Ngubani iVolga amaJalimane: Umlando izifiki isiJalimane

Izimo zethu zihluke kakhulu nzima ukwazi ukuthi uzodlala ngubani eVolga amaJalimane. Abanye ochwepheshe cabanga uhlanga yingxenye yesizwe isiJalimane, kuyilapho abanye - ubuzwe yokuqala, okwakubekelwa kwakheka kwi insimu yase Russia. Ngakho abangababiziweyo iVolga amaJalimane? Umlando waleli isizwe kuyosisiza ukuba siqonde ethnogenesis yayo.

Izizathu sokuxazulula le iVolga amaJalimane

Ake sibheke izizathu ezaholela yokuthi amaJalimane ukuba zazixake Lower iVolga esifundeni.

Yiqiniso, kwakukhona indima ebaluleke kunazo zonke izici ezimbili. Okokuqala, labantu Empire Russian akazange avumele ukuze ubone kahle hle kudume futhi usebenzise kahle njengobe nayo yonke indawo isimo. Ukuze bavale isikhala yokuntuleka nezisebenzi, bakhangwa ababaleki abavela kwamanye amazwe. Isikhathi esining impela lo mkhuba isetjentiswe kusukela Catherine 2. expanses enkulukazi olukhulunywa kuwo wonke uMbuso Russian ixazululwe baseBulgaria, amaGreki, abaseMoldavia amaSerbia futhi, yebo, amaJalimane, okuyinto Kuzoxoxwa. Lower iVolga nje libhekisela izindawo ezinengozi enjalo akuvamile ngabavela kuwo. Muva nje, kwakukhona ayimizulane Nogai zidlamlilo, kodwa eRussia lezwakala kusiza ukuthuthukisa ezolimo ezikhonza kula mazwe.

Isici sesibili wawubaluleke kangakanani isizathu kumiswa amaJalimane ngokobuhlanga iVolga esifundeni, wakhonza njengephayona zokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu eJalimane, lapho ngaleso sikhathi lalimelela iqembu uthi ezimele amaningi, ngokomthetho munye okuthiwa Ongcwele WaseRoma Kwesizwe-German. Inkinga eyinhloko labantu German kwaba ukuntuleka umhlaba kubo bonke abafuna ukusebenza kuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaJalimane baye babhekana nengcindezi kwezomnotho abalulekile iziphathimandla zendawo uhulumeni waseRussia wakunikela izinzuzo engakaze ibonwe.

Ngakho, uMbuso Russian edingekayo Manpower ukusingatha expanses yayo enkulu namaJalimane wayedinga ezweni ayengayihlakulela ukuba zondle imikhaya yazo. Lokho kuqondana izithakazelo kwaholela ekubeni ukuthuthela kwelinye izwe mass sabantu German ku iVolga esifundeni.

Manifesto

isignali okuqondile displacement lamaJalimane nezinye izizwe eRussia wakhonza njengephayona Manifesto of uCatherine 2, eyakhululwa ngo-ngasekupheleni 1762. Wavumela ezinye izizwe ukuba axazulule ngokukhululekile endaweni ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso.

ehlobo Ngokulandelayo, lokhu dokhumenti kwahambisana ngomunye Manifesto uthi bezinye izizwe bangase ngokwabo abakhetha izindawo zokuhlala phakathi kwemingcele ezungeze imibuso Russia.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uCatherine yena 2 kwaba German ngokuzalwa kanye nowokuzalwa ubukhulu Anhalt-Zerbst, ngakho wayazi ukuthi abantu eJalimane, ibhekene nesidingo ezweni, kuqala ukuphendula ucingo yokubusa kwamakhosi eRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena wayebazi Thrift nokukhuthala yama-Jalimane akuyona kulokho abakuzwa ngabantu.

izinzuzo bamakoloni

Ukuheha izifiki, Catherine 2, uhulumeni wabanikeza eziningi izinzuzo. Endabeni ukuswela imali ukuhambisa izakhamizi Russian phesheya saba ukuze abanikeze kwemithombo yezinto eziningi ezanele lohambo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, bonke bamakoloni sezikhululwa endaweni yomcebo amatemu ezahlukene intela, uma sebehleli ezindaweni ezithile, ikakhulukazi e-Lower iVolga esifundeni. Ngokuvamile, ukukhulula eside kusukela izintela zazilingana engamashumi amathathu.

Esinye isici esibalulekile esenza ikoloni okusheshayo zakwamanye amazwe ezinye Empire isiRashiya, kwaba Ukukhishwa imali engenanzalo ukuze ababaleki iminyaka eyishumi. Yayihloselwe ukuze kwakhiwe imizi ezindaweni ezintsha zokuhlala, izindlu wezokuThuthukiswa koMnotho.

Iziphathimandla zaseRussia ukuqinisekisa non-kuphazamisa yangaphakathi izindaba izikhulu bamakoloni. Ukuze usungule ukuphila e amakoloni futhi ubuhlobo babo zikahulumeni kuhlinzekelwe inhlangano behlukile ibhodi igunya.

Ukuqashwa kwababaleki

Iziphathimandla zikaHulumeni awazange kungagcini nje amathuba Izindawo futhi Ukukhishwa eziningi izinzuzo ukhange bamakoloni. Baqala ukuba aphishekele umgomo yomkhankaso asebenzayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ensimini ka amazwe German yaqala ukusakaza amaphephandaba kanye amapheshana inkulumo-ze izinto. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-Germany eziqhutshwa inhlangano ukuthi waziphatha wekuhlanganisa abokufika. Laba bantu babenjengomuntu bakahulumeni kanye nosomabhizinisi, okubizwa ngokuthi "Summoner", okuyinto angena isivumelwano nama-ejenti kahulumeni phezu ukunxenxa of bamakoloni.

Kwaphela iminyaka emine, kusukela ngo-1763, lapho ukugeleza kwabokufika kwaba okukhulu kakhulu, njengoba bamakoloni angaba yizinkulungwane 30. Abantu efika e-Russia. Cishe ingxenye babo babehamba ukubuthwa "umshayi". Iningi uzimisele ukuya baphile eRussia lezwakala kusuka eBavaria, Baden kanye Hesse.

Inhlangano lamalokishi lokuqala

Ekuqaleni, bamakoloni ziphuthunyiswe Petersburg (kamuva Oranienbaum - Emaphethelweni dolobha), lapho safike bajwayelane ukuphila namasiko yeRussia, wanika isifungo sokwethembeka kumbusi. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho baya ezweni laseningizimu iVolga esifundeni.

Kufanele ukuthi lo mgwaqo kwaba nzima impela futhi kuyingozi. Ngalesi uhambo ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, sabulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-ayizinkulungwane ezintathu, noma cishe 12.5% wezindleko.

Imizana kuqala, okuyinto ihlelwe amaJalimane manje Russian baba ikoloni Lower Dobrinka, umfana German ngokuthi Moninger. It yasungulwa ngo ehlobo lika-1764 eduze Tsaritsyno.

Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange-105 amakoloni izifiki isiJalimane owawusedolobheni Lower iVolga. Kulaba, 63 amakoloni ngokusekelwe "Summoner," omunye 42 - imitimba yahulumende.

Gen. amakoloni

Kusukela manje kwi iVolga amaJalimane ngokuqinile sahlala inhlabathi Russian, waqala ukusungula indlela yokuphila kancane kancane ukuhlanganisa zibe nokuphila social umbuso, kuyilapho ungakhohlwa nezimpande zawo phansi.

Izifiki ayenokuhlangenwe ezolimo amathuluzi amaningi, kuze kube yileso sikhathi ayengasetshenziswa eRussia. Basebenzisa ephumelelayo emithathu ensimini ngokushintshana. I amasiko main etshalwa iVolga amaJalimane okusanhlamvu, yefilakisi, amazambane, Hemp, ugwayi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo e ukuzungeza emikhulu eMbusweni Russian kwangena yingenxa khona kwalesi sizwe.

Kodwa akuyona nje eziphilayo kwezolimo eVolga amaJalimane, nakuba lokhu umkhakha Wawugujelwani imisebenzi yayo. Abakhi bamakoloni laqala ukwenza ukucutshungulwa zezimboni imikhiqizo amapulazi abo, ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizeni ufulawa namafutha sunflower. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-iVolga esifundeni basungula ngenkuthalo ihlanganisa.

Mayelana ukuphila njengoba enjalo lahlala iVolga bamakoloni German phakathi nekhulu XVIII-XIX.

Inhlangano Autonomous Republic

AmaBolshevik wafika amandla wokuphila ngokuyinhloko esishintshile kuleli zwe. nethonya elikhulu kulo mcimbi kwadingeka ukuphila we iVolga amaJalimane.

Ekuqaleni kwakubonakala sengathi ukufika amaKhomanisi athembisa amaJalimane okwengeziwe amandla kanye self-management amakhono. Ngo-1918, ku-ingxenye izifundazwe yangaphambili Samara futhi Saratovka sidalwe iVolga-German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, kuze kube ngo-1923 kwadingeka isimo esifundeni ezizimele. Le mfundo kuhlanganisiwe ngqo ku RSFSR, kodwa wayekujabulela self omkhulu ezingaba khona.

I sokuqondisa se iVolga-German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic kwaba Saratov lokuqala, futhi kusukela ngo-1919 - Marksshtadt (manje emzini Marx). Ngo-1922, maphakathi ukuthi lagcina lithuthele emzini Pokrovsk, okuyinto ngo-1931 wathola igama Engels.

Igunya main kwaba CEC ka amaSoviet ezweni, futhi njengoba 1937 - Supreme Council.

German lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela ulimi sesibili ehhovisi. Ekuqaleni kuka-1939, abantu abangaba izingxenye ezimbili sabantu yale mfundo babe iVolga amaJalimane.

collectivization

Nokho, asikwazi ukusho ukuthi iVolga amaJalimane bakwazi ukuphila ngaphansi kokubusa kweSoviet. Uma iningi labantu ongumlimi ka eRussia ayehlaselwa serfs wangaphambili futhi emva ukukhululwa serfdom, kakhulu, baba abalimi umhlaba esibi, phakathi amaJalimane kwaba iphesenti eliphezulu abanikazi ocebile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimo iVolga esifundeni ikoloni kufanele ukunikeza abantu amapheshana ezweni kabanzi. Ngakho-ke, kwakukhona amakhaya amaningi okwakubhekwa njengokungcolile iziphathimandla kwamaBolshevik njengendlela "kulak".

IVolga amaJalimane - abantu Russia owacishe wahlupheka kakhulu kusukela "abaphucwa" yenqubo. baboshwa Amalungu amaningi uhlanga, baboshwe baze ngisho babulawe e inqubo collectivization. ngenxa ukungapheleli ihlelwe ukuphathwa ngokuhlanganyela ayikwazanga ukusebenza ne share wokuhamba nekusebenta nge owabhubhisa emnothweni wasebenza.

indlala

Kodwa lokho akuyona into embi empilweni we iVolga-German. Ngo 1932-1933 esifundeni bamukela indlala engakaze ibonwe. Kodwa yena wayengekho kuphela ngenxa isivuno ukwehluleka, kodwa futhi ekutheni amapulazi collective compulsorily aphoqelelwe ukuba nginikeze ukudla esimweni. Indlala isikali aqothula iVolga esifundeni, engaqhathaniswa kuphela ukuthi we isimangaliso esifanayo, eyaqala ngesikhathi esifanayo ensimini ka-Ukraine naseKazakhstan.

Inani eliqondile nokufa endlaleni lamaJalimane kunzima kakhulu ukunquma, kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi jikelele izinga lokufa kuleli republic ezizimele ngo-1933 baba izinkulungwane 50.1. Abantu, ngesikhathi ngo-1931, ilingana ayizinkulungwane 14.1. Abantu. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili indlala kumukwe, kakhulu, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu we iVolga amaJalimane.

sekudingiselweni

Igalelo lokugcina ukuthi wathola amaJalimane Russian ekubusweni uStalin, isibe edingisiwe ophoqelelwe.

I okubhekiswe isinyathelo kuqala zokucindezela ngokumelene nabo baqala e engxenyeni 30s yesibili, lapho ubuhlobo phakathi kweSoviet Union naseJalimane lobuNazi abangu ukufuthelana. Stalin wabona usongo wonke amaJalimane, uwabheka ziyizinto bezikhali kwamaNazi. Ngakho-ke, wonke amalungu lobuzwe unikezwa, ukusebenzela imboni yezokuvikela, noma yisosha, uma best sichithiwe, futhi ngokuvamile Kuboshwe.

Ukuqala kweMpi Yezwe II kwakusho libe isenzakalo esisha kuya ukufa kabuhlungu abantu eside ukuhlupheka. Phakathi nengxenye 1941 yesibili - kokuxoshwa kwezithunywa iVolga amaJalimane senziwa engxenyeni yokuqala ka-1942 emizini yabo esikude ezifundeni Kazakhstan, eSiberia nase-Asia Ephakathi. Futhi ukuqoqa usuku yabo banikezwa, futhi savunyelwa ukuba siqhube ukuthatha okulinganiselwe kuphela izimpahla. Ukudingiswa kwenziwa ngaphansi kokuqondisa NKVD.

Phakathi ukusebenza, athunyelwa cishe 1 million amaJalimane abavela ezifundeni ezihlukahlukene zase-USSR, kodwa iningi lawo lalingabantu ncamashi abakhileyo iVolga esifundeni.

Isimo samanje

Becindezela iVolga amaJalimane ingxenye enkulu zehlulekile ukubuyela ekhaya. Bazama ahlele ukuzimela yayo Kazakhstan ekupheleni 70s, kodwa wahlangana nanokuphikiswa bendawo. Imizamo ukubuya mass kuya iVolga esifundeni ngemva kokuwa kombuso wamaSoviet nazo ngeke aphumelele ngoba indlu lapho bebahlala eVolga Jalimane, manje ixazululwe, izakhamuzi ezintsha, abangazange ufuna ukubuyela abanikazi babo bangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, amaJalimane amaningi yobuhlanga kwesokunxele siye eJalimane. ezinye zazo kuphela wakwazi ukubuyela emzini Engels. IVolga manje akuyona indawo yokuhlala compact wathi isizwe.

Okwamanje, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 500. IVolga amaJalimane abahlala ezifundeni ezahlukene Russia, mayelana 180 ayizinkulungwane. Qhubeka ukuphila eKazakhstan, kodwa abaningi baya e-Germany, USA, Canada, nase-Argentina.

isiko

IVolga amaJalimane abe impela isiko esiyingqayizivele, okuyinto ngesilinganiso alinganayo kuyahluka kokubili kusuka amasiko isiRashiya, namasiko lalolo hlanga Germany.

Iningi yalesi sizwe bengamaKristu ka imisinga ezahlukene, ikakhulukazi YamaProthestani (iLuthela, amaBaptist, amaMennonite, nokunye. D.), Kodwa a ngcosana of them ngempela futhi Orthodox namaKatolika.

Naphezu kweminyaka eminingi yokuphikisa sekudingiselweni nokuhlukaniswa, abaningi iVolga amaJalimane namanje ukugcina amasiko abo kanye nolimi. Singasho ukuthi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka yokuhlala ngaphandle Germany baba ehlukile uhlanga, okuyinto Nokho, lifana ukuthi ubuzwe, ukuthi manje osehlala ezweni mlando amaJalimane.