Eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi Russian. Inxanxathela Scientific-Technical Russia: izimo, izibikezelo kanye amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

Inxanxathela Scientific Russia ubhekene nesikhathi esinzima. Njengoba inkathi yokwakha kabusha, isakhiwo yayo njalo kabusha, kuthiwa amiswe, yamaLuthela, ubuhle - ngokuvumelana izinkinga zamanje kuleli zwe futhi umphakathi, kanye zamakhono zalabo baholi ababizwa ukuxazulula lezi zinkinga.

isayensi Russian kanye ngokucacile sokuthuthuka

sphere lwesayensi yanamuhla, kanye nanoma yikuphi uhlelo emphakathini ngamakhasimende ugcwele izingxabano futhi aliziphikisi kwesakhiwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ezingaba yesayensi uhulumeni ukuthi anikezele lezomnotho lisisebenzisa Government. Ngokusho abanye abahlaziyi, obumbi systemic Liye lashaya eziningi amathrekhi, kuhlanganise amazwe athuthukile, le Rebound ubuhlungu Russian eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi. Kodwa kukhona isizathu sethemba - izwe lethu ukunqoba izikhathi sibonga esibucayi njalo ukuba namandla ezingaba kwangaphakathi, kuhlanganise ndlela ezithuthukayo.

Ukuthuthukiswa isayensi eRussia kwenziwe izinyathelo, ngoba izwe kubonakala ayehlasela "zitha" ke walulama ngokushesha ngemva kwempi futhi ukubhujiswa ke uhlangabezane uthuthumele yangaphakathi - revolution nenguquko. Njalo ngendlela ekhethekile ukwakha umsebenzi wabo, Russian Academy of Sciences - kuncike ekhona "ukungalingani" wezwe bamabutho kanye namathuba ukuthi kufanele zisuswe. Uma ngibheka emuva, siyabona ukuthi izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi Russian sekuvele hhayi namuhla, kodwa sidinga ukuzixazulula - ehlelekile nanjengeqembu.

Scientific iyizwe elididayo: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Imisebenzi letibalulekile isayensi - isibikezelo Amathrendi lesichubekako, imiphumela luhlolo kanye nokuthuthukiswa eziyisisekelo futhi isicelo ucwaningo njengoba inkambo main emisebenzini iningi lososayensi.

Isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi kuhlanganisa zonke izinhlangano ukuthi ngandlela-thile umsebenzi esikhathini esizayo, futhi "ngenxa ezinhle ezweni lakini." eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi Russian kuyinto kumiswa omunye-ucezu ehlanganisa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ukudala ubuchwepheshe obusha futhi esikhiqiza ulwazi olusha. Ngo esifundeni Central yezwe bagxila kwesigamu zonke izinhlangano zocwaningo, ukusebenza ku-70% isibalo sabasebenzi (abacwaningi - abantu imfundo ephakeme, ukhetho odokotela wesayensi) futhi yakhiwa 75% izindleko zasekhaya zocwaningo.

Ukusebenza evamile nokufanele wesayensi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ekwakheni umthamo unomphela kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, okuyinto intuthuko incike ivolumu ngezimali ezivela izabelomali wonke amazinga - lokhu kufakazelwa umkhuba jikelele. izinkinga Scientific zindawo zihlobene kakhulu izinkinga zomnotho. Ngokusho umqondisi we-Institute for Economic Strategies B. N. Kuzyka, emnothweni ulwazi okwamanje isiba ebalulekile amasu ukuthuthukiswa lamazwe ahamba phambili emhlabeni, futhi lokhu inselele isikhathi ezweni lethu.

ezingaba Scientific Russia yesimanje: ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezintsha zocwaningo

Inselelo enkulu ebhekene le "izingqondo okuholela" - ukuthuthukiswa isayensi eRussia, ukudalwa nokugcina okunengqondo Uhlelo-target ukuhlela kuyinto nesisekelo esingokwesayensi sokuba kube ukuphathwa ukuthuthukiswa kwazo zonke izinhlangano e-eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi Russian.

Ngenxa yesikhathi eside izibikezelo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, kanye imiphumela zokuqapha eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinamathuba kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe yezwe (kuhlolwa amathuba nezinhlangano zocwaningo ngabanye ukuxazulula inkinga) yasungulwa ngu uhlu olukhethekile izinkomba lesembili lesayensi nokuthuthuka kanye ezintsha kanye ezinemininingwane izindlela engabelwe ukuqaliswa yabo.

Ngoba izindawo zakamuva zocwaningo zihlanganisa ukufohla ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni: nanotechnology kanye biotechnology, ulwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana, izinto ezintsha, kanye kwenkululeko kwesayensi-zezimboni, okuvumela synthesize ubuchwepheshe eziyisisekelo nokufeza ezindaweni okukhulunywa. Siyabonga ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, izwe lethu ungaphumelela kakhulu ushintsho ezingeni elisha, ngoba izwe a ushintsho olukhulu sphere zezomnotho nezenhlalo sihlelelwe ngu 2020-2025.

Scientific-Technical Complex: eziza kuqala

Scientific Inxanxathela Technical kusekelwe izibikezelo ngokuphathelene nokuthuthukiswa eside ngesayensi nobuchwepheshe zokuzivikela, ukuphepha kanye ukuthuthukiswa kahle ubuchwepheshe ezimbonini eRussia. Emisebenzini yayo, eyinkimbinkimbi inikeza umsebenzi ukuhlela okunengqondo nokuphathwa umsindo anqwabelene ezingaba yesayensi-technical nezezimboni-kwezobuchwepheshe zonke izinhlobo umkhakha.

izinkinga osetshenziswayo ka sphere yesayensi-technical womsebenzi, okuyinto manje - ezikhathini ezinzima kwetinhlavu ezweni multipolar - iyahola, yilezi:

• kumiswa nomqondo Inqubomgomo samasosha lobuchwepheshe, ezesayensi kanye nokuhlolwa izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho amathemba ekuthuthukiseni global izikhali zanamuhla (iminyaka 10-25);
• ukuhlaziya eziyisisekelo futhi esibucayi ubuchwepheshe lempi emazweni angaphandle nasezinhlanganweni kumiswa uhla lwemisebenzi yokuthuthukisa amakhono imishini alo ezempi;
• kokuqhuba ohlelweni design isikhali izinhlelo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthuthukiswa yabo olinganiselayo;
• ukusungulwa kohlelo isimo yezikhali amaphrojekthi kanye kumiswa oda isimo ukuzivikela, uhambisane izimo ezintsha zomnotho, esikhathini esizayo;
• ukuqaliswa ehlelekile esikhathini kuze kube 2020 eliphezulu kokuvuselelwa Armed Forces, nezinye izinhlobo amabutho, zokwakheka lempi nemizimba (ukuthembela ekulondolozeni izikhali zenuzi kanye jikelele-njongo amabutho).

eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe futhi izinkinga yomsebenzi wakhe

eziyinkimbinkimbi Scientific-zobuchwepheshe okusekelwe ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi lihlobene eduze negama emkhakheni kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yokuthi ngekhulu xxi, ukufunwa isizukulwane yolwazi, imibono emisha kanye nokwethulwa ngokuyiko kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ephezulu ukucacisa usuthela kusukela umnotho, imizamo lososayensi nonjiniyela, yakhelwe ukuba akwazi ukunqoba izingqinamba kwehlukana nesizungu wakhe i ingqalasizinda ezintsha:

• ukusebenza nokusebenzisa inqubomgomo isimo izinhlelo emkhakheni yezesayensi nasezinzuzweni isicelo (Science, Ezobuchwepheshe Nokusungula Izinto) imisebenzi; ikhambi izinkinga yesikhathi sesimanje zobuchwepheshe komkhakha umnotho ;
• umnotho ngesivinini ukukhiqizwa imikhiqizo ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu kanye nemikhiqizo kakhulu-kusetshenzwe;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda imisebenzi ezintsha (ukuthuthukiswa futhi basekele umsebenzi emisha kanye nobuchwepheshe amapaki, ubuchwepheshe amapaki, kobuchwepheshe izikhungo kanye izikhungo laboratory);
• ukudalwa izakhiwo okuhlangene ezimbili-ukusetshenziswa izinto bayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezidingo emakethe kokubili ezindizeni zempi kanye nemikhiqizo sokuya empini; ekusetshenzisweni ngaphambilini athuthukile-dual-ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe kanye kudalwa emisha.

Ngokwesiko, ohlangothini "namandla" eyinkimbinkimbi kwezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe Russia - enuzi kanye laser ubuchwepheshe; neragelo phambili izuzwe ososayensi bethu ekuthuthukisweni kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zobuchwepheshe materials amasha, ngamandla izinhlelo. Dinga i-investimenti abalulekile bamabutho kanye nezindlela ukufikela eziphambili emhlabeni micro-, nano- nomsakazo opto-electronic, ubuchwepheshe bama-computer ngokuyinhloko akusebenzi futhi kudinga esikhundleni imishini yezimboni zanamuhla. Lezi zenzakalo igunya zobuchwepheshe zisekelwa yizinhlaka - isikhathi esiningi, yebo, uMbuso (okubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo federal - izinhlelo federal).

Scientific Complex Sikhungo: kabusha futhi ukungqubuzana

Okwamanje, welithi "kwesayensi-zemfundo" libhekisela iqoqo izinhlangano esikoleni esiphakeme, abenza imisebenzi bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene: efanele imfundo, ucwaningo, isayensi, ubuchwepheshe kanye emisha. Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa zokuxhumana umlingani amanyuvesi nomphakathi, ucwaningo kanye nemfundo, izikhungo zezemfundo.

Ucwaningo nemfundo maphakathi nezwe - kuyinto "umthombo wezisebenzi", manje kubhekwe njengendlela wengxenye ye emnothweni emakethe, "isihloko ubudlelwane emakethe", umakhi futhi umphakeli yesayensi, ezemfundo, ezintsha imikhiqizo, izimpahla kanye nezinsizakalo. Inkambo zamanje nezomnotho kuleli zwe ngokulandelana, zidinga ukuba impendulo esifike ngesikhathi kanye nokulungisa "emincane" Ochwepheshe "labantjintja", okungukuthi, abantu ababengamthandi "ilwazi namakghono" kodwa abe "abaluthole" futhi "imithombo yamandla imibono ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe kanye amaphrojekthi. "

Ngeshwa, izimfuno ezenziwe ohlelweni lwezemfundo, kanye izinqubo kubangelwa ezingasebenzi inqubo kabusha, lutho kodwa ukuzisola, ngingazalisi yini. Izinga ukuqeqeshwa (okuyinto Nokho, kamuva akuzange kusebenze in okukhethekile yabo) sincane kakhulu. Yiqiniso, lokhu isimo kwamiswa hhayi unyaka owodwa, kodwa yadalwa kancane kancane. Ukuba sesikoleni, nabasha abangenayo baseyunivesithi bayafika ungakulungele (kodwa amaphuzu aphezulu ukuhlolwa!), Futhi nge "egijima" inketho kunzima 'ukupha "into ezintsha.

Yini edingekayo ukuze wenze ucwaningo bese abasebenzi zemfundo yezwe Ayekulungele kahle? Ezemfundo kuyingxenye ebalulekile ekwakheni isisekelo umnotho ezintsha. Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje kubalulekile ukuba banake ngenxa ukuqeqeshwa zingacabangi ngempela, tisebenti leticeceshiwe letinemakhono ababeyizazi izici of izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho bakahulumeni. Kumelwe kuvunywe ukuthi umsebenzi "ukuphathwa ngempumelelo" ayinakho maqondana ngokoqobo ukuthi kufanele zishintshwe ukuze ochwepheshe abazi izici umsebenzi ensimini yabo, kuwo wonke amazinga, futhi ukukwenza ezingeni wombuso. Kuyadingeka ukuba banake uhlelo yokuqhubeka nemfundo, kuhlanganise postgraduate nokuthuthukiswa professional, ukuhlinzekwa okuhambisanayo zokufunda kanye nokunikeza ukufinyelela kolwazi kuwo wonke amazinga abafundi.

Scientific Industrial Complex: izinto eziza kuqala futhi amathemba

Scientific eziyinkimbinkimbi zezimboni njengoba iqoqo okwenzekayo okuphathelene nomnotho umnotho kazwelonke kuhlobene eduze imisebenzi izakhiwo ezithile zezimboni, ahlukaniswe ngokuhambisana nenqubo ye umkhakha wemboni:

• Agro-umkhakha;
• Imboni yezokuvikela;
• aerospace;
• athomu, amafutha kanye namandla;
• zobuchwepheshe izimboni chemical-zemithi, microbiological namakhemikhali izimboni; Instrumentation yesayensi, yokukhiqiza of eziyinkimbinkimbi bemishini yezokwelapha ;
• Ukwakhiwa kanye ekukhiqizeni, umshini wokwakha izakhiwo kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. D.

Umphumela elilungile yentuthuko esimeme ukuhlanganiswa izinhlangano eziyinkimbinkimbi zesayensi kanye amabhizinisi zezimboni usebenzisa ikhono izingxenye kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Lesi sakhiwo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba kancane kancane ukuthuthela ushintsho izindlela ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi ubunjiniyela eziphambili nokudalwa lobuchwepheshe, ukuze uzenze ingashintshwa ukuze izidingo wamabhizinisi zezimboni ekhona. Yakhiwe ngu- lolu hlobo nezinhlangano zocwaningo cluster (ezifana Centre "Kurchatov Institute") kanye nezimboni (-athomu amandla cluster) kwi umbandela emisha uyakwazi ukuhlinzeka nemingcele elikhulu kanye obungapheli izinqubo of sesimanje kwesayensi-zezimboni yezwe.

Ukusabalala yesimanje ulwazi nobuchwepheshe bezokuxhumana ziyodlulela kwenkululeko services zobuchwepheshe emkhakheni zezenhlalakahle - ezempilo, imfundo, emkhakheni wezezimali.

Scientific ucwaningo eziyinkimbinkimbi: impahla eliphezulu futhi kugcwele

Ucwaningo Inxanxathela ihlanganisa izinhlangano okuyinto ukuqhuba umsebenzi yokulinga ukuthola ulwazi olusha lokusebenza yayo kanye nokusetshenziswa esisebenzayo ukudala umkhiqizo omusha - umkhiqizo noma ubuchwepheshe.

Ngokuvamile, izinhlangano ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi "Research Institute", kodwa eziyinkimbinkimbi kuhlanganisa zomlando, noma ezikhungweni eziningi zesayensi kanye nokwaziswa, indawo uhambo abanolwazi, neminyango imikhakha, izigaba kanye nezinsizakalo, izinhlangano zocwaningo futhi ukukhiqizwa futhi laboratories, kanye Observatory, Botanical engadini, esiteshini wezilwane, amasampula ahlukene zokuhlola (isb, International iArmagedoni ophendulayo lokuhlola).

umsebenzi Scientific, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlola e lezi zinhlangano ngokuthi imishini ekhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, lwemikhumbi ucwaningo Russia njengoba isici esiyinhloko sokulawula kazwelonke system nokuvikeleka isimo kule mkhakha wocwaningo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezimbiwa kwezilwandle isebenzisa umsebenzi walo inkantolo ohambelana, ifakwe imishini ezidingekayo kanye namadivayisi.

Kuhlelwa kabusha Russian Academy of Sciences

Ukudalwa Academy of Sciences - ubufakazi ngqo imizamo izinguquko uPetru mina noCatherine mina (1725), kuhloswe ngazo ukuqinisa ukuzimela kwezomnotho nakwezombusazwe yeRussia. Umbusi uyakwazisa bezikhali umcabango ngokwesayensi, ekufundisweni izinga namasiko for ukuchuma isimo. Yakhiwe ngu- Academy ekuqaleni luhlanganisa imisebenzi yocwaningo kanye nezemfundo isikhungo (inyuvesi futhi esikoleni esiphakeme). Ngokuzayo - I-cishe emakhulwini amathathu eminyaka - umsebenzi yesayensi Academy wakhonza njengephayona esimweni siphindaphindeka ezingaba wezwe. Engingakusho nje ukusho amagama ososayensi enjalo owaziwa owayesebenza ngaphakathi kwezindonga zawo, efana Euler, M. V Lomonosov, S. P. uPallas, KG Razumovsky.

"Ukuxhumana" umsebenzi we RAS owaqala ngokuvukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XVIII, lapho liqala bagxekwe passion ngokweqile lokho okuyokwenzeka theory, samoizolirovannost, ukuzehlukanisa kusukela izinkinga esiphuthumayo yezwe futhi ngokuvamile - "engenamsebenzi '. Futhi 1870-80-yalolucwaningo. Academy yabakhanga umphakathi ngokuqondene ukungavumi imiklomelo academic ososayensi ovelele Mechnikov, IM Sechenov no D. uMendeleyev umklomelo. Lwaluzwakala emangalelwa "anti-Russian" Ukugxila lokhu isakhiwo ngokwesayensi.

Ngemva Revolution wase-USSR Academy of Sciences wagxila zobunjiniyela futhi isicelo ucwaningo - konke ipumelelo umnotho kazwelonke zadalwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwakhe. Nokho, esikhathini kusuka 90. kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, futhi manje Russian Academy of Sciences kubhekene isimo unomphela crisis. isakhiwo sayo uyanda futhi isiqala ukusebenza, bese ngokuzumayo uyekwa.

Kusukela 2013 yisikhathi wezinguquko ezijulile futhi kabusha of Russian Academy of Sciences. Ingqikithi yalo kabusha, ngokuvumelana D. A. Medvedeva, - "izovumela ososayensi ukuba lapha igxila ngokuyinhloko isayensi nocwaningo, kanye baziphungulele ekungalayishweni core ukuphathwa kwempahla nemisebenzi ngokuhlanganyela". Nokho, iningi lososayensi walahla zezinqubo Uhulumeni uhlongoza kakhulu, ngoba "basuke eziphoqelelwe ngendlela ezinkulu futhi elimazayo." Ngakho, i-kabusha ezihlongozwayo, kodwa empeleni - inhlangano engenabulungisa izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene RAS, okuyinto kuyogcina kubangele le Inxanxathela Scientific Russia njengoba "self-ekuhlelweni" uhlelo iphahlazeke.

Encwadini evulekile ukuze V. Putinu Academician Zhores Alferov noted labo ezifezwayo ukuthi kwavela sibonga zethu izwe ukuba Russian Academy of Sciences: "ukudalwa isihlangu zasemkhathini; amandla enuzi kanti imikhumbi zasemkhathini; ukuhlola umkhathi futhi uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho; ESiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude nenhlangano lapho izikhungo ezintsha zocwaningo; radar kanye Semiconductor "yokuvukela" kanye nabanye abaningi. " kabusha Ngempumelelo kuyadingeka, kodwa kuphela ngosizo ososayensi ehola futhi esobala ekuthathweni ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo - lokho umbono eziyisisekelo yombhikisho, lapho kuvela July 2013

izindawo Inkinga empilweni yesayensi yanamuhla Russian nemfundo

Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-wezesayensi - ukuhlinzeka ephelele uchwepheshe usizo ukuze isimo esu. izinkinga sobala ukuthi ivelele ngokumelene isizinda ukuthuthukiswa eziyinkimbinkimbi lesimanje lesayensi yeRussia khona yilena elandelayo:

- ukwehluleka kwezomnotho, Ukungena ku ukuphathwa emibuthanweni abonakele "abaphathi ngempumelelo" inkohlakalo izinhlangano elakhiwe (isb, "Skolkovo" Isikhwama);

- izindlela okubhubhisa ukuguqula isayensi nemfundo, ikakhulukazi, sokutjhugulula le RAS, makhulu amathemba lapho kubhujiswa lesi ezingaba yesayensi RAS nezikhungo kanye nasezweni lonke;

- Corporate nezokuphatha ukuzifunela ukuxhaswa kombono lesayensi nokuthuthuka kanye inzuzo: jikelele;

- kanye kabi kwezimali kukhona ukuntuleka ngezimali ucwaningo zobuchwepheshe.

Ngakho, ukuze ngixazulule inkinga yokuntuleka kwezinto isayensi - akusiyo izazi nje, kodwa futhi abahlaziyi, osomnotho, nezikhulu zikahulumeni.