Uyini umehluko phakathi kweseli le-bacterium kanye nesitembu sesitshalo: izici zesakhiwo nomsebenzi obalulekile

Cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo zakhiwa ngamaseli. Izici zesakhiwo salezi zakhiwo ezincane kakhulu zixhomeke ezimeni zomsebenzi wokuphila kanye nezinga lenhlangano yabo bonke abamele imvelo. Kulesi sihloko sizocabangela ukuthi yini ehlukanisa iseli le- bacterium esitokisini lesitshalo futhi yiziphi izimiso zomsebenzi wazo.

Ukufakelwa kwamaseli ezitshalo

I-apparatus ebusweni yalezi zakhiwo zitshalo limelelwa ngodonga lwamaseli oluhlukaniswa ngamandla alo nokuqina ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-cellulose carbohydrate kuyo. Emvelweni wangaphakathi (i-cytoplasm) kukhona izakhiwo zamaselula ezinomphela. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-organoids. Okukhulu kakhulu kulawa yi-vacuole. Yisigxobo esigcwele amanzi anezakhi ezingcolile. Ukwakhiwa kwesitimu sesitshalo kuboniswa yizinhlaka ezifana ne-nucleus, i-plastids yama-chloroplast, i-mitochondria, i-reticulum endoplasmic ne-ribosomes, i-Golgi complex, i-lysosomes.

Ukufana kwamaseli anobhethri nesitshalo

Kuhlelo olujwayelekile lwesakhiwo nesitshalo segciwane lesibhaktheriya kunezici eziningi ezifanayo. Yiziphi izakhiwo ezivamile eziphilayo ezinjalo? Okokuqala, lokhu kungukungena kwendonga yeselintshi kanye ne-membrane, izinto eziphathelene nezakhi zofuzo, i-cytoplasm. Isakhiwo sezitshalo nama-bacterium amangqamuzana abuye ahlonishwe nezakhiwo eziningi: i-ribosomes, i-centrioles, i-lysosomes. Bobabili nalaba abanye bane-organelles yokuhamba. Kwi-algae eluhlaza yama-unicellular, i-chlamydomonas kanye ne-spirochete e-convoluted yi-flagella.

Izindwangu zezitshalo

Amabhaktheriya anezinto eziphilayo kakhulu ezingenasicellular. Kodwa izitshalo eziphilayo kulokhu zihlukile kakhulu. Zingaba neseli elilodwa, njenge-algae eluhlaza ye-chlorella, noma ifomu lamakholoni, njenge-volvox. Kodwa inqwaba yezimila zakhiwa izicubu. Lezi zakhiwo yiqoqo lamaseli afana nokuhlelwa nokusebenza. Izinhlobo zazo eziningana zihlangene zibe izitho. Ngakho-ke, iqabunga lomuthi lakhiwa ngamangqamuzana angama-tissum, aqhuba, amathiskhi nama-basic.

Okuphawulekayo kwesakhiwo samaseli e-prokaryotic

Futhi manje ake sibone ukuthi iseli le-bacterial lihluke kanjani esitokisini sesitshalo. Ake siqale ngokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali wezinsiza eziphezulu. Udonga lwamaseli wezitshalo lubandakanya i-cellulose, namagciwane - u-murine noma i-pectin. Zonke ziyi-carbohydrate enzima. Ngokusho kwesakhiwo sofuzo, amabhaktheriya angama-prokaryotes. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abanalo i-nucleus eyakhelwe, njengamaseli ezitshalo, izilwane noma isikhunta. Esitokisini se-bacterium kukhona i-molecule ye-DNA eyodwa - i-nucleoid. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza indlela elula yokuphindaphinda - ukuhlukaniswa kokubili.

Uyini umehluko emkhatsini wamangqamuzana e-bacterium kanye neseli lesitshalo ngokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi? Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu. Emasethini amabhaktheriya awekho mitochondria, i-EPS, i-complex Golgi kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo ze-plastids. Uhlobo lokugcina lwe-organelle lunikeza uhlobo lokudla okunempilo. Izimila zinezithombe ze-photosynthesis, ngoba emasethini abo kukhona ama-plastidi aluhlaza ama-chloroplast. Ngaphakathi kwawo ngaphakathi kukhona ukuguquguquka kwamakhemikhali okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezinto ezingavamile ngaphakathi kweglucose ye-carbohydrate, izitshalo ezisetshenziselwa njengemithombo yamandla, ne-oxygen. Iningi lama-bacterium ngohlobo lokudla yi-heterotrophs. Bakwazi ukuthola izinto ezilindelekile kuphela. Futhi ama-macromolecules amakhulu akakwazi ukungena nge-membrane yawo. Ngakho-ke, amabhaktheriya athatha izinto eziphilayo zangaphambi kokuhlanjululwa ezingcolisiwe emanzini nase-lipoids. Phakathi kwazo kukhona ama-hemotrophs, athola amandla ekuqhekekeni kwezibopho zamakhemikhali.

Ama-prokaryotes okuphila

Lesi sakhiwo segciwane lesibhaktheriya sinquma izici zomsebenzi wayo obalulekile. Indlela eyinhloko yokukhiqiza lezi zilwane ihlukanisa kabili. Naphezu kokuthi le ndlela ingenye yezinto ezilula, ibonakala ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, iseli elilodwa lifinyelela ku-miliyoni yabantu abanjalo kungakapheli amahora ayishumi kuphela. Amabhaktheriya nawo akwazi ukwenza ama-spores. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kwenzeka lapho izimo ezimbi zenzeka. Kulesi simo, iseli lomama libhujiswa. Kodwa ingxabano ingasithinta isikhathi eside kokubili okushisa okuphansi nokupheka. Le divayisi inenani elivikelayo.

Ngakho-ke, esihlokweni esizihlolisisile ukuthi yini ehlukanisa iseli le-bacterial esitokisini sesitshalo. Okokuqala, lokhu kuyisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo. Ama-bacteria awunayo i-nucleus eyakhelwe, futhi izinto eziphathelene nobuciko zimelelwa i-molecule ye-DNA. Ukungezwani okuyinhloko nakho kuhilela ukubunjwa kwamakhemikhali edonga lensiza, indlela yokudla kanye nokutholakala kwama-organelles amaningi.