Umphakathi bakudala

Umlando ihlukaniswe izingqimba ezimbili: umphakathi zazingavumi kahle futhi bengenalo impucuko. Imibhalo yokuqala esigabeni lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu kuyinto operation bakudala ukuthi emabhulohweni ubude besikhathi zeminyaka abayizithulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili, lapho kwakungekho zokwakheka isimo, abakabi emthethweni.

Engakabi bayo, umphakathi bakudala ifikile indlela eside kwemvelo, eyabangela ushintsho umfanekiso waso eziphathelene nenhlalo namasiko kanye nezomnotho zedivayisi. Kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko emphakathini bakudala: owokuqala - umnotho appropriating, kwesibili - emnothweni elikhiqizayo. Ushintsho Kwenzeka ngezigaba Neolithic (revolution Neolithic) e 8-3 yeminyaka BC

Isigaba sokuqala libhekene kumiswa yomuntu njengomuntu biosocial. Abantu zisebenzisa amathuluzi alula itshe, babehlala ngezithukuthuku ukwabiwa imikhiqizo yemvelo (ukuhlangana, ngokudoba, ukuzingela), wayephila ukuphila Vagabond, abanobunye amaqembu endawo ngaphansi kobuholi umholi. Lona ngendlela elula zokuphila nenhlangano yomphakathi, okubonisa asezingeni eliphansi kwezentuthuko of ubudlelwano elikhiqizayo, ezenhlalo nezamasiko, ngokuthi esiteji bakudala noma imiphakathi yokuqala. Nokho, naphezu kwezinkinga elalibhekene kunezinxushunxushu ukuphila engaphakathi nomhlambi, laliba kuyofikwa ngowokuqala izindinganiso zomphakathi emphakathini bakudala, imithetho, izimiso, kanye namanye amaphethini kokuziphatha.

ongokwemvelo ayaqala ukuba akhale eyeqisayo ezenhlalo nezamasiko. Ubudlelwano phakathi beqembu olinganayo. Distribution ukudla nezinye izinto kuyinto iyunifomu. Ngesisekelo le ukulingana okulingana exchange (njengoba ukudla, amathuluzi, nabesifazane, njalo njalo). umholi weqembu kwamandla kuzibonakalisa imizwa kakhulu. Intando yakhe waqonda njengoba umhlambi kuyinsakavukela.

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi yokwanda kokungabi nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana, izinguquko kobuhlobo bomshado (ukubukeka exogamy kakhulu, wenqabela amabhayisikobho imishado izihlobo igazi) kanye Neolithic Revolution kwaholela ukuvela umndeni clan amaqembu. Kube ushintsho umhlambi phezu umphakathi tribal, eyayisekelwe nokuzwelana. Yakhelwe ubuhlobo rodoobschinnye ngaleso matriliny noma izimiso patrilineal.

Prehistory emva kwempi Neolithic engena esiyindilinga entsha. Abantu ukuya umnotho esikhiqiza, ebavumela ukuba ningabi nje kuphela ekuqinisekiseni ukusinda ngokwabo, kodwa futhi uqale ngenjongo ukunikeza ngokwabo ukudla nezinye izinto zibalulekile ukuze kube nokuphila. Sekuvele imfuneko kwathatha ukuphila umzimba. Kancane kancane, amaqembu emindeni umndeni ngamunye ukusungula ukulawula insimu ethile. isigaba lwasekuqaleni iphenduka ibe ngokuqinile ukuthi wakhula anda walandisa ethile abakhiqizi endaweni iqembu. Inhlangano yomphakathi esekelwe ukuzibusa kanye somoregulyatsii.

Kulesi sigaba of ekukhuleni komphakathi bakudala lithuthela khona ukwahlukana esinqunyiwe zomsebenzi, isabelo sokwaba ukudla futhi umshado. Izimiso ukulingana egalitarianism zisekhona. Kodwa, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhiqizwa nokusakazwa babekwazi kwenziwe ikhumbula imisebenzi amalungu ayo (ubulili, ubudala, njll). Izinzuzo iqembu possessed kanye nomholi walo. Ayephakathi kwabo bagxila amalungu iqembu, ukuthi ubani emuva izinzuzo anikezwe kubo owaziwa ukuthembeka. Ngakho kwaba khona uhlobo zangaphambi isimo uhulumeni.

I tribal gwamanda ezikhona kakade imithetho yokuziphatha kubopha wonke amalungu eqembu lakhe. amazinga IsiZulu baxhunywe ukuba totems, osetshenziselwa basezinganekwaneni. I-oda ukusatshalaliswa ukukhiqizwa kuba ezilungisiwe, ukulawula le nqubo ithatha phezu umholi. nobudlelwane bokuhlalisana zinezikhathi self-ukujwayeza: basekela izithakazelo, izinkolelo zenkolo kanye nezinye value-orientation. Kodwa akusho ukuthi lokhu ukukhipha kwezinkambiso ukuphindaphinda ngokucindezelwa ukuthi bahlakulele umphakathi lasekuqaleni. Lapho ukwephula lobugebengu Taboo zingase abaxoshwa noma ngaphansi ukufa.