Umuntu owasungula le theory reflex. Ukuthuthukiswa izimiso kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex

Kuwo wonke ebhukwinitifundvo biology uthi umsunguli theory reflex - Ivan Pavlov. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba physiologist abadumile isiRashiya, abacwaningi abaningi baye bafunda isimiso sezinzwa. Kulawa, uneqhaza elikhulu senziwa uthisha Pavlová Ivan sigaba.

INGEMUVA reflex theory

Igama elithi "Jerk 'kubhekisela esenzakalweni esiyisimangaliso eziphilayo stereotyped impendulo umfutho kwangaphandle. Kuyamangalisa, kodwa lo mqondo elisuka zezibalo. Igama elithi ayiswa isayensi physics René Descartes, owaphila ekhulwini XVII. Wazama ukuchaza ngosizo imithetho wezibalo, lapho kukhona umhlaba yezinto eziphilayo.

Rene Dekart - hhayi umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex injalo yesimanje. Kodwa wathola ukuthi okuningi kokushiwo kamuva ababa ingxenye yaso. Descartes wasiza Uilyam Garvey - Udokotela oyiNgisi okunguyena owokuqala owachaza lesi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi emzimbeni womuntu. Nokho, wabuye wasethula ngayo ngendlela uhlelo lokukhanda. Kamuva, le ndlela izosebenzisa Descartes. Uma Harvey wathutha isimiso yayo kudivayisi yangaphakathi umzimba, sabafowabo French isicelo kule ukwakhiwa nokuxhumana umzimba njalo nezwe elingaphandle. bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, wachaza igama elithi "reflex", othathwe olimini Latin.

Ukubaluleka okutholakele Descartes '

Physicists ukholwa ukuthi ubuchopho bomuntu liyisikhungo onesibopho sezokuxhumana nezwe elingaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasikisela ukuba ahambe phezu izinzwa. Lapho izici zangaphandle kuthinte semikhawulweni imicu, isiginali eya ebuchosheni. Lokho Descartes kwaba umsunguli isimiso of Determinism yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo imfundiso reflex. lesi simiso ukuthi iyiphi inqubo ngikha-thazeke ngokuthi kwenzeka ebuchosheni, kubangelwa isenzo umfutho.

Ngemva kwesikhathi eside, physiologist Russian Ivan Sechenov (umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex) Descartes ngokufanele ngokuthi omunye ososayensi lapho wathembela ezifundweni zakhe. Kulokhu, lo engumFulentshi babenegunya elikhulu imiphi imibono eyiphutha. Ngokwesibonelo, wayekholelwa ukuthi izilwane, ngokungafani nabantu, kukhona i afterthought. Okwenzeka nezinye usosayensi Russian - Ivan Pavlov - luye lwabonisa ukuthi akusiyo. Isimiso sezinzwa kwezilwane ngokohlaka efanayo kubantu.

Ivan Sechenov

Omunye umuntu, ngubani negalelo elibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex kuyinto Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905). Wayengumuntu uthisha kanye umsunguli zomzimba Russian. Usosayensi wokuqala emhlabeni yesayensi wasikisela ukuba izingxenye ephakeme zobuchopho abasebenza kuphela ingqondo. Phambi kwakhe, ososayensi bezinzwa futhi physiologists ungazange waphakamisa impikiswano ukuthi mhlawumbe zonke izinqubo sengqondo zomzimba womuntu abe uhlobo bokuphila.

Phakathi nocwaningo eFrance Sechenov bafakazela ukuthi ubuchopho kuthinta kumsebenzi locomotor. Wathola lo mkhuba okusithiyayo emaphakathi. Ucwaningo lwakhe idale furore ku zomzimba wangaphambili.

Ukwakhiwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex

Ngo-1863, u-Ivan Sechenov wanyathelisa incwadi "Ikhaliphe of the Brain", okususa umbuzo mayelana nokuthi ubani owasungula kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex. Kulesi umsebenzi kwathiwa washayelwa ngandise imiqondo ukuthi kwakheka isisekelo inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela yesimanje wesistimu ephakeme sezinzwa. Ikakhulukazi, Sechenov watshela izilaleli ukuthi le reflex isiqondiso isimiso. Ihlala e yokuthi zonke imisebenzi abazi futhi equlekile eziphilayo kuyehla kube ukuphendula ngaphakathi isimiso sezinzwa.

Isigaba hhayi kuphela wathola amaqiniso amasha, kodwa futhi kwenziwe omningi phezu zamagama kolwazi eyaziwa kakade mayelana izinqubo bokuphila ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Akabanga ukuthi ithonya imvelo kubalulekile ukuze ezivamile odergivaniya uhlangothi, futhi ukuvela nemicabango noma imizwa.

imibono Ukugxekwa Sechenov BakaJehova eRussia

Umphakathi (ikakhulukazi Russia) is hhayi ngokushesha amukela le nkolelo-mbono ye-physiologist ekhaliphile. Ngemva incwadi "Ikhaliphe of the Brain", ezinye izihloko usosayensi wayeka ukushicilela in the "Contemporary". Sechenov ehlaselwa ngesibindi umbono zenkolo of the Church. Wayengumuntu othanda izinto ezibonakalayo futhi wazama ukuveza konke ngokuya izinqubo bokuphila.

Naphezu ukuhlolwa okuxubile eRussia, izisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsebenzi reflex bamukelwa ngemfudumalo ngumphakathi yesayensi Izwe Elidala. Sechenov izincwadi eziye zanyatheliswa komagazini i-Yurophu circulations omkhulu. Usosayensi, ngisho isikhathi wathutha imisebenzi yakhe ucwaningo main wocwaningo Western. Uye wasebenza ufeze ne udokotela French Claude Bernard.

yokwamukela theory

Ngo emlandweni wesayensi ungathola izibonelo eziningi zendlela ososayensi thathaza astray ukunikela imibono ukuthi akuhambisani ngokoqobo. Esimweni esinjalo kungaba ngokuthi umbono yokwamukela ye emizweni, kuphambene ukuhlobanisa imibono ka Sechenov futhi Pavlov. Uyini umehluko? Yokwamukela futhi imfundiso reflex of emizweni ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene ukuchaza ubunjalo ukusabela komzimba ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle.

Futhi izigaba, kanye Pavlov babekholelwa ukuthi reflex - kuba inqubo esebenzayo. Lokhu kubuka ezingxenyeni isayensi yesimanje futhi namuhla ubhekwa ukuba ngokuqondile kungase kutholakale. umsebenzi reflex wukuthi eziphilayo basabela abanye ezintweni babazi kakhudlwana kunamanye. Nature ehlukanisa ezidingekayo kusukela ezingadingekile. Yokwamukela theory, kunalokho, uthi izinzwa basabela imvelo zibukele.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex belingana Ivan Sechenov. Watadisha isimiso sezinzwa konke ukuphila kwakhe futhi bahlakulele imibono eyandulela wakhe. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa idonse isazi nomsebenzi ophathelene nezakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi yayo. Izimiso ze-theory reflex kwafakazelani experiment physiologist. Ngisho kude biology nemithi abantu wayizwa inkulumo ethi "inja Pavlov sika". Yiqiniso, lokhu akusho ukuthi ukhuluma ngani isilwane. Lokhu kusho ukusebenzisa iZwi amakhulu izinja ukuthi Pavlov esetshenziselwa ucwaningo lwakhe.

Umfutho kuvulwa ikhaliphe unconditioned kanye kumiswa sokugcina zonke theory reflex kwaba observation elula. Pavlov wayeneminyaka eyishumi ukutadisha lomgudu wokugaya ukudla bese kwadingeka eningi izinja ukuthi uyakuthanda endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga. Omunye usosayensi wazibuza ukuthi kungani ngamathe isilwane livela esesesiswini banikezwe ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho okubonwayo baye babonisa uxhumano isimanga. Ngamathe ukujama lapho inja wezwa clatter izitsha noma ngelizwi lomuntu uletha ukudla kwakhe. Lokhu isignali icuphe mshini elibanga ukukhiqizwa of juice esiswini.

ikhaliphe Unconditioned futhi moya

Icala ngenhla abanesifiso Pavlov, futhi sekuqala ucwaningo. Yiziphi iziphetho ke kwafika umsunguli kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex? Descartes, ekhulwini XVII wakhuluma ukusabela komzimba ezintweni ezenzeka ngaphandle. physiologist Russian wathatha njengesisekelo umqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mzalwane wasiza le nkolelo-mbono reflex Sechenov. Pavlov kwaba ongumfundi wakhe oqondile.

Ukubuka izinja, usosayensi wafika nomqondo wokuthi ikhaliphe unconditioned futhi moya. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa azalwa naso umzimba ethile, sitholwa njengefa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukugwinya, oncelayo kanye nokunye. D. Of ikhaliphe ekhondishina Pavlov ngokuthi labo into ephilayo uthola emva kokuzalwa ngenxa ngalakufundze emphilweni, izici imvelo.

Le mfanelo hhayi njengefa - abayikho ngokuqinile ngamunye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umzimba ungalahlekelwa le reflex, uma, isibonelo, washintsha isimo, futhi akusadingeki. Isibonelo sasendulo esaziwa kakhulu we reflex moya kuyinto Pavlov linga ngamasu ahlukahlukene ngenhloso a izinja laboratory. Animal wafundisa ukuthi alethe ukudla ngemva Igumbi ukukhanya ivuliwe. physiologist Landelayo kulandele ukuvela ikhaliphe entsha. Kwaba njalo ngempela, ngokushesha ekuqaleni inja uqobo ukuze salivate Esebonile kuhlanganisiwe ingilazi yesibani. Kulokhu, ayizange uthwele ukudla.

izimiso ezintathu theory

Izimiso ngokuvamile abantu bayabona theory reflex Sechenov-Pavlov sika sehliselwe imithetho emithathu. Yiziphi? Eyokuqala wabo - isimiso Determinism yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo owasungulwa Descartes. Ngokusho ke, inqubo ngasinye kuthiwa ezinzwa isinyathelo i umfutho kwangaphandle. Lo mthetho kusekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela reflex izinqubo engqondo.

Esesibili - isimiso lwesakhiwo. Lo mthetho uthi isakhiwo isimiso sezinzwa incike lemali kanye nekhwalithi imisebenzi yabo. Ngo umkhuba kubukeka kanje. Uma umzimba akuyona ingqondo, alo umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa uhluke primitiveness.

I last isimiso - isimiso nokuhlaziya zamagama. Ihlala e yokuthi kwezinye izinzwa is braked, futhi abanye - injabulo. Le nqubo kuyinto Assay bokuphila. Ngenxa umzimba wakhe abaphilayo bangakhuluma ukuhlukanisa izinto kanye izenzakalo ezizungezile.