I-fungus penicillium: isakhiwo, izakhiwo, isicelo

I-mushroom ipulazi penicillium - isitshalo esiye saba semvelo. Libhekisela eklasini yokungapheleli. Okwamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-250 zazo. I-pinicle yegolide, ngendlela ehlukile, isikhunta esisihlaza sama-racemose, sibaluleke kakhulu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zisetshenziselwa ukwakha umkhiqizo wokwelapha. "I-Penicillin" esekelwe kule fungus inganqoba amabhaktheriya amaningi.

Indawo yokuhlala

I-Penicillium iyi-fungus enezinhlobonhlobo, lapho inhlabathi yindawo yokuhlala. Ngokuvamile lesi sitshalo singabonakala ngesimo sombala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza. Ikhula kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-substrates. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukutholakala emkhathini wezingxube zezitshalo.

Isakhiwo sefungus

Ngokuqondene nesakhiwo, i-penicillium mushroom ifana kakhulu ne-aspergillus, eyomndeni wamakhowe angama-moldy. I-mycelium ye-vegetative yalesi sitshalo ivulekile futhi i-branching. Iqukethe, njengombuso, inombolo enkulu yamaseli. Kusuka ku- mucor, i-mushroom ye- penicillin ihlukaniswe i-mycelium. Unayo i-multicellular. Ngokuqondene ne-mycelium mukora, akuyona i-unicellular.

I-Penicillium penis ingabe isendaweni engaphansi kwe-substrate, noma ingene kuyo. Kusuka kule ngxenye ye-fungus, ukuhamba kwe-conidiophores ekhuphuka futhi eyoshiya. Amafomu anjalo, njengomthetho, igatsha libe yingxenye engenhla kanye namafrikhsi athatha ama-poic unicellular enemibala. Kuyinto conidia. I-Brushes yesitshalo nayo, ingaba nezinhlobo eziningana:

• I-Asymmetrical;
• I-third-tier;
• I-two-tiered;
• I-single-tiered.

Uhlobo oluthile lwefenicillium lufake izibopho ezibizwa ngokuthi i-coremias. Ukukhiqizwa kwefungus kwenziwa ngokusabalalisa izinhlamvu.

Kungani kungumuthi wezinambuzane

Ama-fungus-parasites (penicillium ne-mucor) akhuthaza ukukhwabanisa kwemikhiqizo, futhi athathe ingxenye esebenzayo ekuqhekekeni kwezicubu ezinemvelaphi yezilwane nemifino. Lokhu kubangelwa inqwaba ye-enzyme. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi i-plaque kwi-substrate ye-vegetative ingakhiwa kanyekanye nezinhlobo eziningana zefungi. Kulokhu, ukudla kwalolu hlobo lwesitshalo kwenziwa ngokuswa ezinxenyeni eziphelile. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi i-penicillium ibhekwa njengama-parasite.

Ingabe kuyingozi kumuntu

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi isikhunta samapenicillium yizibhaktheriya. Nokho, lokhu akude neze. Ezinye izinhlobo zalesi sitshalo zinezinto eziphilayo eziphathelene nezilwane eziphilayo nezilwane. Iningi elilimazayo libangelwa kulawo mathuba lapho isikhunta isikhunta sithinta imikhiqizo yezolimo kanye nokudla, ukuphindaphinda ngokuqinile ngaphakathi kwabo. Uma igcinwe ngokungalungile, i-penicillis ithinta isondlo. Uma kunikezwa izilwane, ukufa kwabo ngeke kukhishwe. Ngempela, ngaphakathi kokudla, inani elikhulu lezinto ezinobuthi liqoqa, okuyinto engathinteli isimo sezempilo.

Izinhlelo zokwelapha

Ingabe i-mushisilla mushroom ingaba usizo? Ama-bacteria abangela izifo ezithile ze-viral azizinzile kuma-antibiotic, ezenziwa ngumbumba. Ezinye izinhlobo zalezi zitshalo ziye zanda kakhulu ezimboni zokudla nezidakamizwa ngenxa yokukwazi ukukhiqiza ama-enzyme. Isidakamizwa esithi "i-Penicillin", esilwa nezinhlobo eziningi zamabhaktheriya, itholakala ku-Penicillium notatum ne-Penicillium chrysogenum.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwalesi sidakamizwa kwenzeka ezinyathelweni eziningana. Ukuqala nge-fungus ikhulile. Kulokhu, kusetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwamagesi. Lesi sici sikuvumela ukuba uthole imikhiqizo engcono kakhulu ye-penicillin. Ngemuva kwalokhu, i-fungus ikhule ngokufaka imithi ku-fermenter ekhethekile. Umthamo wayo unamalitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Lapho, izitshalo ziyanda.

Ngemuva kokukhipha okuvela emkhatsini wamanzi, isikhunta se-penicillium sithola ukwelashwa okwengeziwe. Ngalesi sigaba sokukhiqiza, isisombululo se-salts nama-solvents eziphilayo sisetshenziswa. Izinto ezinjalo zivumela ukuthola imikhiqizo yokugcina: i-potassium nosawoti we-sodium we-penicillin.

Isikhunta isikhunta kanye nomkhakha wokudla

Ngenxa yemithi ethile ye-penicillium ukhunta isetshenziswa kakhulu embonini yokudla. Izinhlobo ezithile zalesi sitshalo ziyasetshenziswa ekwenzeni ushizi. Njengomthetho, lokhu kuyiPenicillium Roquefort noPenicillium camemberti. Lezi zinhlobo zokubunjwa zisetshenziselwa ekwakhiweni kwezinyosi ezinjengokuthi "Stiltosh", "Gorntsgola", "Roquefort" njalo njalo. Lo mkhiqizo "we-marble" unesakhiwo esivulekile. Ngokuba izinhlobo zalezi zihlukahlukene zibhekwa ukunambitheka okuqondile nokubukeka.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isiko le-penicilli lisetshenziswe esigabeni esithile sokukhiqiza imikhiqizo enjalo. Isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-Roquefort ushizi, isisetshenziswa sePenicillium Roquefort. Lolu hlobo lwe-fungus lungakhula ngisho nasesikalweni esikhululekile esingavamile. Lokhu kubumba kahle kubekezelela ukuhlushwa okuphansi oksijini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-fungus imelana nokuqukethwe okwandisiwe kwamanoni kumaphakathi we-acidic.

I-penicill iyakwazi ukukhulula ama-enzyme e-lipolytic ne-proteolytic anithinta amafutha nobisi amaprotheni. Ngaphansi kwethonya lalezi zinto, ushizi ukhululekile, u-oily, kanye nesinambitheka esithile nokunambitheka.

Ekuphethweni

Izakhiwo ze-penicillin fungus azange zihlolwe ngokugcwele. Ososayensi baqhuba ucwaningo olusha njalo. Lokhu kusenza sikwazi ukubona izindawo ezintsha ze-isikhunta. Imisebenzi enjalo ivumela ukutadisha imikhiqizo ye-metabolic. Esikhathini esizayo, lokhu kuzokuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-penicillin mushroom ngokusebenza.