Kubaluleka zofuzo

Ngo isayensi yesimanje zofuzo njengoba izisekelo babekwa ososayensi ezidla ubhedu Czech Republic Mendel. Nguye ngo-1865 wenza uchungechunge ucwaningo kwi crossbreeding ipea imbewu futhi ngesisekelo imiphumela washayelwa umbono wokuthi inqubo ifa ngenxa yokuba khona kanye nokunyakaza izinhlayiya ezithile ezehlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mina Mendel babe ezinye izakhiwo zokucathula kuyinqubo yezakhi zofuzo, okungukuthi iqiniso ukuthi akanayo uhlamvu Lesisemkhatsini.

Kamuva, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kakade, Mendel ezizathwini abangu kuqinisekiswa sokuhlola, okuyinto ithuthukiswe futhi iqaliswe H. De Frizo futhi K. Correns. Igama elithi "zofuzo" ngokwencazelo yaleli igama isayensi entsha ebonakala okokuqala emibhalweni semvelo oyiNgisi uWilliam Betsona, futhi ngo-1909, ukuhlola izinto eziyisisekelo zofuzo Mendel, Dane B. Johansen busuka kwegazi yesayensi isigaba "zofuzo,", ukuze ubheke izinhlayiya ngokuqhubekayo kakhulu, Kuyini lokhu kwaholela Mendel.

Umqondo labasembili kulomkhakha zofuzo kuyinto ufuzo. ukuqonda kwalo esekelwe izakhiwo ukuqashelwa sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo adlule izimfanelo zabo zizuzwe. Le nqubo ibizwa olunikezwa ikhono lazo silondoloze izici alandisa isikhathi eside. Kulokhu, kanye ezidingekayo ufuzo izakhiwo ikhono neyaziwayo ukushintsha phenotypic nezici genotypic. Lo impahla ukuba kokuhlukana eyaziwa futhi Eqinisweni, ukuthi manje bona njengoba ngesisekelo ngezakhi futhi zizalela.

Ngaphandle kokukhetha, yonke intuthuko yesimanje zofuzo osikweleta inkolelo yabo ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe ucwaningo olusha. Kuphela ngesisekelo salokhu sekungenzeka ukuba ufake futhi afakazele amalungiselelo Ucwaningo ezifana eyisisekelo theory kanye osetshenziswayo Ufuzo, isakhiwo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo acid nucleic, ziyekwe ukuze ubonise ikhodi ikhodi yofuzo, show zokuhlola nokuchaza ezingeni theory biosynthetic izinyathelo. Encwadini izwi, izisekelo zofuzo, babeka phansi 19 ngasekupheleni - ekuqaleni kwelama-20, waba isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso namuhla bayatfutfuka ezindaweni eziningi isayensi yezakhi zofuzo: yezakhi zofuzo kanye kwemvelo, isakhi sofuzo geography immunogenetics, zofuzo wezokwelapha kanye nabanye.

Inqubo ukwandiswa njalo emkhakheni wezakhi zofuzo kwaholela nokwanda okuphawulekayo, futhi ukutadisha isihloko yayo njengoba isayensi ngomqondo wesimanje, isihloko isayensi yezakhi zofuzo isifundo esiphathelene imithetho ezivamile futhi kubalulekile ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha. Ngesisekelo enokwehla yokuziphatha cwaningo idatha phenotypic.

Phakathi ukuthuthukiswa isayensi yezakhi zofuzo kwamiswa apharathasi categorical kwale sayensi, futhi namuhla cishe njalo abantu abafundile usebenza ngokukhululekile ngempela nge imiqondo ezifana, isakhi sofuzo phenotype, genotype kanye nabanye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nezigaba ezithile zofuzo "wathuthela" futhi neminye imikhakha yesayensi, kufaka ekhatsi nomphakathi. Lapha bajwayele zibonisa izici ezithile nemibandela umphakathi kanye nezinhlaka zayo, libhekene ikhono alondoloze kwato, kugcineke, futhi kucinisekisa inchubekela embili ukudluliselwa izici ezenhlalo nezamasiko.

okungumsu Modern zofuzo kusekelwe ukuqashelwa eziningi zoMthetho:

- ufuzo kuyinto elibanzi ezidingekayo futhi ipharamitha leyehlukene, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza eziphilayo;

- ukuthi ukushintshashintsha zofuzo iyimbangela ka ukuvela kanye nokuthuthukiswa yonke ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo futhi ukuziphendukela kwaso;

- izici hereditarily zahlelwa lithathwa molecule e-DNA futhi RNA benzela abathwali ezinkulu kolwazi lezinceku;

- kuwukubonakaliswa bomuntu ngamunye ngamunye zinhlobo inikezwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ezihilela izakhi zofuzo futhi udlulise ulwazi olufanele mayelana isibonakaliso esithile;

- ulwazi zofuzo ngokwayo Itholakala kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana.

Ngesisekelo la malungiselelo aye washayelwa imfundiso, okuyinto namuhla yisisekelo zofuzo ayisisekelo. Phakathi kwabo, indawo eqakathekileko kuhlala ezifana imfundiso yokuziphendukela engu- monohybrid, eyathengwa ubuthaphuthaphu zisuka nje ngegama kumdlali - Gregor imithetho Mendel sika ubufakazi inhlanganisela, nezinye chromosomal theory.