Thales: nefilosofi ngokombono indlela yemvelo

Antique esikweyoku Thales, ogama ifilosofi namanje ezifundiswa amanyuvesi emhlabeni jikelele, wazalwa ngo-620 BC emzini eMilethu e Ionia. U-Aristotle, omisebenzi yakhe zazisekelwe zonke izimfundiso Thales, echazwe umfundi wakhe njengoba umuntu wokuqala waqala ukutadisha izimiso eziyisisekelo futhi umsuka izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngakho, isazi sefilosofi EseMilethu waba umsunguli wesikole ifilosofi yemvelo. Thales wayenesithakazelo cishe konke, kokuhlola zonke legatsha aziwayo yolwazi: nefilosofi, umlando, isayensi, izibalo, ubunjiniyela, geography kanye nezombusazwe. Wafaka phambili akucabangayo ukuchaza izenzakalo eziningi zemvelo, ndaba eyinhloko, ukusekela Earth kubangela izinguquko emhlabeni. Thales, ifilosofi okuyinto kamuva wakhonza njengombonisi umthombo izimfundiso eziningi esikoleni, wanikela ukuphila kwakhe nje kuphela ukufunda emhlabeni ngokusebenzisa iphrizimu ulwazi lwesayensi - ibuye ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni theorem yezinkanyezi futhi yasungulwa izincazelo eziningi izenzakalo Cosmological, ikakhulu ezinze imibono yabo phezu ezingokwemvelo nasezintweni hhayi ukungenela ngamandla angaphezu kwemvelo nezidalwa.

Kuyinto ngenxa lo muntu wasukuma astronomy yamaGreki asendulo - the wesayensi ozama ukuqonda futhi enomqondo ukuchaza konke okwenzekayo esibhakabhakeni ezikude. Ngaleso sikhathi Thales wayebhekwa Innovator kwakwakhiwa; Kancane kancane ancipha ukuzibandakanya imfundiso yokuziphendukela amabutho waphezulu futhi baqala ukusakaza izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda ulwazi yonke. Umcabangi laseMilethu wasungula isikole ifilosofi yemvelo futhi waba onethonya zezwe lasendulo.

Water - isimiso esiyinhloko

Aristotle kuchazwe ngokuhlakanipha njengoba izimiso eziqondile futhi izimbangela. Ukufunda kwakhe ngokuhlakanipha, waqala imisebenzi ongqondongqondo owayesebenza phambi kwakhe, futhi into yokuqala cwaningo Aristotle kwaba isimiso sezwe okuyinto banamathela Thales. eyandulela ifilosofi ka-Aristotle ophoqelelwe ukucabanga ngendima nemvelo yonke. Thales babekholelwa ukuthi wonke imvelo - amanzi, "Arche", isimiso eyinhloko into eyodwa impahla. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kaPlato no-Aristotle wasungula amagama ukuphayona, lona wamuva wabhala siphethe ngokuthini ngemfundiso yokuthi umcwaningi eMilethu emazwini esetshenziswa Thales yena esikhathini esifanele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi u-Aristotle Akungabazeki ngokunemba esasisandulele kwadingeka, kodwa ezisungulwe izizathu nokuphikisana ukusekela lezi zimfundiso, noma kunjalo waqala baqaphe.

izinganekwane

Abanye abantu basakholelwa ukuthi imibono nomfundisi kusekelwe nasekutheni yiziphi izinkolelo Eastern isiGreki Ephakathi. Nokho, lo mbono unephutha. Thales, ogama nefilosofi endulo kubhekwe ukusika-onqenqemeni, maduzane ishiywe elandela isiko futhi ababange besaba uthemba agumenti esekelwe umongo basezinganekwaneni.

Mhlawumbe, wayejwayelene ziqinisekiso Homer ukuthi okhokho baso cosmos nezidalwa sikaNkulunkulu, kodwa Thales kunjalo neze wayekholelwa ukuthi kwakuwumsebenzi onkulunkulu ahlele noma ukulawula isikhala. Ukutadisha imfundiso yokuziphendukela amanzi njengoba pervoprirody zonke izinto, u-Aristotle kuqashelwe ukuthi imibono somanduleli wakhe kwadingeka enibaziyo izinkolelo ezingokwesiko, kodwa lokho akusho ukuthi ifilosofi lasendulo yesiGreki Thales nganoma iyiphi indlela sincike izinganekwane. Sage laseMilethu uzwakalise akuzona yisikhathi futhi bakudala, kanye abasha, ukubukwa okungavamile, ngesisekelo kamuva kwavela izindlela ezintsha zesayensi zokufunda ekutadisheni zemvelo. Yingakho u-Aristotle neyaziwayo Thales njengoba umsunguli ifilosofi yemvelo.

Ngemcondvo losemcoka

Inkinga yemvelo ndaba futhi ushintsho yayo ezigidini sezinto wadala indawo yonke, bonke abalandeli ayinandaba indlela yemvelo. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama futhi Thales. Philosophy, kafushane kunciphisa kuya Isimiso esiyisisekelo "zonke izinto - amanzi," lapho echaza ukuthi zonke izinto zizalwa kusukela ketshezi bese ubuyela Ukwakheka yayo yasekuqaleni futhi isimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Thales wagomela ngokuthi amanzi unakho ukushintsha izigidi izinto ezakha indawo yonke, kuhlanganise Botanical, bokuphila, sezulu izici umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Noma yimuphi inqubo cyclical esekelwe ukuguqulwa okusamanzi.

isizinda ubufakazi

Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba ukuvelela imicabango esemqoka Thales abantu ukuziqeqesha yokusansimbi bakudala, ngakho sefilosofi wayeqaphela kahle ukuthi ukushisa uyakwazi alulame metal esimweni liquid. Amanzi ukuqalisa izinguquko okunengqondo okuningi njalo kunamanye izakhi, futhi noma ngasiphi isikhathi okumelwe zibhekwe ezintathu zithi: ketshezi, umusi kanye ice. Ubufakazi main ukuthi Thales esikweyoku kanye umsunguli wefilosofi lasendulo kuholele isiqinisekiso imibono yakhe, kwaba iqiniso lokuthi amanzi, ningayenzi lukhuni ungakheka inhlabathi. City eMilethu wema Strait, okuyinto ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - ngokoqobo kuzo amanzi emfuleni - wakhula isiqhingi. Namuhla emanxiweni lidolobha kanye elichumayo elise amakhilomitha ayishumi ukusuka ogwini, futhi sekuyisikhathi eside esiqhingini kwaba ingxenye elivundile. LoMfula iTigrisi, u-Ewufrathe, futhi-ke, saseNayile angase waphawula isithombe efanayo: amanzi kancane kancane pan out indlela, futhi contemplatives kwabonakala sengathi umhlaba livela ketshezi. Thales, ogama nefilosofi yayisekelwe zezinqubo ezingokwemvelo, wayeqiniseka ngendlela isimiso esisodwa: amanzi uyakwazi ukudala futhi uqinisa yonke yonke.

hypothesis obukholisayo

Akwaziwa kahle ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani ukuba sazi wachaza umbono wakhe we omnipotence emanzini, njengoba imisebenzi lakhe elilotshiwe ungazange asinda, futhi iningi base ubufakazi enikeziwe kamuva u-Aristotle. Kusolwa ukuthi iyindlela eyinhloko yokuthutha lokukholisa kwakuwukuthi Thales, ifilosofi ngaleso sikhathi kwakubonakala intuthuko ulwazi, owokuqala ukunqabela ukubandakanywa onkulunkulu Olympian kuya ekudalweni kwemhlaba.

ekuphikeni

Kuphela ngo-1769, ngenkolelo yokuthi amanzi senza inhlabathi lahlakazeka experimenter Antuanom Lavuaze. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye umbono yesizukulwane okuzenzakalelayo ndaba inqatshelwe ULouis Pasteur.