Ibhalansi zesifundazwe. Model ibhalansi interbranch. Inkinga ibhalansi nezinye izinhlaka zesifundazwe

On ukuhlela Enough wathi. Kungakhathaliseki isimo sethu kule nqubo, siyaqhubeka ebhekene isidingo ukufanisa amandla abo nezifiso zabo. Futhi uma empilweni yakho eyodwa noma ezimbili abantu kungaba okungalungile izinhlelo ke umnotho isimo, futhi ngisho lonke Union amandla ngokungalungile izindleko kwehlisa nge inzuzo kungaba ngendlela ephawulekayo nomthelela. Ngakho-ke, ibhalansi nezinye izinhlaka zesifundazwe emnothweni esine imininingwane yayo kwezimpahla namasevisi unesikhundla ehamba phambili.

Balance imodeli - kuyini?

ukumodeliswa Economic-zezibalo amasistimu nezinqubo ngenkuthalo isebenzisa okuthiwa ibhalansi onobuhle esekelwe ukuqhathanisa kanye nokwenza kwezidingongqangi ezikhona. Ngamagama zezibalo, indlela ibhalansi kuhilela ukwakhiwa kwesimiso zibalo achaza isimo sokulingana phakathi imikhiqizo kanye nesidingo ukuthola le mikhiqizo.

Iqembu cwaningo ngokuvamile siqukethe izinhlangano eziningana kwezomnotho, okuyiwona ayingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu ukukhiqizwa edliwe kumazwe, futhi ingxenye ithathwa nensika yalo kanye ibonwa njengoba "umkhiqizo wokugcina". Balance amamodeli zisebenzisa igama elivamile elithi "isisetshenziswa" kunokuba umuntu "umkhiqizo", enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukulawula ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo.

Okwenza imodeli

interbranch ibhalansi indlela - esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu abahlaziyi kwezomnotho. Kuyinto matrix okuza abonisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza phezu izindawo ezikhethiwe zisebenzisa. Ukuze axazulule ithebula kabani amaseli ugcwele iziqondiso izindleko ngqo womshini iyunithi ukukhiqizwa.

Ngenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi uhlelo ukusebenzisa ukusebenza wangempela iyiphi ibhizinisi elilodwa akunakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, okuza (okungu) kubalwa izincwadi zabo kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umkhakha ehlanzekile", ie. E. Omunye ukuthi luhlanganisa zonke izikhungo yokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokubheka kwakuwukuthi noma uhlobo ubunikazi. Lokhu kudala inkinga enkulu ekulungiseleleni ingxenye ulwazi amamodeli we kwezomnotho izinhlelo.

UMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa imodeli

Ngokokuqala ngqá ngo-isidingo ukuthola ukuzimelela phakathi kwezidingo ukukhiqizwa amagatsha ahlukene ahlinzekwa zezomnotho Soviet zabantu eziye zafunda izibalo ukuthuthukiswa komnotho iminyaka 1923-1924. Iziphakamiso lokuqala wawuqukethe kuphela mayelana nekhwalithi izixhumanisi phakathi kwemikhakha ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa mikhiqizo.

Kodwa isicelo real esisebenzayo kule mibono engatholakali. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva Economist V. Leontev washayelwa ukubaluleka ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlaka zesifundazwe emnothweni. Umsebenzi wakhe uye enikelwe ukudala umfuziselo zezibalo ukuthi kusivumela hhayi kuphela ukuhlaziya isimo samanje emnothweni kazwelonke, kodwa futhi akwazi zimo kungenzeka.

ibhalansi Interbranch Wayekhona ezweni ngokuthi indlela "yokufaka-okukhipha". Futhi ngo-1973, usosayensi waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel kwezomnotho sokuthuthukiswa ukuhlaziywa imikhakha imifanekiso isicelo.

Indlela yokusebenzisa imodeli

Imodeli we Leontief okokufaka-okukhipha ibhalansi isicelo ukuhlaziya isimo umnotho US. Ngesikhathi postulates theory ezithathwe ngendlela zibalo zangempela komugqa. Lokhu kubalwa lukhombisa ukuthi izinga ezihlongozwayo ososayensi njengoba izinkomba ukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhakha, izinze ngempela futhi njalo.

Phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili liye ihlaziye Leontief okokufaka-okukhipha ukulingana umnotho kwamaNazi eJalimane. Ngokusho imiphumela yalolu cwaningo-United States ezikhonjwe okuhlosiwe osendaweni ezibalulekile. Futhi ngemva kwempi, ikhwalithi kanye ivolumu Unikeza Ubufakazi-zokuqashisa futhi namanje kunqunywa ngesisekelo ezitholakala endleleni Leontief okokufaka-okukhipha ibhalansi.

ESoviet Union wakha imodeli izikhathi 7 kusukela 1959. Ososayensi baye bazitshela ukuthi kule minyaka emihlanu edlule, ubudlelwane kwezomnotho angabhekwa esitebeleni, futhi ngakho-ke zonke izimo kubhekwe ukuba static. Nokho, le ndlela iye ayitholakalanga yokwanda okubanzi, t. Ukuze. On the ubuhlobo imikhakha ithele ithonywe isimo sezombangazwe. Ubuhlobo kwezomnotho kwangempela babebhekwa njengabangakufanelekeli yesibili.

Ingqikithi nomqondo

Model ibhalansi interbranch - incazelo ubudlelwano phakathi ukukhululwa kwe-umkhiqizo embonini efanayo, futhi izindleko kanye ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla bemikhakha yonke abathintekayo emsebenzini wokukhiqiza mikhiqizo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwenziwa amalahle, amathuluzi ensimbi ezidingekayo; Ngesikhathi esifanayo, steel idinga ilahle yokuncibilikisa ithusi. Ngakho, ibhalansi okokufaka-okukhipha inselele ukuthola isilinganiso zamalahle nensimbi, lapho umphumela kwezomnotho uzobe laba likhulu.

Ngomqondo obanzi singasho ukuthi imiphumela imodeli esakhiwe kungacacisa nekusebenta ukukhiqizwa ngokuvamile, ukuthola izindlela kahle zamanani, futhi ukukhomba izici ezibaluleke kakhulu sokukhula komnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba bahlanganyele ukubikezela.

imisebenzi esemqoka

• Kubeka kahle izinqubo zokukhiqiza kabusha, esekelwe impahla kanye Ukwakheka indaba ka umkhakha imithombo.
• Ukuvezwa ukukhululwa komkhiqizo nokusakazwa kwayo.
• Ucwaningo enemininingwane yenqubo ukukhiqizwa, ukudalwa izimpahla kanye namasevisi, inzuzo ezingeni imikhakha yezomnotho.
• Ukuthuthukisa we siphawule izici ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza.

Ngoba indlela "yokufaka-okukhipha" achazwa imisebenzi sicubungule kwezibalo. Analytical ivumela ukubikezela izinqubo othakazelisayo imboni kanye nomnotho wonkana; akwazi isimo ngokushintsha idatha ezahlukene kanye nezinkomba. Umsebenzi kwezibalo inikeza ukungaguquguquki kokuhlola ka ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene - emabhizinisini, amabhajethi zesifunda, amasevisi intela, njll ...

Mathematical imodeli umbono

Ngamagama zezibalo, imodeli esithwele - isimiso umehluko zibalo (hhayi njalo lwento), ezibonisa isimo yakhoibrium phakathi Imininingwane kukhiqizwa imikhiqizo umkhakha kanye nesidingo ke.

Amamodeli we izinhlelo zezomnotho ngokuvamile uvezwa in ifomu tabular (bheka. Fig.). It umkhiqizo aggregate ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezimbili: wangaphakathi (Intermediate) kanye yokugcina. Umnotho kazwelonke zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu simiso izimboni n friendly, ngamunye edlala indima ekukhiqizeni nasekusakazeni oqothulayo.

quadrant

Leontief okokufaka-okukhipha ibhalansi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine (quadrant). quadrant ngamunye (Fig. Bathi zibaliwe 1-4) has nokuqukethwe kwalo kwezomnotho. Ngo isibonisi kuqala imikhakha zokuxhumana impahla - uhlobo checkerboard. I okuza elise ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo lemigqa namakholomu, okhethwe XY futhi aqukethe ulwazi mayelana ukugeleza imikhiqizo phakathi kwamagatsha. X Y - nenani izimboni ezikhiqiza futhi kudle imikhiqizo. Isikhundla x23, isibonelo, kufanele uhunyushwe ngendlela elandelayo: ukubaluleka izindlela zokukhiqiza, ekhishwe wemboni 2 no-3 kudliwe umkhakha (izindleko impahla). Isamba tonkhe tincenye waya engxenyeni yokuqala limelela yonyaka Isikhwama nokubuyisela izinto.

Waya engxenyeni yesibili iqoqo imikhiqizo yokugcina zonke izimboni yokukhiqiza. Umkhiqizo ekupheleni ibizwa ngokuthi, kungaphezu wemboni ukukhiqizwa endaweni ukusetshenziswa sokugcina futhi inqwaba. Expanded ibhalansi umdwebo sibonisa izindlela kokusebenzisa lo mkhiqizo: ukusetshenziswa zomphakathi kanye nezizimele, isitoreji, yokutakula futhi ukuthekelisa.

Waya engxenyeni yesithathu ichaza ingeniso kazwelonke. Kuyinto isamba okukhipha net (inkokhelo futhi nomholo amagatsha) kanye isinxephezelo Isikhwama. Futhi isibonisi Imininingwane wesine mayelana nokusatshalaliswa sokugcina. Kuyinto ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo kanye nemigqa we quadrant yesibili lwesithathu. Lolu lwazi luyadingeka ukuze umuntu ukuqonda ukwakheka kohlelo engenayo kanye nezindleko sabantu, imithombo ngezimali, izindleko of sphere non-elikhiqizayo , nokunye. D.

Qaphela ukuthi ingqikithi quadrant yesibili, yesithathu neyesine (ngamunye) kufanele isungulwe somkhiqizo ngonyaka.

setha of zibalo

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhiqizo wamazwe e akusho ngokomthetho basonta yimuphi omunye izingxenye ngenhla, namanje abakhona kule-balance sheet. Ikholomu kuya kwesokudla waya engxenyeni yesibili, futhi umugqa zisendaweni yesithathu, sibonise umkhiqizo wamazwe. Ulwazi etholwe kusuka lezi zinto, ikuvumela uhlole ngokunemba ibhalansi Imininingwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungasiza ukwakha imodeli kwezomnotho kanye zezibalo.

Elisho umkhakha umkhiqizo okukhulu X ne-index elihambisana inani amagatsha kukwazi ukwakhiwa njengoba isilinganiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo. Okwakushiwo kwezomnotho we equation sokuqala okulandelayo: inani izindleko impahla yanoma yimuphi igatsha komnotho ukukhiqizwa yayo net kulingana umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene esachazwa umkhakha (amakholomu).

I kwesibalo ibhalansi interbranch yesibili ibonisa ukuthi inani izindleko impahla uqede umkhiqizo othile futhi umkhiqizo wokugcina elilodwa noma kwenye indawo ezimbi okukhipha umkhakha (umugqa ibhalansi).

Ukuphela umbono kohlelo of zibalo

Nge amafomula ngenhla, yethulwe zingene imodeli imiqondo enjalo:

• nezindleko ngqo-matrix okuza A = {au};
• okwedlulele okukhipha Vector X (ikholomu);
• Vector ye-product yakho yokugcina Y (ikholomu).

Model ngefomu-matrix uzobe esachazwa maqondana:

X = AX + Y.

It uhlala kuphela ukuba sikhumbule ukuthi ibhalansi kufana ukuphila usayizi, futhi ngokuya imali.