Lokuhlushwa umyela: nomqondo ifomula. Ezokuthutha izidakamizwa e begazi ulwelwesi

Kuyini okuhlushwa? Ukukhuluma Ngomqondo obanzi, kuba isilinganiso umthamo impahla kanye nenani lezinhlayiya ziyoncibilika kuwo. Le ncazelo itholakala amagatsha ahlukahlukene isayensi, physics kanye mathematics, ophela nefilosofi. Kulokhu, umbuzo ukusetshenziswa welithi "lokuhlushwa" eziphilayo kanye ne-chemistry.

umyela

Ehunyushiwe Sisuka olimini lwesiLatin, kusho "ezikhulayo" noma "Ukuhamba", khona-ke kuyinto "umunwe ezikhomba", okukhombisa isiqondiso lapho yimuphi Inani senyukile. Njengoba isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa, isibonelo, ukuphakama ngaphezu kogu lolwandle e-amaphuzu ezahlukene Zomhlaba. Its (ukuphakama) le umyela e iphuzu ngalinye kumephu sizobonisa Vector okwandayo amagugu ukufeza kuyanda emibi.

Esifundweni sezibalo, igama elithi uvele kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu nesishiyagalolunye. It yethulwa ngu Maxwell wanikela izimpawu zabo lokhu ezidlula. Physicists ukusebenzisa lolu umqondo ukuze uchaze kagesi okudonsa ensimini, ushintsho amandla ezingaba khona.

Akukhona nje i-physics, kodwa futhi neminye imikhakha yesayensi zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi "umyela". Lo mqondo ungase ibonise kwebalingisi qualitative ambalwa of izinto, isib, emakamu noma izinga lokushisa.

okuhlushwa umyela

Uyini umyela manje seyaziwa, futhi yini okuhlushwa? Lena value isihlobo, okukhombisa inani ketshezi eziqukethwe isixazululo. Kungaba zibanjwe njengoba amaphesenti ngesisindo, nezimvukuzane noma ama-athomu e-gas (isixazululo), inani lonke. Lokhu kukhetha ububanzi usisiza ukuba siveze cishe noma yikuphi isilinganiso. Kepha akusikho lokho kuphela kwi-physics noma biology, kodwa futhi sciences elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ngokuvamile, le umyela lokuhlushwa kuyinto eliningi vector, ephinde ephawula lemali nesiqondiso ushintsho we ketshezi in the medium.

definition

Ingabe kungenzeka ukubala umyela okuhlushwa? Formula uva phakathi izinguquko aphansi lomcebo futhi indlela eside emakamu ukuthi kuyodingeka ukunqoba izidakamizwa ukuze kuzuzwe ukulingana phakathi izixazululo ezimbili. Izibalo, lokhu kuboniswa ifomula C = dC / dl.

Ukuba khona emakamu umyela phakathi kwalezi zinto zombili izinto okungukuthi isizathu sabo kuhlangana. Uma izinhlayiya ngithuthe esifundeni lokuhlushwa ephakeme a ephansi, khona-ke kubizwa ngokuthi ukwanda okusheshayo, uma phakathi kwabo kukhona isithiyo semipermeable - Osmosis.

ezokuthutha asebenzayo

ezokuthutha yekwentiwa ibonisa ukuhamba izinto yonkana ulwelwesi noma izingqimba lamaseli nezidalwa eziphilayo: lenyama, izitshalo, izilwane kanye nabantu. Le nqubo ithatha indawo besebenzisa energy ezishisayo, kusukela ushintsho wenziwa izinto ngokumelene umyela okuhlushwa kusuka kancane emikhulu. The njalo kunazo for ukuxhumana okunjalo usebenzisa triphosphate adenosine noma ATP - molecule liwumthombo enemisebenzi amandla 38 Joule.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezihlukene ATP, okuyinto zitholakala kwi Ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana egazi. Amandla equkethwe kuwo ikhishwe uma ukudluliswa kwezinto ngokusebenzisa okuthiwa amaphampu yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu pores ogangeni kuseli ngokukhetha ukuncela bese ekhiphela ngaphandle ion of electrolyte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona model wezokuThutha njengoba symport. Kulokhu, ngesikhathi esifanayo ke athuthwe ezimbili izinto: oza esitokisini, kanye nezinye uthola khona. Lokhu kusindisa amandla.

ezokuthutha vesicular

Yekwentiwa ezokuthutha kuhlanganisa zithutha izinto ngendlela Bubbles noma vesicles, ngakho nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi, ngokulandelana, vesicular ezokuthutha. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili:

1. Endocytosis. Kulokhu, Bubbles yilabo abake ulwelwesi cell inqubo ukumuncwa yayo ukudla okuqinile noma uketshezi. Vesicles kungaba bushelelezi noma ube emaphethelweni. Le ndlela yokudla babe Iqanda egazi amhlophe, epithelium nezinso.
2. Exocytosis. Njengoba leli gama lisikisela, lena ephambene kulowo odlule. Engqamuzaneni, kukhona organelles (isib, Golgi apharathasi), okuyinto "ezipakishiwe" ketshezi Bubbles, futhi, kamuva, zidlule ulwelwesi.

ezokuthutha Passive: Diffusion

Movement of the lokuhlushwa umyela (kusuka phezulu kuya phansi) kwenzeka ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla amaningi. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukeneyo yokwenziwa yezokuthutha - okungukuthi Osmosis futhi okusheshayo. Lesi sakamuva kuyinto elula engasindi.

Osmosis umehluko esemqoka iwukuthi inqubo molecule ezihambayo kwenteka ngekutsi bafundzi ulwelwesi semipermeable. A okusheshayo endleleni umyela lokuhlushwa kwenzeka kumaseli kokuba ulwelwesi amabili zamatshe lipid molecule. I isiqondiso ezokuthutha incike inani impahla nhlangothi zombili we ulwelwesi. Ngale ndlela, amaseli ukungena izinto hydrophobic, i-molecule polar, urea, futhi ngeke ungene amaprotheni, ushukela, ama-ion ne-DNA.

Ngo inqubo okusheshayo, amangqamuzana bavame ukugcwalisa wawuqeda wonke lo mqulu etholakalayo, kanye ukuvumelanisa lokuhlushwa nhlangothi zombili we ulwelwesi. Kuqondane ukuthi ulwelwesi okungukuthi eliqinile noma kabi permeable ukuze ketshezi. Kulokhu, ithinta amabutho osmotic ezingaba kokubili ukwenza isithiyo luthe ukuqina, kanti yokwelula ke ngokwandisa Usayizi isiteshi ukudonsa.

okusheshayo lula

Lapho umyela lokuhlushwa alanele ukuthutha impahla ukusiza amaprotheni ethize. Basuke esisogwini ulwelwesi cell ngendlela efanayo njengoba ATP molecule. Siyabonga kuye, kungaba kokubili ezokuthutha yekwentiwa.

Ngale ndlela, ngokusebenzisa ulwelwesi-molecule ezinkulu (amaprotheni, i-DNA), izinto polar, ezihlanganisa ama-amino acid kanye ushukela, ama-ion. Ngenxa iqhaza wamaprotheni ezokuthutha isivinini luyanda izikhathi eziningana kuqhathaniswa ne ezivamile okusheshayo. Kodwa lokhu ukusheshisa kuxhomeke ezicini eziningana:

• izidakamizwa umyela ngaphakathi nangaphandle iseli;
• Inani yenethiwekhi molecule;
• Izinga ngibopha izidakamizwa kanti nomgodla;
• kummango kwangaphakathi kobuso cell ulwelwesi.

Naphezu kwalokhu, ezokuthutha Kwenziwa sibonga umsebenzi namaprotheni yenethiwekhi, futhi ATP amandla kuleli cala alisetshenziswa.

Izici eziyinhloko agcwele okusheshayo lula, yilezi:

1. ukudluliselwa Quick izidakamizwa.
2. Selectivity ezokuthutha.
3. Gcwalisa (lapho wonke kwamaprotheni matasa).
4. Umncintiswano phakathi kwamagciwane (ngenxa kokusondelana amaprotheni).
5. Ukuzwela ethize chemical ejenti - inhibitor.

Osmosis

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, Osmosis - ukuhamba izinto phansi lokuhlushwa umyela uhlangabezana semipermeable ulwelwesi. I eziphelele kakhulu Osmosis inqubo uchaza Le Chatelier-Braun isimiso. Lithi uma uhlelo zilingana, ithonya kusukela ngaphandle, kuyoba bavame ukubuyela esimweni saso sangaphambili. Okokuqala nge Osmosis mkhuba ihlangabezane phakathi nekhulu XVIII, kodwa ke akazange unamathisele ukubaluleka okukhulu. Isifundo lomkhuba waqala ngemva kwamakhulu kuphela kamuva.

I obaluleke kakhulu into lo mkhuba Osmosis okungukuthi i semipermeable ulwelwesi ukuthi maqembu ngokusebenzisa uqobo kuphela molecule othile ubukhulu noma izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, izixazululo ezimbili ne lokuhlala ehlukene, phezu isithiyo kuzodlula kuphela kuphela. Lokhu kuzoqhubeka uma nje lokuhlushwa nhlangothi zombili we ulwelwesi ngeke kuphinde kube njengasekuqaleni.

Osmosis idlala indima enkulu kuseli ukuphila. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba zingene kubo kuphela kulabo izinto okuyizinto ezidingekayo ekusekeleni ukuphila. Abomvu egazi ulwelwesi kuyinto permeable kuphela amanzi, umoya-mpilo nezakhi kodwa amaprotheni okuyinto akhiwa ngaphakathi ngokuthi ingqamuzana legazi elibomvu, awukwazi ukuphuma.

Lo mkhuba Osmosis futhi wathola ngokoqobo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ngisho ngaphandle kokuqaphela lokhu, abantu inqubo brining ukudla wasebenzisa isimiso motion yezinhlayiya eduze umyela okuhlushwa. Brine ukuthi "wadonsa" kuwo wonke amanzi imikhiqizo, okwenza ukuba ligcinwe isikhathi eside.