Indlela esheshayo izindiza hypersonic emhlabeni. izindiza Russian hypersonic

Ordinary umgibeli indiza ngesivinini mayelana 900 km / h. Jet ezempi ukulwa ongafinyelela cishe kathathu isivinini. Nokho, onjiniyela banamuhla ababevela eRussia nakwamanye amazwe ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni imishini ngaphezulu ngesivinini esikhulu - izindiza hypersonic. Yiziphi imininingwane yalolu imiqondo?

Indlela izindiza hypersonic

Kuyini indiza hypersonic? Ngaphansi kwalezo elivame ukuqondwa ngayo njengoba umshini okwazi endiza ngesivinini izikhathi eziningi kunakunoma umsindo. Izindlela cwaninga izinkomba ezithile eziqondile ke ezahlukene. indlela Okusatshalalisiwe lapho indiza kufanele abhekwe njengendoda hypersonic, uma kuyindodana, amaningi ngaphezu kwamaminithi ijubane ukusebenza esheshayo amadivayisi yesimanje leSupersonic. Yikuphi ecishe ibe yizinkulungwane 3-4. Km / h. Okungukuthi, izindiza hypersonic, uma ulandela le indlela, kufanele ukufinyelela ijubane ayizinkulungwane 6. Km / h.

izimoto unmanned futhi eziqhutshwa

Osondela abacwaningi ziyahlukahluka futhi isici sokunquma sokunquma ukufakwa waphansi for ezindizeni. Kukhona inguqulo kulabo ukukhathazeka okufanelekile kuphela labo imishini ukuthi zilawulwa indoda. Kukhona umbono, owawuthi izindiza kungabuye kubhekwe futhi unmanned. Ngakho-ke, abanye abahlaziyi ahlukanisa imishini yalolu hlobo kulabo angaphansi ukulawula abantu nalabo asebenza autonomously. ukwahlukana enjalo ingase ibe kulingane ngoba drones ungaba okuningi nengwenya more izici lobuchwepheshe, isibonelo, ngokuya ngesivinini futhi accelerations.

Nokho, abacwaningi abaningi babheka izindiza hypersonic njengendlela mqondo olulodwa, ngoba lapho inkomba key - isivinini. Kungakhathaliseki at izilawuli umshini bona umuntu ahlale noma umshini irobhothi elawulwa - into esemqoka ukuthi izindiza kukhanga ngokwanele okusheshayo.

Rise - wedwa noma ngosizo abanye?

Okusatshalalisiwe Ukwahlukanisa izindiza hypersonic, ogxile - zokuhlukanisa nabo esigabeni labo bayakwazi suka bebodwa, noma kulabo abadinga izindawo zokuhlala imoto enamandla ngaphezulu - rocket noma indiza wezimpahla. Kukhona umbono lapho ukuze apparatuses yalolu hlobo ngokufanele kuchasiselwe ikakhulu labo labakhona suka ngokwa noma nge ukuzibandakanya sakugcina nezinye izinhlobo imishini. Nokho, labo abacwaningi abakholelwa ukuthi umbandela main ephawula indiza hypersonic - isivinini, kufanele kube semqoka kakhulu kunoma iyiphi ngezigaba. Noma ngabe leso sabelo zedivayisi i unmanned, elawulwa, bakwazi suka ngokwa noma nezinye izimoto - uma inkomba okuhambisanayo ifinyelela amagugu okungenhla, kusho ukuthi sikhuluma indiza hypersonic.

Izinkinga eyinhloko izixazululo hypersonic

Amatemu izixazululo hypersonic - amashumi eminyaka. Kuyo yonke le minyaka ukuthuthukiswa inhlobo efanele amadivayisi onjiniyela emhlabeni ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningi eziphawulekayo, ngomqondo ovulekile ekuvimbela ukubeka udaba "hypersonic" ekusakazeni - efana inhlangano ukukhiqizwa turboprop izindiza.

Ubunzima main ekuklanyweni izindiza hypersonic - ukunikeza injini abazokwazi ngokwanele eyonga ugesi. Enye inkinga - umgwaqo edingekayo idivayisi ezishisayo Ukuvikelwa. Iqiniso lokuthi ijubane izindiza hypersonic e amagugu esiye saxoxa ngazo ngenhla, uphakamisa Ukushisa enamandla umzimba ngenxa ukungqubuzana umkhathi.

Namuhla sibheka amasampula ezimbalwa prototypes ngempumelelo izindiza yohlobo olufanele, lapho onjiniyela bakwazi kakhulu phambili ngokuya ikhambi ngempumelelo nezinkinga okukhulunywa. Manje ukufunda ngentuthuko edume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngokuphathelene ukudalwa izindiza hypersonic yalolu hlobo.

Indiza esheshayo kusuka Boeing

Indlela esheshayo izindiza hypersonic emhlabeni, ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe, lokhu kuyinto American Boeing X-43A. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuhlola zedivayisi salotshwa ukuthi ifinyelele isivinini okweqa ayizinkulungwane 11. Km / h. Lokho cishe ngokushesha izikhathi 9.6 kuka ijubane umsindo.

Yini kuphawuleka ngokukhethekile izindiza hypersonic X-43A? Izici indiza imi kanje:

- ngesivinini esiphezulu lirekhodiwe ukuhlolwa, - 11 kuya ku 230 km / h;

- namaphiko - 1.5 m;

- sikebhe obuphelele - 3.6 m;

- Engine - cocurrent, Supersonic Combustion Ramjet;

- fuel --mpilo emkhathini, i-hydrogen.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi umshini ndaba kulaba bantu abanobungane kakhulu imvelo. Iqiniso lokuthi uphethiloli esetshenziswa cishe kuhilela kumiswa imikhiqizo anobuthi amandla omlilo.

izindiza Hypersonic X-43A yasungulwa ngokuhlanganyela by NASA onjiniyela, njengoba izinkampani Orbical Isayensi Corporation kanye Minocraft kanye. Indiza sidalwe iminyaka engaba ngu-10. Ukuthuthukiswa Its okulondolozwe mayelana 250 mln. Dollars. eseyintsha lomqondo izindiza kubhekwe bokuthi wayeklanyelwe ukuhlola ubuchwepheshe bamuva ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-saliphosa motor.

Ukuthuthukiswa kusuka Isayensi Orbital

Inkampani Orbital Science, okuyinto, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, nengxenye ekudalweni zedivayisi X-43A, futhi wakwazi ukwakha siqu izindiza zayo hypersonic - X-34.

Isivinini salo phezulu - ezingaphezu kuka-12 eziyinkulungwane km / h .. Nokho, ukuhlolwa esisebenzayo esiye kufinyelelwa - eqinisweni, kwahluleka ukufeza ilitshe, njengoba kuboniswa indiza X43-A. izindiza Okubukwe yashesha ngu wasebenzisa micibisholo "Pegasus", ezisebenza fuel okuqinile. Umshini X-34 kwase kuqala ihlolwe ngo-2001. Okubukwe izindiza iyunithi kakhulu emikhulu kusukela Boeing - nge ubude 17,78 metres, namaphiko - 8,85 m Maximum engamamitha imishini hypersonic kusukela Orbical Isayensi -. Amakhilomitha 75.

Indiza esuka North American

Enye izindiza owaziwa hypersonic - X-15, ezikhishwa inkampani North American. Le yunithi abahlaziyi bathi zokuhlola.

Inama rocket izinjini, okuyinto kuphakamisa ezinye izazi musa attribute ke, eqinisweni, ngaphansi kwe-class of izindiza. Nokho, injini khona rocket kwenza umshini, ikakhulukazi ukwenza izindiza suborbital. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi omunye ukuhlolwa kule modi lwavivinywa ngu-pilot. ama-apharathasi Injongo X-15 - Ukutadisha imininingwane hypersonic indiza kokuhlaziywa izixazululo ahlukahlukene, izinto ezintsha kanye izici ezifana isilawuli umshini ngongqimba ezahlukene emkhathini. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umqondo yephrojekthi sivunyiwe ngo-1954. X-15 ngendiza ngesivinini ezingaphezu kuka 7 ayizinkulungwane. Km / h. Ububanzi indiza yayo - engaphezu kuka-500 km, ukuphakama mkhulu km angaphezu kwangu-100.

Indlela esheshayo izindiza ukukhiqizwa

Safunda ngenhla izimoto hypersonic empeleni basonta isigaba ucwaningo. Kuyoba usizo ukucabangela eminye onobuhle ukukhiqizwa izindiza, eduze izici hypersonic, noma (e izindlela obuhlukahlukene) kubo.

Phakathi kwalezi imishini - ukuthuthukiswa eMelika SR-71. Indiza, abanye abacwaningi abathi ngokwezinga bathambekele ubheke hypersonic, kusukela isivinini imayelana ayizinkulungwane 3.7. Km / h. Phakathi izici zayo kunazo yesiteleka - off mass okuyinto mkhulu kunezinhliziyo amathani 77. Ubude imoto - ezingaphezu kuka-23 metres, namaphiko - ezingaphezu kuka-13 ukuphakama.

It is njengelinye lamazwe we-Russian MIG-25, i-esheshayo izindiza zempi. Idivayisi ongafinyelela ngesivinini engaphezu kuka 3.3 ayizinkulungwane. Km / h. Ubuningi Take-off isisindo indiza Russian - 41 ithani.

Ngakho, izinqumo ukukhiqizwa emakethe, eduze izici hypersonic, Russian Federation - omunye wabaholi. Kodwa kuthiwani intuthuko ingxenye Russian we "zakudala" izindiza hypersonic? Ingabe onjiniyela kusukela Russian Federation ukudala isixazululo, imoto yokuncintisana kusukela Boeing futhi Orbital Scence?

izimoto hypersonic Russian

Okwamanje, Russian izindiza leSupersonic lungaphansi kokuthuthukiswa. Kodwa ungumuntu okhuthele. Sikhuluma indiza Ju-71. ukuhlolwa kwakhe kuqala, ngokusho kwemibiko yabezindaba, yayiqhutshelwa Februwari 2015 e Orenburg.

Kulindeleke ukuthi izindiza ngeke isetshenziselwe izinjongo wezempi. Ngakho, kudivayisi hypersonic ungakwazi, uma kunesidingo, ukuletha izikhali kuhlasela olude, ukuqapha kule ndawo, kodwa nawo uhilelekile njengoba isici zokuhlasela izindiza. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi eminyakeni 2020-2025. SMF ufike esikhumulweni-20 uhlobo abafanele ndiza.

Esikhathini abezindaba kukhona imibiko Russia kubhekwe izindiza hypersonic izokwenziwa ezicitshwayo ballistic "Sarmat", okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi sise esiteji design. Abanye abahlaziyi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakha hypersonic umshini Ju-71 - akulutho efana warhead, okumele ehlukanisiwe kweminsalo ballistic esigabeni sokugcina indiza, bese-ke, ngenxa isici eziphakeme maneuverability izindiza ukuba banqobe ama-missile isimiso sokuzivikela.

project "Ajax"

Phakathi kwemisebenzi enhle kakhulu ezihlobene ekuthuthukiseni izindiza hypersonic - "Ajax". Sizokwenza silitadishe ngokuningiliziwe. izindiza Hypersonic "Ajax" - ukuthuthukiswa nekutfutfuka kwelizinga onjiniyela Soviet. Esikhathini wezesayensi ngezingxoxo wakhe waqala in the 80s. Phakathi izici eziphawulekayo kakhulu - khona uhlelo Ukuvikelwa ezishisayo ukuthi yakhelwe ukuvikela izindlu okweqile. Ngakho, developers "Ajax" Idivayisi ngeke emkhayeni eze nesixazululo komunye izinkinga "hypersonic" okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kithi.

Traditional ezishisayo Ukuvikelwa wesifunda flying imishini kuhilela ukubekwa izinto ezikhethekile umzimba. "Ajax" onjiniyela wasikisela umqondo ezahlukene, owawuthi kungafanele ukuvikela umshini kusuka Ukushisa zangaphandle, futhi ukuvuma ukushisa emshinini, kube kwandziswa yayo mthombo wamandla. Esincintisana eyinhloko umshini Soviet kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso izindiza hypersonic, "Aurora", wadala e-United States. Nokho, ngenxa yokuthi abaklami zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kwelulwe kakhulu amathuba umqondo, isenzakalo esisha siye saphathiswa anhlobonhlobo imisebenzi, ezifana ucwaningo. Singasho ukuthi "Ajax" - hypersonic esisetshenziselwa izindiza.

Ake sicabangele kabanzi ubuchwepheshe olunikezwa onjiniyela base-USSR.

Ngakho, nabaqambi namaSoviet "Ajax" okuhlongozwayo ukusebenzisa ukushisa ngenxa ye airframe friction ebangelwa umkhathi, ukuguqulela ku amandla ewusizo. Ngokomthetho, lokhu kungafinyelelwa ngokubheja kudivayisi ngakolunye amagobolondo. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka into efana umzimba wesibili. ingaphakathi layo kuthiwa ukugcwalisa ezinye kulethe, isib, nenye impahla ezivuthayo namanzi. Isendlalelo ukushisa ekuvikeleni wenza elinama kanzima, "Ajax" Besizokujanyiselelwa phezu uketshezi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele sivikele injini, ngakolunye - wayeyobe enikela ukusabela okhanda amanye amathuba, Nokho, okuyinto, kungenzeka zihambisane umphumela endothermic - ukuhamba ukushisa kusukela yangaphandle izingxenye ngaphakathi icala. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ukupholisa engxenyeni engaphandle zedivayisi kungaba yinoma yini. ukushisa okweqile, esikhundleni salokho, Kusolwa ukusebenzisa ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwe-injini izindiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lobu buchwepheshe ezongenza fuel ukukhiqiza ngenxa yokusabela kanye nezinhlobo hydrogen khulula.

Okwamanje kutholakala ulwazi umphakathi ku ukuqhubeka ukuthuthukiswa "Ajax" atholakalayo, kodwa abacwaningi bakholelwa ukwethulwa imiqondo ethembisa kakhulu Soviet ongazijwayele.

izimoto Chinese hypersonic

Imbangi ka US neRussia emakethe izisombululo hypersonic kuba China. Phakathi edume kunazo imiklamo onjiniyela abavela eChina - izindiza WU-14. Kuyinto elawulwa glider hypersonic ukuthi ubekwe nangomcibisholo ballistic.

IDB oluqalisa indiza emkhathini, lapho imoto kakhulu ushona phansi, ukuthuthukisa isivinini hypersonic. iyunithi Chinese kungenziwa agibele amahhashi at IDB ezahlukene kokuba ibanga 2 kuya ku-12 eziyinkulungwane. Km. Kwatholakala ukuthi ngesikhathi ukuhlolwa umshini WU-14 wakwazi ukufinyelela isivinini okweqa 12 eziyinkulungwane. Km / h, ekubeni ngakho in the esheshayo izindiza hypersonic ngokuvumelana abanye abahlaziyi.

Nokho, abacwaningi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa China sika akuyona kulingane ngempela ukuze ubheke isigaba ndiza. Ngakho, inguqulo evamile, lapho ama-apharathasi iwukuba labizwa ngokuthi warhead. Futhi kahle. Phakathi indiza phansi ngejubane wawubona ngisho lamadolobha esimanjemanje kakhulu uhlelo missile ukuzivikela ayikwazi ukuqinisekisa ukucabhela injongo efanele.

Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwezimoto hypersonic elalihlala izinjongo lempi, zihilelekile Russia nase-United States. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, umqondo Russian, okuyiwona wona kuhloswe ukwakha uhlobo ezifanele umshini, ngokuphongoza, njengoba kufakazelwa idatha eminye imithombo yezindaba, kusukela izimiso zobuchwepheshe lisisebenzisa BaseMelika Chinese. Ngakho, Onjiniyela we Russian Federation bagxila umzamo emkhakheni izindiza ifakwe ramjet injini ingaqalisa ku phansi. Russia ihlele ukubambisana kulesi siqondiso neNdiya. izimoto Hypersonic wadala nomqondo isiRashiya, njengoba abanye abahlaziyi babe nezindleko eziphansi futhi isicelo ebanzi.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo Russia izindiza hypersonic, okuyinto sishilo ngenhla (U-71), eqala, ngokuvumelana abanye abahlaziyi, njengoba isikhathi ubekwe ICBMs. Uma lesi sitatimende kube yiqiniso, ukuze kamuva sikhulume ngalokho onjiniyela kusukela Russian Federation zisebenza kusukela izindawo ezimbili ethandwa ekwakhiweni nekutfutfuka kwelizinga izindiza hypersonic.

isifinyezo

Ngakho, cishe esheshayo izindiza hypersonic emhlabeni, ngokuya izindiza, kungakhathaliseki ngezigaba zabo, kusenzima umshini Chinese WU-14. Nakuba-ke Kufanele kwaziwe kodwa ukuthi ulwazi real ngakho, kufaka hlangana lezo eziphathelene uvivinyo, kungenziwa labizwa. Lokhu kuyahambelana nezimiso Onjiniyela Chinese, abavamise nganoma iyiphi ubezama ukulondoloza ubuchwepheshe babo bezempi ekusithekeni. Ijubane lale esheshayo izindiza hypersonic - ezingaphezu kuka-12 eziyinkulungwane km / h .. It "qhebeza phezulu" ukuthuthukiswa American X-43A - ochwepheshe abaningi bakholwa ukuthi i-esheshayo. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi indiza hypersonic X-43A, futhi isi-Chinese WU-14 ungakwazi abambe kuze phezu ukuthuthukiswa Orbical Science, ibalwa izinga kuka 12 eziyinkulungwane. Km / h.

Izici Zabantu indiza Russian U-71 ingakamiswa wembulela umphakathi. Kungenzeka ukuthi bazolethwa eduze kwemigomo izindiza Chinese. onjiniyela Russian futhi bahole ukwakhiwa bezindiza hypersonic mbaxa off ICBMs azisekelwe, futhi bebodwa.

amaphrojekthi yamanje labacwaningi abavela eRussia, China ne-United States ngo-ngandlela-thile nezempi. izindiza Hypersonic, kungakhathalekile ngezigaba zabo kungenzeka, ezibhekwa ngokuyinhloko ngokuthi izikhali yenethiwekhi, okungenzeka kakhulu izikhali zenuzi. Nokho, umsebenzi abacwaningi kusuka ahlangane emhlabeni iziphakamiso ukuthi "hypersound" like ubuchwepheshe zenuzi, kube kuhle elinokuthula.

Kukithi obhekwe ukulufinyelela nokunokwethenjelwa ukuhlela ekukhiqizweni izimoto yohlobo olufanele. Ukusetshenziswa amadivaysi ezinjalo kungenzeka ehlukahlukene yasakazwa imikhakha ukuthuthukiswa komnotho. Isidingo esikhulu kunazo zonke izindiza hypersonic cishe uyokuthola embonini isikhala nocwaningo.

Njengoba izindleko abafanele umshini ukukhiqizwa ubuchwepheshe isithakazelo ukutshala imali kuleyo misebenzi ungaqala ukusebenzisa ibhizinisi ezokuthutha. Industrial corporations, nabahlinzeka ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene usungaqala cabanga "hypersound" njengethuluzi lokufeza ngcono ukuncintisana ibhizinisi ngokuya inhlangano yezokuxhumana ngamazwe.