Ukuhlolwa Pavlov - kumnandi

Namanje mpikiswano esishubile mayelana nokuthi kwakukhona Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, isazi olukhulu isikhathi sakhe, noma ngentando yakhe yangempela ukubona ukuhlupheka "izigceme" yakhe. Ake sizame ukulahla imizwa futhi sibheke konke ayikho.

Ingqikithi ukuhlola

I. P. Pavlov endaweni yakhe yokucwaninga, etholakala eduze Petersburg, Koltushi, wahlanganyela, ukutadisha izindlela kumiswa reflex moya. Isifundo sabo abacwaningi iqhutshwe izinja. Zonke umsebenzi kwenziwe uhlobo "kwemibhoshongo uthule" - ekhethekile umakhalekhukhwini ngabodwa ekamelweni lapho kwakungekho ezenzeka ngaphandle ezingase zithinte ubumsulwa isilingo. Usosayensi ngesikhathi esifanayo ubukele izilwane ngokusebenzisa uhlelo Izibuko ezikhethekile lapho yena ngokwakhe wahlala ongabonakali leyo nja. Inja kwaba bubhaliwe emshinini ekhethekile, okuyinto kungagcini ukunyakaza kwakhe.

Umnqopho we okuhlangenwe nakho kukaPawulu kusinika kunikezwa kanjani izinja basabela indlala salivary ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zangaphandle. Ngenxa yale njongo, isilwane kwenziwe ukuhlinzwa, outputting le salivary indlala imbobo olubonakalayo ukuze nje uqophe khona ngamathe, ekuqaleni kwawo, ukwanda kanye nekhwalithi ngamathe. Pavlov wabe esenikwa owayesihlupha isilwane impendulo okunemibandela ukuze umfutho ngaphambilini hlangothi - umsindo, ukukhanya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphandle ngokubeka nasekupheleni emphinjeni ukuqapha okukhipha of juice esiswini ezinjeni.

ucwaningo Pavlov sika classical izinja uthole ukuthi lapho isilwane emva Metronome ngokushesha bavunyelwe ukondla. Ngemva kwemizamo eminingana inja waqala salivate at umsindo Metronome. Experience nge Pavlov isibani owasebenza ngayo isimiso esifanayo, kodwa esikhundleni Metronome esetshenziswa ingilazi ajwayelekile, emva inja bathola nokudla. Ngakho-ke ngaphambi ongawazi isilwane waba-yisisusa i umfutho kwangaphandle, okuyinto Wambiza ngokuthi reflex moya. Ngeshwa, akuyona yonke ezishukumisa babe ayinangozi ngakho. Ekuhloleni kwakhe, Pavlov wasebenzisa kagesi, izinhlawulo ahlukahlukene.

ngokoqobo

Esinye sezibonelo ezithakazelisayo iningi ucwaningo ukuthuthukisa Pavlov ikhaliphe moya e coyotes ukunambitheka wewundlu. Ukuze ukuvela kwalesi reflex coyotes waphonsa anobuthi inyama izimvu. Ngokumangalisayo, ngemva okokuqala abasaphili ukuzingela inyama izimvu nakanjani kuphakama kuzo ngemva wavuma umkhuhlane. Abalimi abaningi ngokushesha wathatha it on ebhodini.

Iqhaza zokuhlolwa

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela umsuka ingqondo ekhondishina wenza engaphezu kwekhulu edlule, futhi nanamuhla omunye eyisisekelo kunazo zonke emlandweni kwengqondo. Ngisho odokotela bengqondo yesimanje uholwe imiphumela ucwaningo Pavlov ekwelapheni izifo ezithile ngokwengqondo, kanye ukwakha impendulo kokuziphatha.

izinja Pavlov sika

Abaningi imisebenzi ukuthi yenziwa umzimba ezempi, kushabalele isilwane. Njengoba Pavlov ngokwakhe wathi lapho esinquma abese ebhubhisa ayezonikela ngesilwane esiphilayo suppresses yisihlamba caustic, elihlukanisa mshini kwezobuciko. Kodwa zikwenza lokhu ukuze kuphela ngenxa iqiniso futhi izici ezinhle kubantu. Through ucwaningo lwakhe, Pavlov zonke ukuhlinzwa kwenziwe kuphela ngaphansi izinzwa, ngakho abangele ukuhlupheka ezengeziwe kulesi silwane. On ubuhlobo usosayensi ukuze amacala akhe futhi ithi ke efakwe Petersburg lesikhumbuzo ukuze inja.

Manje inja Pavlov sika - akuyona nje eliyisimungulu test isilwane. Kuyinto ukholo ngempela, hero isiguli owahlupheka ngenxa isayensi nokusiza wonke umuntu. Mayelana wakhe esingu eziningi amabhayisikobho, ebhalwe inombolo enkulu izincwadi izikhumbuzo. Naphezu kokufa kwakhe, imemori lalesi silwane usaphila. kakhulu Igama Pavlov noma ubani kithi ezihlobene ngokuqondile inja, ukuze sikwazi kugcwale umlomo ukuthi lesi kunjalo ezingavamile lapho izinkumbulo izilwane zokuhlola ngasinda imemori usosayensi omkhulu.

isiphetho

Ngakho-ke ingabe kukhona usosayensi omkhulu Pavlov? Lo mbuzo ungaphendulwa nangokunembile omuhle kuphela. Kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izindlela zakhe senalungisiswa? Akukho impendulo eyodwa.

Ngokungangabazeki, ngegalelo lakhe Psychology kuyinto olukhulu, kodwa, ngeshwa, ngezinye izikhathi anikele ngenxa isayensi abanye kwezinkambiso zokuziphatha. Masingakhohlwa ukuthi zonke izilwane lokusinda kwakungasehlane laseBeti impesheni impilo usosayensi sika. Ngithanda ukucabanga ukuthi hhayi kuphela ngenxa okuqhubekayo.