Kuyini Zoology? Lokho uhlola isayensi wesayensi yezilwane?

izwe Organic namhlanje ngayo yonke biomass yayo ahlukahlukene zingahlukaniswa zibe ezinhlanu imibuso imvelo :

• izilwane;
• izitshalo;
• amakhowe;
• amagciwane;
• amagciwane.

Lolu cwaningo ngamunye wabo ukwenza lahlukene wesayensi. Sizoxoxa ngalokho isayensi iye ukutadisha abameleli kwezilwane, izihloko idatha abizwa ngokuthi, kusukela lapho wazithatha, futhi yini imiphumela kuze kube manje izuzwe.

Isayensi kwezilwane

Ikhaya Science, wazinikela ukutadisha ezihlukahlukene futhi indlela yokuphila izilwane - wesayensi yempilo yezilwane. Ukuthi yini isisekelo okwakhelwa kuso wagcina ulwazi abafowethu ezincane.

Kuyini Zoology? Impendulo e umusho owodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba aphumelele. Akukhona nje isayensi ezomile, esekelwe ithiyori, kuba iqoqo izigaba futhi podnauk lokuqoqa izinto mayelana nazo zonke izindaba ezithinta izwe isilwane.

Ngakho-ke, impendulo yalo mbuzo lokhu: kwezilwane - isayensi ukuthi ingxenye biomass iplanethi yethu, obhekisela izilwane. Ngakho, into cwaningo Zoology konke izilwane - kusukela unicellular ukuba amaningi lenyama ezincelisayo. Isihloko sale isayensi kubhekwa ekutadisheni isakhiwo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, izinqubo bokuphila, ukusabalala ngokwemvelo, indlela yokuphila kanye izici zokuziphatha, ukuhlanganyela omunye nomunye kanye nezwe elingaphandle.

Izinhloso nezinjongo wesayensi

ngokugcwele Okuningi lokho kwezilwane ukusiza yayo emigomweni njengoba isayensi. Tinjongo:

• ukuhlola izici ukusebenza, isakhiwo,-embryonic ne-ukuthuthukiswa komlando wonke amalungu isilwane;
• cabanga ngezindlela ukuzivumelanisa imvelo yabo futhi ukulandelela izici ethology;
• ichaze indima yabo ohlelweni zomhlaba organic;
• ukuhlonza indima yomuntu kwi-ukongiwa kanye nokuvikelwa izilwane zasendle.

Mayelana ukusetshenziselwa injongo ethile yezinhloso Zoology yilezi ezilandelayo izinto:

1. Ukufunda ngokwakheka kwezakhi zangaphakathi nezangaphandle, kanye izici bokuphila besikhumba saleso silwane.
2. Ukuqhathanisa izidingo zabo yazo.
3. Ukusungula amagugu kanye indima namaqembu ngokwemvelo futhi izenzo zabantu.
4. Ukuhlaziywa kwe- taxonomy sesilwane emhlabeni, ukuhlonza amaqembu ezibuthaka kunezinye, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuvikelwa yabo.

Njengoba izinjongo, imisebenzi, umenziwa isihloko kwezilwane, singasho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukutadisha kwezilwane nezilwane zonke zako.

Ukwahlukanisa etshalwe izigaba

Kukhona zinhlobo abayizithulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zezilwane. Ngamunye has izici zayo siqu esiyingqayizivele, futhi ukuxhumana nomunye, ngokuvamile zimelela uhlelo esiyingqayizivele. Ucwaningo njalo kwesimiso esinjalo kudinga isikhathi esiningi nomzamo omkhulu. Lona umsebenzi abantu abaningi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, zonke isayensi kunengxenye ekhethekile wesayensi yezilwane.

ngezigaba kwabo kusekelwe izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo: i-project kanye cwaningo izinkinga isayensi. Ake sixoxe ngezizathu.

Ukwahlukanisa izinto sesifundo somuntu

1. Mammalogy (theriology) - isayensi isigaba ezincelisayo.
2. Herpetology - ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni.
3. Ichthyology - inhlanzi.
4. Ornithology - ngezinyoni (izinyoni).
5. Nezifundo zezentuthwae - mayelana izinambuzane.
6. Acarology - mayelana imikhaza.
7. Arachnology - besicabucabu.
8. Malacology - olwandle ulwandle shellfish.
9. Carcinology - kwezilwanyana ezinamagobolondo.
10. Protozoology - mayelana-oluncane eyodwa (lenyama).
11. Helminthology - isibungu yisinanakazana.

Ukwahlukanisa etshalwe izigaba ku imisebenzi

Kukhona ngezigaba izigaba etshalwe izinkinga isayensi. Limelela mikhakha elandelayo:

• systematics - esigabeni lapho esebenzelana nama-ngezigaba kanye kwencazelo indawo organic isimiso sezwe ngamunye isilwane;
• zoogeography - isayensi etadisha ukusatshalaliswa futhi isiphetho ensimini ka iplanethi yethu;
• morphology - isayensi study izici zangaphandle kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi;
• Phylogenetics - ukufunda izisekelo ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka komlando zomhlaba isilwane;
• Ufuzo - ucabangela imithetho ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha ezizukulwaneni zonke;
• Histology - ukufunda isakhiwo solwazi kwezicubu;
• paleozoology - isayensi izinsalela eziningi izilwane ezingasekho nakho konke okuphila esikhathini iplanethi;
• Cytology - isayensi esitokisini oyiyo;
• ethology - uhlola izici izindlela ekuziphatheni izilwane ezimweni ezahlukene;
• Embryology - libona ukusungulwa imibungu kanye lokufanako nalokwehlukile emkhatsini bonke abamele emhlabeni isilwane ngesisekelo ukuhlaziya fetus kanye izici of ontogenesis;
• ngemvelo - study budlelwane emkhatsini wetincenye izilwane ngokwabo, kanye lithathelwe izimo zezwe kanye nokuxhumana womuntu;
• zomzimba - izici zonke izinqubo zokuphila;
• Anatomy - ukutadisha Sakhiwo sangekhatsi izilwane.

Zoology yezilwane ezinomgogodla

Kuyini Zoology yezilwane ezinomgogodla? Lena ingxenye okhuluma cwaningo zomhlaba isilwane, ukuba kuzithinta (ngokuphila uguqulwe ikholomu umgogodla kanye nomgogodla).

Izinjongo zalolu ingxenye abafundi isiyalo bajwayelane izici zangaphakathi nezangaphandle zonke izigaba yezilwane ezinomgogodla, ukuziphatha kwabo kanye nendlela yokuphila, ukusatshalaliswa futhi indima ngokwemvelo futhi ukuphila komuntu.

Izici eziyinhloko ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ukuthi ahlukile kuleli qembu kukhona okulandelayo:

1. bona kuphela kuzithinta - the sikakhokho sokukhubazeka komgogodla. Olunye uhlobo kuba futhi okuhlalayo kube ukuphila, kodwa iningi esiholela yomgogodla.
2. Isimiso sezinzwa zalezi izilwane ngokucacile umahluko ku asebuchosheni nomgogodla (ngaphandle ngokuqinile chordates, lapho kuba njalo intambo emsipheni we kuzithinta).
3. Isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene abamele amakilasi ezahlukene kuvula ngaphandle umlomo ngaphambili emzimbeni, ekupheleni tube wokugaya ukudla uguqulwa kusukela eziphila olwandle kuze kube zokuphefumula. Ngesimo eliwumhlaba emaphashini.
4. Zonke abameleli nginenhliziyo - maphakathi isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi.

Kuyinto kulesi sigaba Sizokwenza izilwane yempilo yezilwane we ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla.

Zoology of ezingenamgogodla

Lokho etadisha kwezilwane ye ezingenamgogodla? Lesi sakhiwo ethile yokuphila nezinto yamanani ubunjalo zonke izilwane akudingeki lezi zimpawu. izilwane ezinjalo zihlanganisa abameleli lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• izipanji;
• coelenterates;
• ihlukene, round nezimpethu flat;
• shellfish;
• echinoderms;
• eyisinambuzane (izicabucabu, izinambuzane, ezinamagobolondo).

Ezingenamgogodla zakha ingxenye yazo zonke izilwane ezaziwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badlala indima ebalulekile yomsebenzi wezomnotho.

Futhi, abameleli abaningi ezingenamgogodla izinambuzane eziletha abantu asemrarweni (impethu yisinanakazana izidla kanye nezitshalo sokuvuna, nokunye).

Yingakho ukutadisha ezingenamgogodla kubalulekile futhi nesithakazelo esikhulu ngokwesayensi.

kwezilwane lenyama

Phakathi elula konke izilwane owumphumela. okungukuthi:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, emabhamuta, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• ciliates (ciliary oncelayo kanye ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Ezinye amoebae, ciliates nazo zonke sporozoans kukhona Amagciwane ayingozi of izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo webantfu netilwane. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo enemininingwane komjikelezo wokuphila, bondliwe futhi zizalela amasu abo kuyingxenye ebalulekile e Ukufuna izindlela zokunqanda kubo. Yingakho kwezilwane lenyama kungekho amagatsha ngaphansi ebalulekile isayensi kunabo bonke abanye.

A indaba emfushane emfushane ukuthuthukiswa yesayensi

Lokhu isayensi bezijabulisa kakhulu. Zoology umxhwele futhi yayenga izingqondo eziningi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi ngokuqinisekile nyama. Ngemva observation wabazalwane bethu ezincane ngempela umsebenzi ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi ewusizo.

Izigaba main aphethwe ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwane hhayi okuningi ihlukile kuleyo isayensi ethile komunye umkhakha. Lawa eziyisisekelo izinkathi emine:

1. ezikhathini zasendulo. Ancient Greece - Aristotle, eRoma lasendulo - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Ephakathi - isikhathi yokujama tsi. Zonke wesayensi zingaphansi kwethonya leSonto, isifundo zonke izinto eziphilayo sasingavunyelwe nhlobo.
3. Renaissance - inkathi kakhulu ngokugcwele ekuthuthukisweni wesayensi yezilwane. Zanqwabelana Imininingwane eziningi theory ne practical ukuphila kwezilwane, zavela imithetho eyisisekelo ayifake ukusetshenziswa futhi taxonomy taxa ngesilwane esifuywayo kanambambili yezitshalo nezilwane amagama. Amagama edume kakhulu kule nkathi kwaba: uCharles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, uKarl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. isikhathi okusha libhekisela ngekhulu XIX-XX. Le nkathi ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi mayelana ukwakheka kwama-molecule futhi zofuzo kwezilwane, kokuvula imithetho biogenetic netindlela yentuthuko embryonic ne bokuphila izilwane zonke izinhlobo. amagama big Iningi: Max, Haeckel futhi Muller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

kwezilwane yesimanje

ngekhulu xxi - nesikhathi sokunqoba ezobuchwepheshe kanye imishini ezisindayo-duty esiyingqayizivele. Lokhu kukunika inzuzo enkulu kubo bonke isayensi ukuthi izifundo ophilayo nemvelo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kanye nezinselele ezintsha phambi kwabo.

Kuyini kwezilwane esiteji samanje ukuthuthukiswa? Lona isayensi ukuthi kuyalungiswa ukuphendula imibuzo:

• Liyini izwe isilwane?
• Imiphi imithetho eshaywe uyaphila futhi yini izici kufanele?
• kanjani umuntu kungekho umonakalo emvelweni ukusebenzisa ukwehluka isilwane zomhlaba izinjongo zabo?
• Kungenzeka yini ukuba eyayenziwe lokuphinda elahlekile (yokuqothulwa) zilwane?

Kuyaqhubeka ukuthungathwa izimpendulo kuthatha ososayensi okuningi sikhathi, naphezu kokuba amasu onjalo ophelele.

Zoology ukubaluleka kunzima overestimate. Ngaphezu kokukodwa ngenhla ngalokho oludlala khona enkulu indima idlala ezimpilweni zabantu, impilo yabo kanye nakwezomnotho. Wafunda ikhulu leminyaka njalo atawutadishelwa ngenxa yemibuzo kungalungiswanga ngezilwane namanje inombolo enkulu kakhulu.