Inkathi esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso: etafuleni. Ezenye kwenkathi lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso

isigaba Okubalulekile futhi ezithakazelisayo emlandweni Russia kwaba nenkathi kusuka 1725 kuya 1762. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi kuye kwaba mithi eziyisithupha, ngamunye okwakukhona amabutho athile ezombusazwe. vơ Klyuchevskii siyifanekisela wawuqamba - inkathi esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso. Ithebula kulesi sihloko kuzokusiza ukuba ngiziqonde kangcono inkambo imicimbi. Ushintsho amandla, njengoba umthetho, badabula nozungu, ukukhashelwa nokubulala.

Konke lokhu kwaqala ngokufa ezingalindelekile kaPetru I. Washiya a "Charter of ngokulandelana" (1722) ngokufaka kuyo amandla angasho inani elikhulu labantu.

Ukuphela kwalesi okuqinisekile elinezinkathazo kubhekwe eza emandleni uCatherine II. nokubusa kwakhe, izazi-mlando eziningi cabanga ngenkathi absolutism ukukhanyiselwa.

INGEMUVA esigodlweni amasu okugumbuqela imibuso

Isizathu esikhulu zonke izenzakalo ezandulela babe ukuphikisana phakathi sebuningini amaqembu yizicukuthwane mayelana ngokulandelana. Babemunye kuphela yokuthi kufanele kusesemini zesikhashana kabusha. ikhefu okunjalo yilowo nalowo kubo ayezibone indlela yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke amaqembu ezicukuthwaneni ngokulinganayo uyalangazela bayafuna amandla. Ngakho inkathi esigodlweni ekuvukeleni etafuleni oboniswe ngezansi, u kungagcini kuphela ukushintsha phezulu.

kakade Sishilo isinqumo kaPetru mina maqondana ngokulandelana. Waphula mshini yendabuko ngawo amandla idluliswe kusukela ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi nalabo abamele elisesikhundleni esiphezulu umugqa besilisa.

Peter ngangingafuni ukubona ngokwabo sobukhosi, ngemuva kokuthi indodana yakhe ngenxa yokuthi lowo he was owayephikisana kabusha. Ngakho wanquma ukuthi le nkosi wedwa Ungashayela isicelo. Nokho, wafa, kokushiya iphepha ibinzana "Nikeza konke ...".

Izinkumbi abangu esihlukanisiwe ezombusazwe, nabakhulu ayikwazanga ukwabelana sobukhosi - State wahlasela emzabalazweni. Waqala kanjalo-ke ngenkathi esigodlweni linemibhikisho. Amashadi, amathebula ukuvumela ithrekhi kangcono igazi izibopho zonke pretenders okwakufanele abe inkosi.

Coup 1725 (Catherine A.)

Ngalesi sikhathi-ke kwakhiwa amaqembu amabili aphikisanayo. Eyokuqala lalinabashumayeli A. Osterman futhi Menshikov. Babefuna uthumele amandla umfelokazi uPetru mina noCatherine Alekseevna.

Iqembu lesibili, esasihlanganisa UMbusi Holstein, kwakusenhliziyweni yami ukwakhela phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi kaPetru II (indodana ka-Alexis, umsa wa-Peter mina).

Sula predominance kwadingeka Menshikov, owakwazi ukufeza Guard ukwesekwa, ngihlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi sakwa-Catherine I. Nokho, yona engakakhuli ikhono esasikhipha isimo, ngakho-Grand azitshelwa Council yadalwa 1726. Waba kahulumeni eliphakeme.

Umbusi langempela kwaba Menshikov. -Wathobisa uMkhandlu futhi babejabulela ukuzethemba angenamkhawulo iNdlovukazi. Ube engumlobi njalo omunye izibalo ehola, lapho ababusi kwenkathi lwesigodlo linemibhikisho washintsha (Ithebula uchaza konke).

I ukubusa uPetru II 1727

Catherine mina wokubusa eyathatha iminyaka engaphezudlwana nje kwemibili. Emva kokushona kwakhe, umbuzo ngokulandelana waphinda hung phezu isimo.

Ngalesi sikhathi, "iqembu Holstein" eliholwa Anna Petrovna. It okuqalwe ugobe Menshikov futhi A. Ostermann, okwaphela kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. UMbusi wayebhekwa njengoba uPetru abasha. umeluleki wakhe futhi thisha waba A. Osterman. Nokho, wehluleka ukunikeza ithonya oyifunayo le nkosi, nakuba namanje esanele sokuzilungiselela futhi afeze kokugumbuqelwa Alexander Menshikov e 1727.

Ukubusa Anny Ioannovny 1730

Peter II wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi iminyaka emithathu, futhi wafa. Nalapha futhi, umbuzo main kuba: "Ngubani kuzothatha sobukhosi?". Ngakho baqhubeka inkathi lwesigodlo linemibhikisho. Ithebula elingezansi likhombisa okwenzekayo.

Enkundleni umcimbi avele Dolgoruky, ubani ozama ukuba ngukumkani Ekateriny Dolgorukoy. Wayengumngane umakoti kaPetru II.

Lo mzamo uhlulekile, futhi Olwa yakhe okhethwe Golitsyn. Kwaba Anna Ivanovna. Yena ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele kwaze kwaba ngemva kokuba basayine conditioning ukuze Ephakeme azitshelwa Council, okuyinto akalilahlile okwamanje nguwo.

Isimo kungagcini amandla le nkosi. Ngokushesha Empress iphula ke usesayine imibhalo bese ibuyisela autocracy. Umbuzo ka-ngokulandelana inqunywa kusengaphambili. Ukungakwazi ukuthola izingane zabo siqu, ememezele ukuthi indlalifa esizayo ngengane umshana wakhe. Ngeke ukwazi indlela uPetru III.

Nokho, ngo-1740 ngesikhathi u-Elisabethi kummeleli bohlobo Welf owazalwa John owaba nkosi ngokushesha ngemva kokufa Anny Ioannovny izinyanga ezimbili. ibamba lakhe Biron ayibonwa.

1740 umbuso nokuthi Munnich

umthetho Regent sika sathatha amasonto amabili. I Icebo lika kwakuhlelwa Field Marshal Munnich. Yena sasekelwa onogada, ababopha Biron laqokwa Umama ibamba nengane.

Kepha owesifazane lo wayengumGreki abakwazi ukusebenzisa isimo, futhi zonke ezandleni zabo wathatha Munnich. kamuva wakhe esikhundleni A. Osterman. Wathumela futhi marshal ensimini lapho sebethathe umhlalaphansi. Inkathi esigodlweni linemibhikisho (Ithebula kukhonjisiwe ngezansi) ihlanganisa laba babusi abangamaqaba.

I ukubusa Elizabeth kuya 1741

Novemba 25, 1741 esenzeka kwenye Icebo lika. Wedlula ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle zokuchitha igazi, amandla kwaba ezandleni Elizabeth, indodakazi ka-Peter I. Wabuza for unogada inkulumo emfushane futhi yazibiza iNdlovukazi. Wasiza wakhe kule Ukubala Vorontsov.

Juvenile ex-uMbusi nonina waboshwa enqabeni. Munnich, Ostermann, Levenvolde bagwetshelwa ukufa, kodwa kwaba indawo isixhumanisi eSiberia.

Obusa Elizaveta Petrovna iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.

I eza emandleni uPetru III

Elizaveta Petrovna kuphumelele uyise wabona uhlobo oluthile isihlobo. Ngakho yaliyisa kusukela Holstein umshana. Yanikwa igama Petru III, wabeka iguqulwe ukuze Lobu-Orthodox. UMbusikazi wayenganeme ubunjalo indlalifa esizayo. Emzamweni ukuze nginqande leso simo, ubekwa kuye othisha, kodwa awazange asize.

Ukuze ukuzala Elizaveta Petrovna washada naye Princess UZandile isiJalimane, okuzoba uCatherine Omkhulu. Wawunezingane ezimbili - indodana uPawulu indodakazi ka-Anna.

Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, Elizabeth uyokwaziswa lokuqoka owalandela uPawulu. Nokho, akazange alinge ukwenza kanjalo. Emva kokushona kwakhe, esihlalweni sobukhosi wadlulela umshana wakhe. inqubomgomo waso kwakuyindishi engathandwa kakhulu kokubili phakathi kwabantu naphakathi ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela. Kulokhu, ngemva kokufa Elizabeth wayengumuntu ekujaheni ukuyogcotshwa. Lokhu kwakuwumnikelo ka-isizathu Icebo lika phezu ingxenye nomkakhe, uCatherine, lapho hung usongo eside isehlukaniso (ngokuvamile luye kushiwo imithetho yombusi). It ngokusemthethweni iphelile ngenkathi esigodlweni revolution (ithebula inikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana isidlaliso yezingane Empress).

Juni 28, 1762. UCatherine II Board

Ukuba ngomfazi uPetru Fedorovich, Catherine waqala ukufunda isiRashiya kanye namasiko. Masinyane lo dade wavula sokwetshisa ulwazi olusha. It kwamsiza ukuba ukubaleka ngemuva ukukhulelwa amabili ehluleka kanye neqiniso lokuthi indodana eside elindelwe uPawulu wamthatha emva kokuzalwa ngokushesha. Wabona naye kuphela emva kwezinsuku 40. It wakhuliswa Elizabeth. Yena Wayefisa ukuba Empress. Okunjalo ithuba ayenakho, njengoba uPetru Fedorovich kuhlulekile wokugcotshwa. Elizabeth bayisebenzisa kahle le ukwesekwa kubaqaphi wagumbuqela umyeni wakhe. Cishe, wabulawa, kodwa inguqulo olusemthethweni wabizwa ngokuthi ukufa by colic.

nokubusa kwakhe eyathatha iminyaka 34. Akavumanga ukuhlanza babe ibamba isikhathi nendodana yakhe, wamnika sobukhosi kuphela ngemva kokufa kwakhe. nokubusa kwakhe fanele ngenkathi absolutism ukukhanyiselwa. Okuningi kafishane ethulwa ithebula "esigodlweni Icebo lika."

imininingwane efingqiwe

Catherine eza namandla luphela ngenkathi esigodlweni Icebo lika. Ithebula akacabangi sababusi, ukubusa ngemva kwalo, nakuba uPawulu washiya sobukhosi ngenxa uzungu.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi kwenzekani eceleni, cabangela izenzakalo nabantu ezihlanganyela kuwo, ngokusebenzisa kufinyeta ulwazi ngesihloko esithi "Inkathi esigodlweni linemibhikisho" (kafushane).

Uhlu esigodlweni linemibhikisho likuchaza kahle izenzakalo eyinhloko isikhathi.

Ezenye kwenkathi lwesigodlo amasu okugumbuqela imibuso

Isigodlo linemibhikisho yayiba kuphela emzabalazweni. Azizange ethwele ushintsho sphere zezombangazwe nezenhlalo. Izikhulu ihlukaniswe bodwa ilungelo lokubusa, ngenxa engu-37 bebelokhu ababusi eziyisithupha.

sinjalo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kwakuhlangene Catherine Elizabeth I neyesi-II. Yayikwazi impumelelo abathile inqubomgomo angaphandle of the state.