Ebusweni iyunithi cell: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Ebusweni iyunithi cell kuyinto subsystem jikelele. Ithola umngcele phakathi kwemvelo yangaphandle kanye cytoplasm. PAK inikeza ukulawulwa ekusebenzelaneni kwabo. Esesizokuhlola izici yenhlangano kwesakhiwo-nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa apharathasi cell surface.

izingxenye

Thola izingxenye ezilandelayo ebusweni kudivayisi lamaseli eukaryotic: plasma ulwelwesi, nadmembranny futhi submemranny izakhiwo. Eyokuqala amelwe ifomu yesici avaliwe eyindilinga. Plasmolemma kubhekwe umgogodla kobuso cell iyunithi. Nadmembranny eziyinkimbinkimbi (futhi ibizwa nangokuthi i glycocalyx) - uyilungu yangaphandle ngokufanele phezu ulwelwesi plasma. It siqukethe izingxenye ezihlukahlukene. Ikakhulukazi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa:

1. Le ngxenye carbohydrate of glycoproteins futhi glycolipids.
2. Ulwelwesi amaprotheni neuropathy.
3. carbohydrate Specific.
4. Poluintegralnye namaprotheni ebalulekile.

eziyinkimbinkimbi Submembranny sise plasmolemma. Siqukethe angawodwa ukwesekwa-contractile uhlelo kanye hyaloplasm neuropathy.

Elements submembrannogo eziyinkimbinkimbi

Uma ucabangela isakhiwo apharathasi we ebusweni cell, kuthatha ukubukeka eseceleni hyaloplasm neuropathy. Kuyinto ezikhethekile ingxenye cytoplasmic futhi engaphezulu plasmolemma. hyaloplasm neuropathy imelelwa umahluko kakhulu heterogeneous ketshezi izidakamizwa. Iqukethe ezihlukahlukene high and low yamangqamuzana izingxenye nesisindo ikhambi. Empeleni, kuba microenvironment lapho ukugeleza eqondene umzimba jikelele izinqubo. hyaloplasm neuropathy inikeza sebuningini ebusweni nemisebenzi umshini.

Zemisipha uhlelo contractile

Itholakala ku hyaloplasm neuropathy. I ukusekela-contractile uhlelo ukukhululwa:

1. Microfibrils.
2. fibrils lwamathambo (intambo Intermediate).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils olusungulwe filamentous. fibrils lwamathambo akhiwa polymerization eziningi amaprotheni molecule. Inombolo yabo kanye nobude ilawulwa amalungiselelo akhethekile. Lapho bayashintsha kuphakama anomalies imisebenzi yeselula. Okude kakhulu kusukela microtubules plasmalemma. ngaphakathi kwezindonga zabo akhiwa tubulins amaprotheni.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi cell surface iyunithi

Umzimba wenziwa ukuba izindlela zokuhamba. Isakhiwo ebusweni iyunithi iseli kwenza ukuzanyazanyiswa compounds by izindlela eziningana. Ikakhulukazi, okulandelayo izinhlobo yezokuthutha:

1. okusheshayo Simple.
2. ezokuthutha Passive.
3. ukunyakaza okusebenzayo.
4. Cytosis (exchange ulwelwesi iphakethe).

Ngaphezu ezokuthutha, wembula izici ebusweni apharathasi ezinjalo iseli, njenge:

1. Barrier (sokuhlukanisa).
2. Yokwamukela.
3. Ubunikazi.
4. Umsebenzi cell ukunyakaza ngemfundo sefilosofi, pseudo- futhi lamellipodia.

ukunyakaza khulula

okusheshayo Simple ngokusebenzisa ebusweni iyunithi iseli Kwenziwa kuphela khona nhlangothi zombili we ulwelwesi umyela kagesi. Ubukhulu bayo inquma isivinini nendlela yekuhambisa sandla. Bilipidny Isendlalelo kungenzeka weqa yiluphi uhlobo hydrophobic-molecule. Nokho, iningi eziphila izakhi ephilayo hydrophilic. Ngakho, ukunyakaza kwabo khulula nzima.

ezokuthutha yokwenziwa

Lolu hlobo kwakwakhe ezinyakazayo ubizwa nangokuthi okusheshayo lula. Liphinde Kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ebusweni iyunithi amaseli khona umyela futhi ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa ATP. ezokuthutha Passive ngokushesha ukwedlula khulula. Ngo inqubo okwandisa umehluko emakamu umyela iza iphuzu lapho ijubane ezihambayo kuba njalo.

iziphathi

Ezokuthutha ngokusebenzisa ama-apharathasi kobuso cell inikezwa yi-molecule ekhethekile. Ngalezi zithwala by a umyela lokuhlushwa -molecule enkulu uhlobo hydrophilic (ama-amino acid, ikakhulukazi). Surface apharathasi amaseli eukaryotic zihlanganisa zithwala for ezihlukahlukene ion yokwenziwa: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Lezi zinhlayiya ethize zinezikhathi selectivity eliphezulu kwizinto zithutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isici esibalulekile kuyinto ngesivinini zabo ezinkulu zokuhamba. Kungase ukufinyelela 104 noma ngaphezulu-molecule elilodwa ngomzuzwana.

ezokuthutha asebenzayo

It libhekene ezihambayo izakhi ngokumelene umyela. Ama-molecule kuthiwa zithutha kusuka esifundeni emakamu low ku izingxenye ephakeme. ukunyakaza okunjalo kudinga izindleko ezithile ATP. Ukuqalisa ezokuthutha asebenzayo okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo ebusweni cell isilwane apharathasi kuhlanganisa zithwala ethize. Zibizwa ngokuthi "amaphampu" noma "amaphampu". Eziningi zalezi zithwala ziyahlukahluka umsebenzi ATPase. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bayakwazi ukuba ngivule adenosine triphosphate futhi kukhishwe amandla imisebenzi yayo. ezokuthutha Active kwenza ukudalwa ion gradients.

cytosis

Le ndlela isetshenziswa ukuhambisa izinhlayiya izinto ezahlukene noma molecule emikhulu. Phakathi cytosis isici zithutha lizungezwe vesicle ulwelwesi. Uma ukuhamba ungaphakathi yezinyoni, khona-ke kubizwa ngokuthi endocytosis. Ngakho, kolunye uhlangothi libizwa exocytosis. Kwezinye amaseli izakhi idlule. Lolu hlobo ezokuthutha libizwa transcytosis noma diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Isakhiwo cell surface apharathasi kuhlanganisa ulwelwesi plasma akhiwa ikakhulu lipids kanye namaprotheni ratio mayelana 1: 1. Eyokuqala "imodeli Sandwich" timphawu kwahlongozwa ngo-1935 Ngokuhambisana theory, ngesisekelo plasmolemma ukwakha lipid molecule ahlelwe izingqimba ezimbili (ungqimba bilipidny). Baphenduka imisila yawo (izifunda hydrophobic) komunye nomunye, futhi ngaphandle nangaphakathi - izinhloko hydrophilic. Lezi evele kuthiwa camera nge ungqimba bilipidnogo amaprotheni molecule. Le modeli iye yaqinisekisa in the 50s izifundo ultrastructural inhlamba kwekhulu kwenziwa usebenzisa ngesibonakhulu electron. Kuye ngokukhethekile wathola ukuthi iyunithi ebusweni yakhiwa emithathu ungqimba cell isilwane ulwelwesi. ukujiya Its 7.5-11 NM. Kuyinto samanje ukukhanya okumaphakathi kanye ezimbili emnyama ungqimba neuropathy. Eyokuqala oluhambisana esifundeni hydrophobic of lipid molecule. izingxenye Dark yena, bamele okuqinile ebusweni izingqimba wamaprotheni ne ikhanda hydrophilic.

neminye

A ezihlukahlukene cwaningo electron-ngesibonakhulu, iqhutshwe ngasekupheleni 50 sika - zakuqala 60-yalolucwaningo. Bakhomba jikelele koHlelo inhlangano ulwelwesi emithathu ungqimba. Lokhu kubonakala imfundiso yokuziphendukela J. Robertson. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekupheleni 60s. Mina zanqwabelana eziningi amaqiniso eziye ayichazi ngokuya ekhona "imodeli isangweji". Lokhu kwayifaka umfutho ekuthuthukiseni kusungulwa amasha, ezazihlanganisa imodeli esekelwe khona yokuhlanganisa hydrophobic-hydrophilic wamaprotheni ne lipid molecule. Phakathi omunye wabo kwaba umbono 'Esilula ingubo. " Ngokuhambisana ke, ehlanganisa namaprotheni ulwelwesi samanje ezimbili: ebalulekile kanye neuropathy. Kwakamuva bakhawulelwa ekusebenzisaneni electrostatic esinamakhanda limi phezu amangqamuzana lipid. Noma kunjalo, akalokothi yakha isendlalelo okuqhubekayo. A indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni ulwelwesi fanele amaprotheni globular. Zichayeké ke futhi ngokwengxenye okubhekiselwe poluintegralnymi. Ukuhambisa lawa amaprotheni Kwenziwa esigabeni liquid we lipid. Lokhu kuqinisekisa lability, futhi dynamism of lonke ulwelwesi uhlelo. Okwamanje, le imodeli ubhekwa ezivamile.

lipids

izici Key ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ungqimba ulwelwesi zinikezwa, izakhi kuboniswe - phospholipids ehlanganisa nonpolar (hydrophobic) umsila futhi ikhanda polar (hydrophilic). Okuvame kakhulu babo ezibhekwa phosphoglycerides futhi sphingolipids. Ukugxila kwakamuva ikakhulukazi monolayer yangaphandle. Sinenkosi uxhumano emaketangeni oligosaccharide. Ngenxa yokuthi izixhumanisi ukunweba ngalé yangaphandle okuyingxenye plasmolemma, ke ezidinga ukuma engalingani. Glycolipids zidlala indima ebalulekile ukuqaliswa umsebenzi kudivayisi ebusweni yokwamukela. Njengengxenye iningi ulwelwesi futhi cholesterol (i-cholesterol) - a lipid steroid. Nesibalo sakhe singamakhulu ezahlukene, okuyinto buvezwa ulwelwesi ketshezi. I-cholesterol ngaphezulu, ngakho ngenhla. ezingeni ketshezi futhi kuncike ratio unsaturated igcwaliswe okunamafutha acid izinsalela. Lapho wabo, ngakho-ke ingaphezu. Liquid ezithinta umsebenzi enzyme ulwelwesi.

amaprotheni

Lipids kunqunywa ngokuyinhloko isithiyo izakhiwo. Amaprotheni, ngokuphambene, neqhaza ukuqaliswa ukhiye nemisebenzi cell. Ikakhulu, i-elawulwa ezokuthutha compounds, umzimba imigomo, reception nokunye. Amaphrotheni molecule basakazwa le bilayer lipid we KaMose. Abakwazi ukuhanjiswa namaphakathi nezwe. Lokhu ukuhamba ilawulwa, ngokusobala, iseli uqobo. Mshini ezokuthutha abathintekayo microfilaments. Banamathele namaprotheni ngabanye ebalulekile. Izakhi ulwelwesi zihlukile kuye ngendawo yakho maqondana bilipidnomu ungqimba. ngaleyo ndlela Amaphrotheni kungenzeka neuropathy ebalulekile. Isendlalelo lokuqala itholakala. Sinenkosi uxhumano tenuous nge ebusweni ulwelwesi. amaprotheni Integral afakwa wona ngokuphelele. Sinenkosi ekusondelaneni ne lipids ngokwehlukana ulwelwesi ngaphandle kokulimaza bilipidnogo ungqimba. Amaphrotheni ukuthi zingene adabula kulo, ebizwa ngokuthi transmembrane. Ukuxhumana phakathi protein ne lipid molecule yinto ehlukile inikeza plasmalemma ukuzinza.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins inemiphumela ngamaketanga. La ma-molecule oligosaccharide ungakwazi ukuhlanganisa uxhumano nomsebenzisi lipids futhi glycolipids fomu. carbohydrate wabo ingxenye kanye izakhi ezifanayo enamathiselwe cell surface glycoproteins icala engemihle futhi yakha umgogodla glycocalyx. Wethula nge ungqimba okubi ngokulinganisela electron kwabantu. Glycocalyx ukumboza yangaphandle okuyingxenye plasmolemma. carbohydrate yayo izingxenye lula ukuqashelwa kwamangqamuzana futhi izinto therebetween engumakhelwane, futhi inikeza ingcina uxhumano nalokho. I glycocalyx futhi gitosovmestimosti samanje futhi i-hormone receptor, ama-enzyme.

ngaphezu kwalokho

receptor ulwelwesi ngokuyinhloko emelelwa glycoproteins. Sinenkosi ikhono ukuthola uxhumano nge ligands ethize kakhulu. Receptor ekhona ulwelwesi, ngaphezu, ungakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba yezakhi ezithile phakathi permeability cell plasma ulwelwesi. Bayakwazi isiginali kusuka imvelo ku yangaphakathi, izakhi esibophezelayo we matrix extracellular kanye cytoskeleton. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi indlela yokwakheka glycocalyx sihlanganisa poluintegralnye amaprotheni molecule. ezindaweni zabo obusebenzayo zitholakala endaweni ebusweni apharathasi cell nadmembrannoy.