Imali - umqondo, timphawu tesakhiwo futhi

Imali supply - is, eqinisweni, stock labetibambile kwelinye izwe imali. isakhiwo sayo siqukethe amanothi zemali bezinhlangano ezihlukahlukene, kanye non-cash izimali ngama-akhawunti asebhange wombuso kanye izakhamuzi zalo - ngabanye nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho. Kufanele ikhumbule ukuthi kungenzeka enana kanye ukwakha uhlelo, abolekise, kusukela lezi yizinkomba kuholele sokukhuphula noma ukuncipha inani cash elisetshenziswa isimo esifanayo.

I lokubolekwa uhlelo

Kusukela ngo-1992, imali supply waseRussia ubalwa kusetshenziswa amayunithi eyayihlanganisa tinhlobo letehlukene yokukhokha. Lezi zibalo eqenjini elithile akhawunti asebhange, ikhumbula ukuguqulwa kwezinsiza non-cash labetibambile phezu kwabo amafa ketshezi ukuthi kungenziwa ngokushesha wachitha. Ezisetshenziswa kakhulu M0, ehlanganisa zonke izinhlobo imali, babe ngezinga eliphakeme of impahla ibe yimali. Uma kungenzeka ukuba lula isakhiwo, ukwaba imali bese ihlola ifomu fixed ukuthi kungenziwa umklomelo ku bill yasebhange, noma isetshenziswe njengethuluzi lokubandlulula izindlela ezimele yokukhokha.

Inkomba M1 ithuthuke kakhulu, futhi isakhiwo yayo njengendlela yokukhokha kuhlanganisa isici M0, nemali non-cash owawuse-akhawunti asebhange wamanje kanye isiphetho. Kulesi simo, zezimali iba aphansi njengoba imali sabantu nezinhlangano ezingokomthetho ukuguqula ku imali akunakwenzeka.

Imali ukunikezela esikalini esebenzisa i-M2, okuyindawo ehlanganisa isicelo imali yephepha wezwe kanye nezinye yokukhokha kanye izindlela zokuthenga, kuhlanganise izibopho, amanothi promissory futhi izitifiketi zezimali ezitshaliwe. Ukuze ifomu non-cash lokhu Inkomba zihlanganisa elithi imali, okuyinto zitholakala kuma-akhawunti asebhange kuze kokuphela eside yesivumelwano phakathi isakhamuzi kanye isikhungo sezezimali.

I zezomnotho Russian ukuqaliswa izilinganiso yemali esetshenziselwa kanye M3 aggregate, okuyinto yakhiwa izibambiso. Njengomthetho, kuba isibopho kuhulumeni ukubolekisa ukuthi akuzona izindlela agcwele yokukhokha. Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, basuke siguqulelwa imali yangempela, uma lezo zibambiso kuthengiswa emakethe evulekile.

isakhiwo

Kumelwe sikhumbule ukuthi isakhiwo supply imali akuyona njalo, lishintsha kaningi. With ukuthuthukiswa emakethe umnotho, inani banknotes ayesekhona cishe hhayi okhula, ngenkathi isimo, izakhamizi kanye izikhonzi umsebenzi ebhizinisi zonke izinhlobo izinkokhelo ezisetshenziswa ikakhulukazi non-cash izimali ku amakhadi epulasitiki noma ama-akhawunti yasebhange. ERussia, supply imali futhi oyiyo sihluke kakhulu isimo evamile emazweni asentshonalanga.

Ngakho, ukubala mayelana 42-65% zemali zilingana nemali izikweletu, futhi ingxenye encane ewela non-cash izindlela, kodwa izakhamuzi njalo ngonyaka more and more ekukhokheleni izimpahla uthenge ngekhadi lesikweletu noma debit card. A supply imali ehambisana ne-ratio wonke amayunithi kusukela M0 ukuba M3, okuyinto sici isikhathi esithile. Ukushintsha ivolumu kwawo kuxhomeke kulokho ukwanda noma kwehla inani yokukhokha kwegazi, kanye ukwanda noma kwehla isilinganiso sabo inzuzo.

imali supply ehola zezomnotho zabo kudingeka bushintshe ukugwema ingozi emali ezingalindelekile. izingxenye elilinganiselwe ngamunye amayunithi, futhi, uma kunesidingo, eyenziwa izinyathelo zokwandisa yisabelo izindlela non-liquid yokukhokha. Ngokwesibonelo, ekhishwe izibambiso kahulumeni bese zidayiswa labantu, ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo ukuheha imali bezakhamuzi kwenye amabhange ngokusebenzisa deposit izinhlelo.