Uyini umnotho? Primary, ibhange, izinhlaka zikamasipala, yangasese kanye nokuphathwa kwezimali umnotho

Imikhakha yezomnotho axhunyiwe nomunye izimboni. Esikhathini nokuxhumana, akha uhlelo olulodwa. Inkampani e imvelo emakethe kubhekwa isici ezinkulu kwezomnotho. indima yalo iwukuba ngempela okuphawulekayo sonke lesi simiso. umnotho wezwe awukona nje esabela yindawo elinqunyiwe lonke. Inkampani ihlukile naletibekiwe okuqondene eyodwa noma nezinye kumkhakha wetemnotfo ngokukhethekile. Kamuva esihlokweni sicabanga ngokuningiliziwe kuyini imikhakha yomnotho kazwelonke we Russian Federation.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi umnotho wezwe lulonke lusesimweni umzimba eyinkimbinkimbi futhi iyaguquka. Lonke uhlelo umelwe bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, ngenxa ukuhlukahluka inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Isakhiwo imikhakha yezomnotho ibonisa oyiyo, kanye isilinganiso amayunithi ekhona subsystems, ubudlelwano kanye olinganise obakhiwa kubo. Ucwaningo izinkomba ezahlukene kubalulekile sokuthuthukiswa okwenzekayo okuphathelene nomnotho isimo, nokwenza ezinye zezici zalo.

Sphere ukwakha uhlelo

Ngokombono lokukhishwa kumphakathi umkhiqizo aggregate futhi engenayo lwabelwe ezimbili endaweni kahle esikhulu: non-elikhiqizayo ingxenye futhi ukukhiqiza impahla. Lesi sakamuva siqukethe subsystems eziningana. Ziyakwazi:

• umkhakha;
• yizimpahla;
• namahlathi, ezolimo;
• ukukhonza zezimboni inqubo yokuxhumana;
• ukuhweba;
• Computing nolwazi izinhlelo;
• iIgama;
• ukwakhiwa.

Njengengxenye sphere non-ukukhiqizwa kukhona izakhi elandelayo:

• Ezezindlu;
• ukuphepha komphakathi;
• ukuqeqeshwa ngokomzimba;
• umgibeli ukuthutha;
• ukukhonza abantu nezinhlangano kule zokuxhumana sphere;
• ezobuciko namasiko;
• umshwalense kanye credit izinhlelo;
• imfundo yomphakathi;
• ukunakekelwa kwezempilo;
• imisebenzi yezesayensi ikakhulukazi isayensi jikelele;
• imisebenzi apharathasi zokuphatha.

Kuze kube manje, lonke uhlelo kuhlanganisa inqwaba izinhlangano, izinkampani, izinhlangano.

I Ukwakheka kohlelo

Kufinyeta izici zebhizinisi, zonke izingxenye ukukhiqizwa eziyinkimbinkimbi ezimbonini kanye ezenziwe uthathe imikhakha. Leli gama kumele aqondwe njengokufaka nesigcino amayunithi yesikhungo ngaphandle imisebenzi efana, izinkinga zokuziphatha. Kukhona Ukwahlukaniswa subsystems ngokuhambisana nomsebenzi. Ngakho, ngo-Russian Federation ukwaba emkhakheni zangaphandle kanye uhlelo, okubandakanya izikhungo zikahulumeni, amabhizinisi kanye nasemakhaya. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

izinkampani

Njengengxenye yalolu wemboni komnotho Russian kukhona izinhlangano ezahlukene. Imisebenzi ongangenwa sibhekiswe inzuzo. Abanye babe isimo "inhlangano engenzi-nzuzo" izinkampani. Ububanzi ibhizinisi kuhlanganisa izinkampani zezimali futhi okungezona yezimali. Lesi sakamuva kumele zihlanganisa izinkampani commercial onesandla ekukhiqizeni izimpahla noma ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ukuze athole inzuzo. amabhizinisi Non-zezimali izinhlangano ezingenzi nzuzo ukuthi musa siphishekele inhloso ukuba bazuze imisebenzi yabo. Inani le ngezigaba has umlamuli. Kuye yimvelo etholakalayo amabhizinisi omphakathi, azimele angaphandle. wemboni lwezezimali kuhlanganisa kokubili izinhlangano ezingezona ezentengiselwano futhi zidayiswe. Imisebenzi kule ndawo bagxile kucocisana, umshwalense, ukugcinwa kanye nokunye. Kwamabhange kuhlanganisa wemisebenzi ukhathazekile (CBR, isibonelo). Ngenxa yalesi wemboni zihlanganisa ezinye izinkampani commercial. Emkhakheni wezezimali zihlanganisa izimali utshalomali, uxhaso, impesheni, umshwalense, eqashisa ngamafulethi, izisekelo charitable izinhlangano, Ukuhwebelana namanye amabhizinisi.

Amahhovisi kahulumeni

Lomkhakha kuhlanganisa izitho ezihlukahlukene kwetebulungiswa nekusebenta mphathi amagatsha zomthetho. Endaweni efanayo umsebenzi kuhlanganisa izimali Social Security inhlangano engenzi inzuzo kulawulwa kubo. Ububanzi izikhungo zombuso, esikhundleni salokho, ihlukaniswe umnotho federal, lesifunda kanye kamasipala. Izinga engenhla Izilawuli aphansi. Imisebenzi ejensi kahulumeni kulawulwa umthetho.

amakhaya

Umkhakha wezolimo nothi lapho komnotho, ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa oqothulayo izakhi. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, kufake tinhlobonhlobo umkhakha okuyinto akhiwa bona. Lomkhakha komnotho lihlukaniswe by enye inombolo. Umnotho sisonke ihlukaniswa yigatsha zomsebenzi, ziqu kanye lunye lomuntu osebenza njengokuvimbelayo umholi, kanye, eqinisweni, ngokusekelwe umsebenzi. Ikhumbula uhlobo Ochwepheshe engenayo Qaphela nezigatshana ezilandelayo: Ngiyazisebenza, inzuzo kusukela impahla, abaqashi. Esikhathini iqeqebana zingase zihlanganise izindawo inani lamalungu noma ivolumu imali ingqikithi indawo yayo.

"Umhlaba jikelele"

Lokhu kumkhakha wetemnotfo kuhlanganisa iqoqo amayunithi yesikhungo. Lezi zici nonresident ahlelwe kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, banayo consulates, izindlu zamanxusa, ukuxhumana, yolwazi, kanye nezinye izinhlangano Insimu Russian Federation. Lomkhakha komnotho kuhlobene eduze Inqubomgomo wezangaPhandle. Kuhlanganisa hhayi kuphela inhlangano non-abahlali, kodwa futhi labo izinhlangano ngazo basebenzisane.

nezinye izinhlobo

Uma ucabangela ezomnotho izwe lilonke, ochwepheshe ukuhlukanisa futhi komphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele komnotho. Njengengxenye isethi engezansi okuqala izikhungo, izinkampani, izinhlangano, amabhizinisi, ukulawula ehlinzekwe nguhulumeni apharathasi zokuphatha. Eyesibili isimo iqeqebana isiqondiso asisebenzi. Izimali nazo-non-emakethe futhi imakethe imikhakha. esigabeni okunjalo Kumiswa ngokombono ubudlelwane emkhakheni wezohwebo. Ukuze uthole wemboni ethile komnotho emakethe libhekene inqubo ukukhiqizwa. Izinkampani wahlanganyela zokukhiqiza kwezimpahla, ukwakheka ezihlukahlukene amasevisi izindleko marketing, umthelela kwesidzingo. Kulesi isigaba efanayo umklomelo ngemikhiqizo enana noma iziphakamiso, stock kwezimpahla eseqedile, inkokhelo inkokhelo e hlobo. Ngaphakathi komkhakha non-emakethe komnotho kukhona udaba amasevisi noma imikhiqizo, esetshenziswa abanikazi inkampani noma ngokuqondile abakhiqizi ngokwabo. Iphinde zingenziwa ngokudluliswa kwezimpahla noma amasevisi mahhala noma ngemali ukuba nomthelela kwesidzingo. Kule ndawo umsebenzi kufanele zabelwe nemikhakha eyinhloko emnothweni. Sihlanganisa umkhakha, okuyizinto ezihlobene ekukhiqizeni izinto ezihlukahlukene engahluziwe kucutshungulwe. Umkhakha eyinhloko emnothweni kubaluleke kakhulu sokuthuthukisa izwe lonke.

amagatsha

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kumkhakha wetemnotfo akhiwa izinhlobo eyohlobo amakilasi. Le misebenzi ngokuthi amagatsha. Ngokwezibalo ngamazwe, isimiso sezomnotho lonke luhlukaniswe "ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla" futhi "amasevisi". Isigaba sokuqala kufanele kufake imisebenzi yezolimo, umkhakha, ukwakhiwa kanye nezinye izindawo zokukhiqiza zezinto ezibonakalayo ezenziwa ngokungakhathali (ukusetshenziswa of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukushicilela, berry ukukha, nokunye). Ngu wemboni amasevisi kufanele labizwa ngokuthi imfundo, abaphathi umphakathi jikelele, ezentengiselwano, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, ukuzivikela nokunye.

Cross-umkhakha izakhiwo

Lezi zigaba akhiwa ngaphakathi kwemikhakha ethile kwezomnotho noma phakathi kwazo. Ngaphansi cross-cutting eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuze kuqondwe ukuhlanganiswa uhlelo, okuyinto zihlukaniswa ukuxhumana yezingxenye ezahlukene nemisebenzi, izigaba ukwakhiwa kanye nokusabalalisa. Ngokwesibonelo, e-umkhakha Metallurgical bungabonakala, amandla fuel, umshini izigaba. Izakhiwo ukuthi sihlanganise ezihlukahlukene imikhakha yezomnotho, elinesimo isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zihlanganisa, isibonelo, zihlanganisa, esakhiweni.

Okuhloswe izinhlelo sokusebenza

Ngesisekelo le ngezigaba kusekelwe criteria ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-target izakhiwo ejwayelekile ukukhiqizwa kabusha isimiso. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo kwalesi simiso umbandela iqhaza imikhakha eyahlukene ekukhiqizeni umkhiqizo wokugcina. Njengoba izibonelo sikhonze ezokuthutha, amafutha kanye namandla, izakhiwo Agro-ezimbonini. In izinhlelo esekelwe umbandela obusebenzayo isetshenziswa kanye isimiso lunye yayo ngokuhambisana emsebentini lotsite. Kulokhu, e Izibonelo emvelweni, ezesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, izakhiwo utshalomali. Ngokuhlanganisa lokhu ukwehluka abasafufusa - is phetho ngcono izinga ekukhiqizeni okuhloswe ngazo izidingo ezanelisayo nomphakathi.

Ukuthuthukiswa isakhiwo kwezomnotho eRussia

Ngokusho kochwepheshe kakhulu, uhlelo Russian umnotho kazwelonke akuyona njalo. Izinguquko kulo singenzeka noma angesabi noma ngaphansi kwethonya umsebenzi isimo umqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nethonya elikhulu futhi ezihlukahlukene izimo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama ukuqhudelana izinkampani yokukhiqiza kwezilwandle. Okubaluleke kakhulu yiyona imvelo yangaphandle kwezomnotho - isimo ezimakethe global ezithile imikhiqizo, kanye izindleko uwoyela. Izinto zangaphakathi phakathi umsebenzi utshalomali, ukuncintisana emphahleni, umthamo production abangaba, degree of ukudingeka kwezinsiza.

Izimo letitsintsa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Phakathi kwezinsimbi zomculo main ekuthuthukisweni komnotho, kufanele ngokuthi izinhlelo ezibhekele, uxhaso, uhulumeni utshalomali, izindlela ezingezona zokuthenga, kanye ezihlukahlukene ezivuna okukhethekile amabhizinisi, amaqembu umkhakha kanye nezifunda. Ngokusho abahlaziyi, isidingo emifanekisweni, ngcono okwenzekayo okuphathelene nomnotho Russian Federation kubangelwa ushintsho phakathi kwezinto eziza kuleli zwe. Endaweni kohlelo zokuphatha-umyalo isikhathi eside ukuza ubudlelwane emakethe. Kule ndaba, ubunjalo emisebenzini yebhizinisi kufanele athobele isimo samanje. Ngcono nokuthuthukiswa ngokuhambisana nezidingo isikhathi kungenzeka eRussia ngumuntu eziningi. Okubalulekile kuba phambi ezweni umnotho wemvelo, umthamo womuntu, kanye nokusentshenziswa kwe ucwaningo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe okuqhubekayo.

isiphetho

ERussia, it is isakhiwa izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze alondoloze futhi sathuthukisa ezomnotho. Ikakhulukazi, embonini kawoyela kulindeleke ukuba uqhubeke kumiswa izinhlangano thwi ihlanganiswe. imisebenzi yabo bagxile ukukhiqizwa hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi ukucutshungulwa izinto zokusetshenziswa ethathwe izidubedube. Ngo amabhizinisi Metallurgical inikeza ukwanda njalo i-scope ne izinga metal kukhiqizwa. Ukuze afeze zonke izinhlelo zakhe kudinga ukusetshenziswa imishini zobuchwepheshe, entsha izikimu eziphambili ukukhiqizwa. Mayelana kuyanda afakwa ku metal amanani, imboni ingenye ezikhangayo kakhulu utshalomali. Lokhu, kuyobe ngokushesha kuholele ngcono la amabhizinisi. Umkhakha elinesimo ezingeni zesayensi kanye lobuchwepheshe eliphezulu (isibonelo, ukukhiqizwa missile futhi isikhala izinhlelo, umkhakha zenuzi, i-biotechnology ndawo, esindayo umshini amathuluzi, njll), isimo lusekele oqondile. Lubonakaliswa ngesimo ukuthekelisa credits, zonke izinhlobo uxhaso, utshalomali zomphakathi nokuhweba. Nokho, indlela eyinhloko kabusha emnothweni Russian nokukhathazeka kabusha izinkampani ekunqandeni nge linganciphisa umthamo wamandla zomthetho, okwandisa ukukhiqizwa izimpahla anegunya ezifunwayo kokubili ezimakethe angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Ingxenye ebalulekile uthuthukiswe kohlelo ubhekwa ukwakheka kwezimo ezifanele ukuthuthukiswa imisebenzi eziphambili nezesikhathi esizayo, okuyisisekelo ezingaba langempela kwezomnotho isimo.