela phakathi kwamathafa noma behla ezintabeni eziphakeme.

Imifula emifula imifudlana yamanzi edlula endaweni ephansi enezici ezincane kanye nokugeleza kwegeyimu. Imifula efana nayo igeleza ezigodini ezithuthukile ezineziteshi ezithuthumayo, lapho kuqhuma khona kanye nokuqhuma okunye.

Imifula yezintaba ivela ezintabeni noma ezinqoleni zamanqamu. Zinezintanjeni ezinamathela kanye neziteshi zamatshe, ezigcwele izingcezu zamadwala. Kulamifula enjalo, kunezintambo ezinkulu kanye nokugeleza kwemvelo, izinzulu ezincane. Ngokuvamile endleleni yale mifula kunezimpophoma kanye nama-rapids, futhi izinqubo zokukhukhula zikhona.

Kukhona nemifula e-mountain plain, eqala kude ezintabeni, bese kancane kancane idlula emfuleni ophansi.

Imifula emihlanu emikhulu emhlabeni wonke

Igama lemifula, elikhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke, liyaziwa kuwo wonke umuntu. Uhlu lwemifula engu-5 emikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni jikelele eholwa yi-Amazon, okubhekwa njengenhliziyo yaseNingizimu Melika. Kuze kube yamuva, kwakubhekwa njengesi-2 kuhlu lwalokhu lukhulu ngemva kweNayile. Kodwa emva kokuba ososayensi bathatha umthombo omncane ka-Ucayali ekuqalekeni komfula, kwaqala ukubhekwa njengokude kakhulu. Ubude bayo bungaphezu kuka-7 000 km.

Endaweni yesibili kwakuyiNayile yoMfula iNayile. Kuthathwa njengomfula ongcwele, ngoba ngenxa yalokho kuphela ongasinda kubantu abahlala endaweni ekhukhume kakhulu neyomile e-Afrika. Ngenkathi yemvula, umfula uchitha, uvumela abantu base-Afrika ukuthi bahlanganyele kwezolimo, emabhange ayo akhule ilayisi. Ubude bomfula wesibili omkhulu wezwe bungaphezu kuka-6800 km, futhi ibhasi lomfula linendawo engaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu zamamitha square. I-Km.

I-Yangtze ingenye imifula emikhulu emhlabeni, ibhekwa njengomfudlana obaluleke kakhulu emanzini ajulile e-Eurasia. Lo mfula ungabhekwa njengethafa elisentabeni, ngoba livela eThabheni laseTibetan, ngemva kokudlula izintaba zeSino-Tibetan futhi liphinde lihlangane neSichuan Basin. Ubude balo mfula ojulile bungaba ngu-6.3 km km, kanti indawo yendawo yokugeza isinganiselwa ku-1.8 million sq. Km. I-Km.

UMfula Ophuzi , noma uMfula Ophuzi, ungomunye umfula omkhulu emhlabeni, onomthombo ezintabeni zaseTibet. Ubude bayo buyizinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-5, kanti indawo echibini - amamitha ayizi-700 000 square. I-Km.

Igama lemifula elisezweni laseRussia litholakala ebalazweni. Phakathi kwazo kukhona okufakwe ohlwini lwalezi zihlanu ezinkulu - yi-Ob. Ubude bayo bube ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-5 400, kanti indawo yokudoba ifana neyomfula iNayile - amamitha ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-3. I-Km. Lokhu kugeleza kwamanzi kuvela eRussia, bese kudlula eKazakhstan bese kuphetha uhambo lwayo eChina.

Imifula emikhulu yomhlaba ibaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni izimboni kanye nezomnotho zamazwe ensimini yabo abahamba ngayo. Imifula inikeza umswakama ophilisa abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlanzi eziningi emifuleni, engondla izilwane kuphela kodwa nabantu.

Uhlu lwemifula encane kunazo zonke emhlabeni

Kodwa hhayi imifula emikhulu kuphela ekhona emhlabeni. Kukhona nezincane kunazo zonke ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu abahlala ngasogwini lwawo. Imifula encane kunazo zonke:

• I-Reprua - lo mfula ugeleza ku-Abkhazia, futhi ubude bawo buyizingamitha ezingu-18 kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubhekwa njengomfula obanda kunazo zonke ogwini lolwandle oluMnyama.
• I-Kovasselva - lokhu kusakazwa kwamanzi ku-island ye-Khitra yaseNorway, nobude bayo abukho ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-20.

Imifula emangalisayo emhlabeni

Izimpawu zemifula ayinolwazi kuphela mayelana nokuthi lukhulu kangakanani noma luyingcosana. Futhi kule planethi kukhona amakhemikhali angavamile futhi anamangalisa amanzi, athola ukunakwa ngokusuka kwawo.

I-Cagno Cristales ngumfula obalabala kakhulu, ku-Colombia. Ngokuvamile, kuthiwa umfula wemilayezo emihlanu. Izinhlobo ezinjalo eziqhakazile nezingavamile zemifudlana emfuleni uthola ukubonga emasimini ahlala emanzini ayo. Uma ubheka amanzi kuwo, ungase ucabange ukuthi u-rainbow wehlela emanzini.

I-Tsitarum ngumfula omsulwa kakhulu emhlabeni. Itholakala e-Indonesia, futhi ingcolile ngoba emgodini wayo kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5. Bonke abantu abadoti baphonsa emanzini ayo. Uma ubheka umfula kusuka kude, awukwazi ngisho nokuqonda ngokushesha lokho okuyikho, kukhona umuzwa wokuthi ubheka ukulahlwa.

I-Congo ngumfula ojulile emhlabeni. Igeleza e-Central Africa, kwezinye izindawo ukujula kwayo kufinyelela kumamitha angu-230, futhi mhlawumbe nangaphezulu.

I-El Rio-Vinegre ngumfula omkhulu kakhulu. Igeleza ngaphesheya kwe-volcano yasePuraza eColombia. Emanzini ayo kunezingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-11 ze-sulfuric acid nezingxenye ezingu-9 ze-hydrochloric acid. Kulo mfula angeke kube khona izidalwa eziphilayo.

Ukuphila emifuleni: izitshalo

Izimpawu zemifula akuzona nje ukudla, ukukhuliswa nezinye izilinganiso, kodwa nezilwane nezitshalo. Phela, konke ukugeleza kwamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunkulu noma kuncane, kunompilo. Emfuleni ngamunye osheshayo noma othulile, izitshalo eziningi zitholile indawo yazo yokuhlala, ezizivumelanisa nokuphila komfula othile, nezimo zayo zokugeleza, izinga lokushisa kwamanzi kanye neminye imingcele.

Izitshalo zemifula zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu ayisihlanu:

1. Izimila ezisemanzini nasemhlabeni. Baqala ukukhula kwabo phansi komfula, futhi ingxenye engaphezulu yazo iphakama ngaphezu kwamanzi. Lezi zihlanganisa umhlanga, umhlanga, i-horsetail, i-shop kanye nomcibisholo womcibisholo.
2. Izimila zazo zihlanganiswe phansi, futhi amaqabunga ahamba phezu kwamanzi. Izitshalo ezinjalo ziyi- white lily kanye nombhede omfula ohambayo.
3. Izimila ezinezimpande ezansi, amaqabunga awo ahlala emanzini - ajwayelekile futhi ajwayelekile kakhulu.
4. Izimila ziyazula, zingenayo izimpande ezansi. Enye yezitshalo ezinjalo i-duckweed.
5. Izimila ezihlala ungqimba oluphakathi lwamanzi - i-hornwort, i-filamentous algae ne-elodea.

Ukuphila kwemifula: impilo yezilwane

Izimpawu zemifula nazo ziyizilwane ezingenakwenzeka kuphi ngaphandle kwamanzi. Emifuleni ayihlali nje kuphela inhlobo enkulu yezinhlanzi, kodwa nezinye izilwane eziphilayo:

• I-Plankton iyinhlangano ephilayo ehlala ekholomu yamanzi, ibonakala ikhuphuka echibini futhi izinikela emandleni okwamanje. I-Plankton yiyona yokudla okuyinhloko yezinhlanzi eziningi.
• Benthos. Leli qembu lihlanganisa izidalwa ze-benthic.
• I-Necton iyisilwane esihambayo ngenkuthalo, ekwazi ukunqoba okwamanje. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyizinkulungwane ezingu-20 ze-nekton, zifaka izinhlanzi, ama-squid, ama-cetaceans, ama-pinnipeds, ama-turtles nabanye.
• I-Neuston - izilwane nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezihlala phezu kwamanzi, emngceleni womkhathi.
• I-Pleiston yizilwane nezinhlobo zezitshalo ezinamaminithi angama-semi-emzimbeni emanzini, okungukuthi, okukwazi ukuhlala ngesikhathi esisodwa emanzini nasemoyeni.
• I-Epineuston ibhekisela ezithombeni ezihlala kwifilimu yomhlaba.
• I-Hyponeuston - izinhlobo ezihlobene nefilimu yomhlaba, kodwa zihlala ngaphansi kwayo.
• I-Peripheron - izinto eziphilayo ezikhona ezintweni ezifakwe ngaphakathi.

Emifuleni kuphila futhi izilwane ezincelisayo: ama-beavers, ama-otters, ama-muskrats, nezinambuzane ezihamba phambili: izinkamba, izinyoka, izingwenya.

Imifula isetshenziswa kanjani?

Abantu basendulo babekholelwa ukuthi amanzi yimpilo. Babevame ukwakha izindlu emigodini yemifula namachibi, ukuze kube lula ngabo ukubhekana nokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukusetshenziswa komfula akusizo nje ukwenza imisebenzi yasendlini, kepha nokuphatha umnotho wabo. Amanzi avela emifuleni asetshenziselwa ukuphuza, ukuwahlanza kusengaphambili, alungiselela ukudla nezilwane, asetshenziselwa ukuchelela izitshalo.

Namuhla, amanzi avela emifuleni ahlanza eziteshini ezikhethekile futhi aqhutshelwa ngamapayipi ezindlini ezinkulu. Futhi, imifula ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukugubha izinkuni, njengendlela yokuhamba amabanga amade. Emifuleni bayageza futhi banhlanzi. Imifula nayo iyindawo enhle kakhulu, ngoba kuhle ukuhlala ogwini futhi ujabulele umoya omusha omuncu, uthabathe indawo.

Futhi kungakanani amanzi adingekayo emabhizinisini asezimboni, okwakhiwa eduze nemifula? Ngenxa yalomakhelwane, noma yiliphi ibhizinisi lingadla amanzi kusuka emgodini. Emazweni asekude - i-Afrika noma iNingizimu Melika - lapho isimo sezulu somile kakhulu futhi imifula ivame ukuma, lezi mifula ziwumthombo oyinhloko wokuphuza izilwane zasendle, ngisho noma zomile kwezinye izindawo. Kodwa ngesikhathi semvula, baphinde bagcwale.

Ngaphandle kwemifula iplanethi yethu ngeke ibe yinto enhle futhi ingokoqobo. Bathi, njengemikhono yamanzi, bakhonsa umhlaba futhi banikeze umswakama ophilisa ukuphila, kodwa umsebenzi wesintu ukuwusebenzisa wonke amandla ayo ukuze ulondoloze ubumsulwa nobuhle bawo.