Ephakathi: izici futhi izici

Ephakathi kanye Renaissance - izinkathi bhá e emlandweni wesintu. Bakhumbula izenzakalo ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinguquko. Ngokulandelako, cabangela ikakhulukazi Ephakathi.

Uhlolojikelele

Ephakathi ngokwanele isikhathi eside. Phakathi nohlaka salo ukuvela kumiswa okwalandela impucuko European kanye nenguquko yayo - kwathatha isikhathi esisha. Ephakathi is uvela kokuwa Western Roman (476) Nokho, ngokuvumelana izazi zanamuhla, fair ngaphezulu ukunweba umngcele ngaphambi 6 - ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-8, ngemuva ayehlasela amaLombard e-Italy. Siqedile kwenkathi ephakathi Maphakathi nekhulu le-17. Yokutholwa athathwa ngokuthi ukuphela kwenkathi inguquko wobunxiwankulu eNgilandi. Nokho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi leminyaka elidlule kuhluke uhlamvu ephakathi. Abacwaningi bavame ukuba ahlukaniswe kusukela maphakathi nawo-16 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-17. Lokhu "ezimele" ingxenye zesikhashana emelelwa ngenkathi ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Noma kunjalo, ukuthi lokhu ukuthi periodization yangaphambilini kunalokho ezivamile.

Izimpawu Ephakathi

Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona kumiswa impucuko European. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala uchungechunge okutholwe yisayensi nokuma kwezwe, izimpawu zokuqala ekubuseni kwanamuhla kwentando yeningi - parliamentarism. abacwaningi Russian, silahle nokuchazwa enkathini ephakathi njengoba nenkathi "obscurantism" kanye "enkathini yobumnyama", ukufuna ukugqamisa mkhuba futhi izenzakalo aguqula Europe ku impuncuko entsha ngokuphelele, njengoba elibanzi ngangokunokwenzeka. Eziyiyo nezinkinga ezimbalwa. Omunye wabo kwencazelo izici eziyisisekelo kwezehlalakuhle nomnotho impucuko amakhosi asendulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi ozama ukwethula ngokugcwele emhlabeni yobuKristu Ephakathi.

isakhiwo zomphakathi

Bekusikhathi, okuyinto ubuswa imodi izinduna zokukhiqiza kanye element wezolimo. Lokhu kunjalo ikakhulukazi nobuntu enkathini yokuqala. INhlangano yayimelelwe ngezindlela ezithile:

• Bezindlu. Lapha umnikazi ukwanelisa kakhulu izidingo zabo ezibonakalayo ngokusebenzisa zabasebenzi zabantu nasekuthengeni.
• Okukhulu kakhulu. Kusukela izindlu ayevelele iqiniso lokuthi ngezikhathi lapha bahlangana abantu abafundile owayazi ukuthi ukubhala izincwadi futhi ngiye ngabhekana nesikhathi ukwenza kanjalo.
• Inkantolo Royal. Wathuthela kusuka endaweni eyodwa kuya kwenye futhi ihlelwe ukuphathwa futhi ukuphila silandela isibonelo izigodi ezivamile.

polity

Yasungulwa ngonyaka ka izigaba ezimbili. Eyokuqala besihambisana nesiminyaminya kwavumela ukuba ESonto LamaRoma futhi zamaJalimane Ushintshe nezikhungo zomphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zezombusazwe ngesimo "imibuso ngowezizwe". Ngesikhathi isimo 2nd esiteji futhi umphakathi izinduna kukhona uhlelo oluthile. Ngokuhamba babhekane nezinga elikhulu kwezenhlalo futhi khona ukukhuluma ngethonya elandayo Izicukuthwane lawela phakathi kwabanikazi umhlaba - abantu leziphathamandla kwavela ubuhlobo kwakuwukuthi futhi ukubusa. Ephakathi libhekene khona isakhiwo izindlu-corporate, okuvela isidingo ngamaqembu ahlukene emphakathini. Indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke kukhala isikhungo isimo. Inikeza ukuvikelwa sabantu kusukela abakhululekileyo nabayizigqila izinduna nezinsongo zangaphandle. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo mthetho omunye nokuxhaphaza eyinhloko abantu, ngoba limelela izithakazelo ngokuyinhloko we nezigaba zabantu ababusayo.

isikhathi sesibili

Ngemva kokuphela ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi kuye kwaba ukusheshisa abalulekile ukuvela umphakathi. Umsebenzi onjengalona kwakubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane yemali kanye exchange of ukukhiqizwa lezimpahla. Akuchubeki ukwandisa ukubaluleka edolobheni, okokuqala wayesekhona igunya lezombangazwe nezokuphatha e Abakhulu - izigodi, futhi ideologically - esigodlweni sezindela. Ngemva kwalokho, nomgomo walo ukuthuthukiswa ezihlobene kumiswa uhlelo lomthetho esikhathini okusha Times. Le nqubo ngeke kube ukubona komuntu, ngenxa ukudalwa imiphakathi yasemadolobheni iyazama ukubonisa, sivikele inkululeko ekulweni uJehova elibusayo. Yingaleso sikhathi lapho izakhi lokuqala umuzwa yeningi wobulungisa waqala ukuthatha ukuma. Nokho, izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi kwakungeke kube yinto kwesokudla ngempela ukufuna umsuka imiqondo zomthetho yesimanjemanje kuphela ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Lokubaluleke kakhulu babe abameleli kwamanye amakilasi. Ngokwesibonelo, kumiswa imibono mayelana unesithunzi yokuya lombhalo ukwazi amakhosi asendulo futhi ekuqaleni kwaba uhlamvu ahlukile. Kusukela Kulokhu singaphetha ngokuthi inkululeko yeningi ziye zashintsha volnolyubiya abavelele emphakathini.

Iqhaza yesonto

nefilosofi sezenkolo Ephakathi waba incazelo oluphelele. Isonto nokholo ligcwele ngokuphelele ukuphila komuntu - kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekufeni. Inkolo amangalelwe ukuphathwa inkampani, wenza imisebenzi eminingi, yabe esimweni. Isonto kwesikhathi lahlelwa ku esiqinile canons phezulu. Ngezinye ikhanda kwaba upapa - LamaRoma Upapa. Wawunodonga isimo sawo Central Italy. Kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu, zithobeni upapa kwakungamadodana zababhishobhi nababhishobhi abakhulu. Bonke babethenga nabakhulu izinduna balidla imibuso yonke. Kwakuwusuku ichopho umphakathi amakhosi asendulo. Ngaphansi ithonya lenkolo kukhona sphere ezahlukene umsebenzi womuntu: isayense, imfundo kanye namasiko Ephakathi. amandla amakhulu bagxila kule yayiphethwe isonto. Lords namakhosi, edinga usizo naye futhi amsekele, ngigezwe wakhe ngezipho, amalungelo, zizama ukuthenga usizo wakhe kanye nendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ifilosofi benkolo Ephakathi kwadingeka ngemitselela zabantu okhalela phansi opholile. ISonto wafuna bushelelezi phezu tembangave, obiza isihe abaphundlwe futhi licindezelwe, ukuze ukusatshalaliswa izipho abampofu futhi ukunqanda namthetho.

Ithonya lenkolo ekuthuthukiseni impucuko

IBandla kulawulwa ukushicilelwa amabhuku nemfundo. Ngenxa yethonya lezingane ubuKristu ekhulwini lesi-9, umphakathi uye baba nesimo esihle sengqondo ngokuyinhloko entsha nokuqonda womshado nomndeni. Ekuqaleni kuka-medieval babe izinhlangano lalivamile kwezihlobo eziseduze inani labantu abashadayo ngempela ezivamile futhi eziningi. Kungenxa nalesi zonke walwa nesonto. Inkinga womshado kungesinye amasakramente lobuKristu, cishe sekube isihloko inombolo enkulu yemibhalo zenkolo. Enye impumelelo avelele LamaKatolika kuleyo nkathi yomlando kubhekwa yasemshadweni kwamangqamuzana nokwakheka kwamanye ingaphazamiseki - ifomu evamile yokuphila umndeni namuhla ekhona.

ukuthuthukiswa komnotho

Ngokwabacwaningi eziningi, entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe kubuye kuhlobane nge yokwanda okwandile kuyimfundiso yobuKristu. Umphumela waba ushintsho esimweni sengqondo sabantu nemvelo. Ikakhulukazi, it is a ukwenqaba we anamahlazo kanye enqabelo eziye madolonzima ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. Imvelo saphela deku bawosi kanye into ekhonzwayo. Isimo somnotho, technical ngcono nokwasungulwa ziye zaba nomthelela ukuba ngcono okukhulu lokuphila esitebeleni ngokwanele emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka esikhathini amakhosi asendulo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi, sona kwase kudingeka futhi isigaba ngempela engokwemvelo kumiswa imiphakathi yobuKristu.

Kumiswa bezibona entsha

Emphakathini, ubuntu wesintu ephakeme zenani kuka eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Lokhu kwakungenxa ngenxa yokuthi impucuko ephakathi, benamandla umoya wobuKristu, akafunanga ukwaba umuntu kusukela imvelo ngenxa ukuthambekela ukuthi izwe. Kule ndaba, kungaba yiphutha ukucabanga ukuthi ongakhuluma ngazo, okuthiwa, uvikelwe kumiswa izici zobuntu uMuammar isonto phezu ngendoda eyaphila Ephakathi. On ezindaweni Western wenkolo bavame kusebenta olandelanayo neliqinisayo umsebenzi ukuhlinzeka isimo ekuthuthukiseni abantu. Kuyinto engenakwenzeka futhi sicabange ukunxanela okungokomoya yomuntu ngaleso sikhathi ngaphandle kwendlu yesonto. Kuyinto ulwazi imvelo futhi ngoNkulunkulu, okuyinto waphefumulela izimiso esontweni, ke emenza isiko ahlukahlukene, ezimibalabala futhi ephapheme Ephakathi. Isonto kwakheka ezikoleni kanye emayunivesithi, ukhuthaze ukunyathelisa futhi ezihlukahlukene izingxabano zenkolo.

Ekuphetheni

Sonke lesi sakhiwo umphakathi KweNkathi Ephakathi ngokuvamile okuthiwa feudalism (njengoba igama elithi "izinduna" - Umklomelo ezikhonza ngaphansi). Futhi lokhu naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi leli gama alinikezi incazelo oluphelele idivayisi isikhathi emphakathini. Izici eziyinhloko sikhathi kufanele zihlelwe njengokulandelayo:

• okuhlushwa emizaneni iningi eliphelele abakhileyo;
• the predominance ka ukulimela ukuziphilisa ;
• isikhundla esivelele abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu emphakathini;
• ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwamakhosi kanye ayephelezelwa amandla;
• ukubusa lwenkolo yobuKristu;
• isimo unfree ka ongumlimi abaninimhlaba enisezweni kwencika siqu iNkosi;
• ukungabi khona nenkanuko engalawulwa ingcebo ekuqongeleleni emphakathini.

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu ubunye yamasiko iYurophu yayingeke yobuKristu. Kwakuthinta ngesikhathi kokubuyekezwa, sesiye omunye izinkolo zezwe. The Christian Church yayisekelwe ngempucuko yasendulo, bephika hhayi kuphela izimiso zokuziphatha ezibheka ubudala, kodwa ukuchaza kabusha kubo. Inkolo, umcebo walo esigaba sabefundisi, yinye nasesimweni sengqondo, ukuziphatha, umthetho nasezimisweni zokuziphatha - zonke lezi zakha amafilosofi olulodwa amakhosi asendulo. Lokho ubuKristu buvezwa Ngokuphambene eyenziwa ngenkathi ephakathi emphakathini eYurophu nezinye izinhlaka zomphakathi nakwamanye amazwekazi ngaleso sikhathi.