Road Roman: incazelo, umlando, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

umgwaqo yaseRoma lasendulo ehlanganiswa hhayi kuphela Roma, kodwa futhi umbuso wakhe elikhulu. Baqale uvele Italy, bese ukwakhiwa yabo kwenziwa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene e-Europe, Asia nase-Afrika. Umi izixhumanisi zenethiwekhi kuphi umbuso. Ekuqaleni yayihloselwe kuphela lempi, kodwa sokuthula washukumisa amakhuriya yayishaya, okwakuyinto ebalulekile kakhulu wonke umphakathi. umgwaqo basendulo babesebenzisa ngoba emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, ngisho nangemva ukuwa mbuso omkhulu.

lesikhumbuzo endala

Abahlukile ngesikhathi sawo izinga imigwaqo yaseRoma kwaba umphumela isimo kokuqondisa ukwakhiwa yabo. Kakade Nambili Amathebula (okuqondene V leminyaka BC. E.) Ingabe kunqunywa ububanzi izindlela olulodwa futhi ubophekile abantu ababehlala eduze kwabo, ucingo iziza zabo.

Roman itshe umgwaqo kwebhuloho ngamunye, ukuze kwaba elula zabahamba kanye namahhashi. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli su yokwakha yakhetha ngomshini kumhloli wezincwadi Appiy Klavdy le-CEC. On oda bakhe ekupheleni BC IV leminyaka. e. Yakhiwa umgwaqo phakathi Capua neRoma. Ngesikhathi lapho Republic baba uMbuso, lonke nhlonhlo sahlanganiswa kule nethiwekhi ezokuthutha obalulekile.

I-Appian Way isungule ukuxhumana phakathi eRoma langempela noma phesheya, kamuva owaba izifundazwe eziningi zombuso: Greece, e-Asia Minor, eGibhithe. Namuhla, kuhlanganise nalokho uhlala emendweni yasendulo, etholakala ezihlukahlukene izikhumbuzo esidlule. Lokhu villa ahlukile, esetshenziswa amaJuda namaKristu of catacombs. Eceleni kwabo uthole izinqaba ephakathi imibhoshongo, kanye ukwakhiwa Italian Renaissance.

Rise and Fall

Njalo umgwaqo omusha waseRoma wabe uthola igama layo kusukela kumhloli wezincwadi, lapho yakhiwa, noma igama esifundazweni. Bridges kuphela labo izindlela okuyinto atholiwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni noma emaphethelweni-ke. Ezinye izindaba zika-inethiwekhi laligcwele amatshe, isihlabathi futhi amatshe - izinto ezikhiqizwa emigodini ekhethekile.

Phezulu amandla sasendulo saseRoma-Empire Road waba obuphelele esibalelwa amakhilomitha acishe abe yizinkulungwane 100. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo ukuthi isimo uthola izimali okukhulu kusukela kwangaphakathi ezweni ukuhweba. Nge ukunwetshwa kwezomnotho kwenziwa bathengisi. imikhiqizo Mediterranean manje ubanjwe kulezo zindawo ukuthi musa ngisho nokuphupha ngazo. YaseRoma lasendulo Road wasiza baphathe kuyafana iwayini Iberia nokusanhlamvu Numidian.

Ngo umbuso III ekhulwini kwaba ngaphansi eziningi ukuhlaselwa izizwe ngowezizwe. ibutho Okokuqala angabeZizwe baphanga kuphela izifunda umngcele. Nokho, lapho amandla bababusi buthaka zidlamlilo waqala ukungena ngisho langena e-Italy. Noma yimuphi emigwaqweni yaseRoma ukuthi kuvuliwe indlela yabo, lula namaqaba ekuphangeni njengoba ngesikhathi esifanele wamabutho Latin. Lapho umbuso ziwile, ukwakhiwa izindlela ezintsha ukuyeka. I "imibuso ngowezizwe" ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi eziningi ubunjiniyela izakhiwo lamaRoma elahliwe futhi.

namasu asendulo

ERoma kwakukhona isimo ehhovisi olukhethekile Umdabuli. Laba bantu babehilelekile wokugubha umzila komgwaqo esizayo. Ukuze iwenze ube lula umsebenzi onjalo esetshenziswa amathuluzi akhethekile. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona emgqeni omude, i-goniometers ukufana, diopters esingunxantathu ukuze kutholakale ukuphakama ukuqondanisa.

Umgwaqo sidlula indawo emazombezombe, ezakhiwa nge ukuchema kuzo encishisiwe induduzo nokuphepha lezihambi. Cornering ithrekhi baba ebanzi. Lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze bazithole zibhekane ezinqoleni bakwazi miss ngaphandle kwenkinga.

intuthuko ukwakhiwa

umgwaqo ngamunye Roman iqala neqiniso ukuthi kusendaweni yako agawule sonke isivuno kwanoma iyiphi izihlahlana. Ngemva izibalo geodetic kanye izilinganiso ukumaka up. Lokhu kwalandelwa umklamo, okuyinto eyenziwa onjiniyela. Ukwakhiwa abathintekayo nezigqila, iziboshwa noma amasosha. Phakathi kwabo kwakukhona nabakhi juqa phansi amapuleti ekhethekile sibekwa isisekelo komgwaqo.

Ukwakhiwa kwenziwa kanyekanye etincenyeni letehlukene ngokufanele kude komunye nomunye. Umgwaqo lalinabashumayeli izingqimba eziningana nokunye kancane zazilengela bekhwela flat. Uma umzila owawugobhoza amagquma, abasebenzi angase amakhe embankments akhethekile ube nemigodi ngemigodi. awalethe Artificial futhi ayimigodi kusiza ukwenza zokuthutha Umthambo bushelelezi futhi zikhululekile. Nge usongo imvula phansi elidala Imigwaqo yaseRoma ifakwe zasesiteji.

Fundam lalinabashumayeli amabhlogo itshe planed. Gap therebetween kuyinto amanzi uhlelo elula (futhi waphunyuka sokukhipha ngaseziseleni emigwaqweni). kuye kwaba okudingekile ezikhonjelwe ukulumbana ebusweni Landelayo ungqimba isihlabathi noma amatshe. It is amanga phezu komhlaba noma lime oludingekayo ukwenza umsungulo sewebhu. Kwezinye izimo, umgwaqo ingahlukaniselwa ku ngezindlela ezimbili. Omunye besihloselwe amahhashi, elinye - abahamba emgwaqweni. isici enjalo ibilokhu iwusizo kakhulu uma esetshenziswa amabutho ezibizayo.

Imeyili oda nokuvikelwa

ERoma lasendulo, kwakukhona isikhathi ephelele kakhulu inkonzo yeposi. Izithunywa kwakuba abantu, ukujabulele Imigwaqo, ngokushesha besakaza izindaba kanye nemiyalezo izingxenye ezahlukene iningi wonke umbuso omkhulu. Emini babekwazi unqobe ngendlela amakhilomitha 75, owawungumnyaka impumelelo Amazing ngoba ezikhathini zasendulo. Njengomthetho, izithunywa ugibele ezinqoleni phama ukulayishwa amabhokisi. Uma umyalezo kuyaphuthuma, isisebenzi leposi bangaqhubeka ke eceleni ngehhashi.

Ukuze igcizelele amakhuriya yakhe isimo babefaka izigqoko ekhethekile eyenziwe lesikhumba. inkonzo yabo Kwakuyingozi ngoba abahambi ukuhlasela kubaphangi. Emigwaqweni ezakhiwa unogada okuthunyelwe. Military ababukele sezimoto emgwaqeni. Kwamanye amakamu kancane kancane lakhula ngamandla ngisho amadolobha.

Pubs zokuphuzela

travel eside ngeke akwenze ngaphandle lonke. Kuze kube yimanje, abakhi yomphakathi esakhiwe esiteshini ebusuku. Bakhandwa elise cishe 15 amakhilomitha kusuka komunye nomunye. Kukhona futhi amahhashi esishintshile. Ngisho ngaphezulu elula, kodwa babembalwa ababevumelana yezihambi nezindawo zokudlela. Bona abahambi ukuthenga ewusizo indlela izinto Bathengisa njengoba wensimbi noma engumthelisi.

Ezinye taverna (ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni akude) bajabulela idumela elibi. Khona-ke, abahambi alale kanye bendawo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi isiko okwandile yokungenisa izihambi owaphasiswa zomphakathi wamaRoma. Ngaphandle zezihambi kwakwenzeka uthole izinqolobane nasezindaweni ezigcina impahla emigwaqweni. Babaleka isevisi ekhethekile, unesibopho supply ukudla emadolobheni.

amabhuloho

Njengoba mgwaqo odumile kakhulu Roman (i-Appian, okuholela kusukela capital Capua), cishe wonke amanye imigwaqo ezakhiwa ohlangothini phambili. Abakhi zigwenywa nasemaxhaphozini. Uma nomzila owalandelwa emfuleni, abaklami baye bazama ukuthola ezibukweni. Nokho, amabhuloho Roman nekhwalithi ezahlukene, futhi ezinye zazo (njengoba Trajanov kwebhuloho phezu iDanube) ngisho ngasinda.

Phakathi nempi, iziphathimandla kungaba ngokuqondile ukubulala Ukunqamula emfuleni wokunqanda isitha ukuze engena ijule umbuso. Kodwa ngisho Kulokhu ahlale anakekelwa ngendlela efanayo, futhi amabhuloho ayibuyisela kamuva ngokushesha. Isici nobuntu isakhiwo yawo kwakuyilawa nemengamo. amabhuloho zamapulangwe kwadingeka ukuthi siphuka kalula kuka, kodwa ishibhile.

Ezinye ukweqa ezahlukene ukuxubana imiklamo. kungaba Ukusekela itshe, futhi flooring - izinkuni. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-ibhuloho e TRIER, emngceleni wonke uMbuso Germany. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi namuhla emzini German wahlala kuphela lasendulo izisekelo zamatshe. Ukuze unqobe emifuleni sibanzi esetshenziswa pontoon amabhuloho. Kwakunesidingo futhi umkhuba ukuhlela isikebhe.

Ikhadi nge imigwaqo i Antique

Phakathi nokubusa koMbusi Caracalla ekuqaleni we III ekhulwini senziwa uhambo Antoninus - incwadi-index, eye efakwe ohlwini hhayi kuphela imigwaqo zombuso, kodwa futhi ibanga labo, kanye nenye idatha ezithakazelisayo. Njengoba nokwakhiwa kwemigwaqo amaRoma ayeqhubeka eminyakeni okwalandela, ukuqoqwa kuphinde kulekelelwa izikhathi eziningana.

amabalazwe amaningi Antique kamuva amakhulu eminyaka igcinwe sezindela imitapo lonke elaseNtshonalanga Yurophu. Esikhathini XIII ekhulwini i umbhali akaziwa wenza ikhophi isikhumba idokhumenti ubudala. I mshini libizwa TABULA peutingeriana. enamakhasi angu-11 roll simelela sonke WamaRoma inethiwekhi yayo kwemigwaqo phezu ubukhulu bakhe.

Akungabazeki ukuthi imizila yezohwebo babekhonza iminyaka umthombo abantu lasendulo ulwazi mayelana izwe ligcwele izimfihlakalo. Ithebula abadumile ke emhlabeni imigwaqo eqoshiwe amagama ezizwe ezihlukahlukene abahlala komkhathi enkulukazi e-Afrika eNgilandi, futhi kusukela eNdiya kuze Atlantic Ocean.

emigwaqeni yomphakathi

Kukhona imithombo eminingi mayelana nendlela yokwakha yomgwaqo waseRoma. Labo, isibonelo, imisebenzi Sicula izinhlayiya zeqhwa - edumile ezweni Umdabuli lasendulo. I-Empire Road ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu. Eyokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi umphakathi, noma Bombusi. Lezi imizila exhunywe idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi ebaluleke kakhulu.

emigwaqeni yomphakathi, eyayintula ububanzi 12 metres, yayakhiwa isimo yengcebo izimali. Ukuze ngokwezimali ukwakhiwa ngezinye izikhathi intela yabo okwesikhashana. Kulokhu, kanye intela ekhokhwa edolobheni, okwakukhona kulo imigwaqo okubi okwakugcwele eMbusweni WaseRoma. Ngezinye izikhathi futhi ukuze umzila badabula emazweni okuqondene abanikazi esikhulu ocebile (isb, izicukuthwane). Khona-ke, lezi izakhamuzi futhi ukukhokha izintela. Ngezinye izindlela zomphakathi babe abanakekeli - Izikhulu, balandela isimo ngendwangu futhi unesibopho ukulungisa yayo.

Ukungcola futhi umgwaqo wangasese

Kusukela umphakathi imigwaqo amagatsha emgwaqweni izwe (uhlobo lwesibili, ngokuvumelana ngezigaba lasendulo). Lezi imizila ehlangene impucuko of emaphandleni aseduze. Bona zaba ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi inethiwekhi ezokuthutha yasebukhosini. Ububanzi yabo uyalingana 3-4 amamitha.

Uhlobo lwesithathu kuhlanganisa umgwaqo wangasese. Basuke usekelwa futhi kungeyakho abantu ngabanye. Ngokuvamile, le migwaqo zakhelwe kusuka izigodi abacebile adjoined kunethiwekhi ezivamile. Basiza aristocrats abacebile ngokushesha uthole enhlokodolobha Villas abo.