Yikuphi eziphilayo yakhiwa kuseli eyodwa? izibonelo ngezigaba

Zonke izilwane nezimila esingase sibhekane nabo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ingabe eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Nokho, kukhona microcosm kuhlale izidalwa sikwazi ukuwubona ngamehlo ethu. Ngezinye izikhathi aqukethe kuseli eyodwa. Ngakho-ke, babone ngesibonakhulu kuphela. Iziphi izici ungabahlukanisa kusuka eziphilayo owumphumela?

Isakhiwo cell: umdwebo we amaseli ejwayelekile prokaryotic futhi eukaryotic

Eziphilayo endalweni kungaba unicellular noma amaningi, eukaryotic noma prokaryotic. Iqembu ngalinye has izici zayo siqu e isakhiwo, izitho zomzimba, kanye kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni. Yiziphi izimpawu yeseli prokaryotic? Okokuqala, kuba lula kwenhlangano. Kulesi hlobo cell akulona core, futhi ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezikuyi-DNA. Futhi ngale ndlela-ke "zintanta" ku cytoplasm. Futhi, isici sici wukuthi kulezi cells, azikho organelles. Imisebenzi yazo kufakwe ziboya we ulwelwesi cytoplasmic, ngokuthi mesosoma. Ziyakwazi ezimweni eziningi futhi banesibopho emishinini yokuphefumula noma inqubo ye-photosynthesis.

Ngo prokaryotic amaseli, iyunithi ebusweni kuhlelwe nzima, t. K. Yena imelelwa izingqimba eziningana. Eyokuqala wabo - ulwelwesi cytoplasmic - udlala indima ebalulekile ukuthuthwa izinto phakathi kwengqamuzana futhi bathole ezinye imvelo. MTC emelelwa bilipidnym ungqimba lapho amaprotheni ezahlukene usufikile. Ngaphezu kwalokho cell prokaryotic imbozwe a ambozwe elinendawo imvelo zokuzivikela futhi eguquguqukayo. Isendlalelo yesibili kuvimbela Ukungena ezinobuthi. Kuvikela emiphumeleni izici elimazayo, nakuba kule igobolondo ilinganiselwe.

Isendlalelo lokugcina ebusweni kudivayisi kungenzeka kube khona njalo. Kuyinto Case okusaluketshezi. Okokuqala, kuyasiza e inqubo cell ukunyakaza, ekunciphiseni ukuhilizisana. Okwesibili, Case okusaluketshezi iqukethe imikhiqizo umzimba kwamaseli futhi uketshezi. Lezi izinto ingasetshenziswa izinjongo zokuzivikela, noma, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlasela izisulu zawo. Zonke izinto eziphilayo prokaryotic aqukethe kuseli eyodwa. Lawa ngokuyinhloko amagciwane.

Izici eukaryotes

amaseli Eukaryotic zinezikhathi umklamo wawo kwenhlangano. Sinenkosi inqwaba zokwakheka kanye izakhiwo, futhi izinqubo eziningi kwamakhemikhali zidinga sebuningini enzyme ethile nendlela. Yini-ke siqukethe eukaryotes ingqamuzana ephilayo? isakhiwo sayo iqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• Core.
• Organelles futhi cytoplasm.
• Ulwelwesi kanye cytoskeleton.

Core - isakhiwo lemcoka kulomkhakha noma iyiphi iseli eukaryotic, lapho ulwazi zofuzo lilondolozwe. Iqukethe chromosome futhi nucleoli. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo ukudluliswa kanye nokuqaliswa ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Phakathi organelles lamaseli ukukhulula:

1. Dvumembrannye isakhiwo (plastids futhi mitochondria).
2. Odnomembrannye isakhiwo (lysosomes, Golgi apharathasi, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, peroxisomes, kanye nabanye.).
3. Non-ulwelwesi isakhiwo (ribosomes, cytoskeleton).

ulwelwesi Eukaryotic e isakhiwo ufana prokaryotes. Nokho, it has inhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi. iseli Eukaryotic yakhiwa izingxenye ngokuthi linezingxenye. Lolu hlelo kakhulu lula inhlangano ukugeleza zonke izinqubo kwamakhemikhali, isb. Ukuze. Iseli sehlukaniswe linezingxenye ahlukahlukene.

Protists - unicellular eziphilayo eukaryotic

Phakathi ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo eukaryotic lapho singabakaJehova, kukhona kancane kusabonakala womuntu iso nenhlalakahle. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi protists. Bakha umbuso ahlukene taxonomy. Zonke protists aqukethe kuseli eyodwa, ngakho usayizi hhayi ngaphezulu kuka-250 microns. Basuke zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu eziningana, phakathi okuyizinto sarkodovyh, flagellates, ciliates.

uhlobo sarkodovyh

Lezi zihlanganisa amoeba, okuyinto aqukethe kuseli eyodwa. Lezi zidalwa emhlabathini, amanzi ahlanzekile noma amanzi anosawoti. umzimba wabo ayinakho ukuma njalo, ebavumela ukuba kubunjwe imilenze okuthiwa, okuyinto lezi protists uthwebule ukudla kwabo.

uhlobo flagellates

Flagellates lethiwa ngenxa khona flagella ekupheleni umzimba. Lwenza amaseli anjalo ukuhambisa ngokushesha. Lokhu kwenza flagellates abazingeli kakhulu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona inqwaba ezidala ka ephakeme eziphilayo ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. NgoLwesine kutholakale isidumbu sendoda izidalwa ezinjalo has simise njalo ngenxa Sweaty cell ulwelwesi.

uhlobo ciliates

Ciliates yakhiwa kuseli eyodwa. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu basuke evolutionarily amaningi asethuthukile phakathi elula. Kwakukhona ngisho imfundiso yokuziphendukela kumiswa izilwane ezinamangqamuzana amaningi ababebeka baka ciliates. Lezi zidalwa babe obukhulu cell udonga. Ziyakwazi ekhona cytoplasm cores ezimbili: okuzala, olawula ukuzala vegetative obhekene izinqubo zokuphila. Wonke umzimba embozwe cilia ka ciliates. Imikhiqizo umzimba ziyasuswa ngokusebenzisa imbobo ekhethekile - poroshitsu.

amangqamuzana omuntu: ezihlukahlukene bobunjwa nezici kwesakhiwo

umzimba wethu ukwakheka ezinamangqamuzana amaningi, lapho amaseli axhunyiwe nomunye. Bona udlulisa ulwazi usebenzisa kwemiqondo isignali izinto. Ifomu kwezicubu, kwezitho izinhlelo, okuyizinto sihluke nomunye levakalako morphologically.

Kuyini kwengqamuzana lomuntu? Uma sicabangela amaseli kwanoma iyiphi izicubu zomzimba, banayo zonke izici eukaryotes: ikhenela, organelles, cytoskeleton, bulukhuni lokugayeka kokudla. Nokho, phakathi nabo umuntu angathola okuhlukile ezinikeza ubunjalo izicubu ethile.

Ngokwesibonelo, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu awanayo i-nucleus. Lokhu kuzisiza ukuba ngibophe abanhliziyo umoya-mpilo owengeziwe noma-carbon dioxide. Iqanda ongafinyelela 0.12-0.15 cm ububanzi, okuyinto ukubaluleka esikhulu kakhulu ngisho amaseli eukaryotic. izinzwa womuntu futhi babe izici zabo siqu. Bakha protuberances eziningi, phakathi okuyizinto dendrites esifushane futhi axons eside.