Kusukela izigaba izimbangela Elikhulu Northern neMpi. Imiphumela neMpi Northern

Yayiyini inqubomgomo yaseRussia ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesikhombisa? Impi YaseNyakatho - umzabalazo ogwini lolwandle lwaseBaltic - iyona mcimbi oyinhloko futhi obaluleke kakhulu wale minyaka. Impi yahlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili nanye. Abanye bayibiza ngokuthi i-Great Northern War, kanti abanye bayibiza ngokuthi yi-Twenty. Ngokuvamile, le mpi phakathi kokuhlangana kwamazwe aseNyakatho yaseYurophu kanye nombuso waseSweden waqala ngo-1700, futhi yaphela ngo-1721.

Amazwe alwe ukuze anake izindawo zaseBaltic. Ngeshwa, impi yaphela ekunqotshwe kweSweden. Kodwa impi yaphela, ngoba konke ngokushesha noma kamuva kwaphela, futhi eYurophu kwakhiwa umbuso osemusha waseRussia. Wayenemikhumbi enamandla futhi ibutho elimangalisayo. Inhloko-dolobha yalo kwakuyiSt. Petersburg. Wayesogwini lolwandle lwaseBaltic.

Ngakho-ke, ngesinyathelo seNkosi yasePoland August II kanye neSaxon Elector, iNorthern Union yadalwa. Yile nhlangano eyaqala ukumemezela iSweden impi. I-Northern Union nayo yayihlanganisa neRussia, eholwa nguPeter I, nombuso waseNorway-uDanish, oholwa yiNkosi yobuKristu yesihlanu.

Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwemibono ukunqoba kweSweden ngo-1700, iNorthern Union yahlukana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDenmark washiya empini ngo-1700, futhi uSaxony washiya umhlalaphansi ngo-1706. Umbuso waseRussia kwadingeka ulwa nabaseSweden ngokuzimela, kodwa ngo-1709 iNorthern Alliance yavuselelwa. Izigaba zeMpi YaseNyakatho ziyahlukahluka komunye nomunye; ngemuva kwakho konke, eceleni kweRussia, iPrussia, bese-ke eHolland, bese uHanover elwa. Futhi iSweden empini yayisizwa kuqala yiNgilandi (kusukela ngo-1707 - Great Britain), ke uHolstein kanye noMbuso wase-Ottoman.

I-Cossacks yase-Ukraine, kanye neZaporozhye Cossacks, yahlukana futhi ngezinga elithile yasekela amaTurkey nabaseSweden, kodwa ikakhulukazi yabasiza emaqenjini aseRashiya. Ngenxa yalokho, iRussia yakwazi ukuphinde ikwazi ukulawula imithetho yaseRussia yakudala eBaltics, ilahlekelwe ngezikhathi ezikhathazayo.

Kungani impi yaqala?

Yiziphi izimbangela eziyinhloko zeMpi YaseNyakatho? Sizozama ukuthola impendulo yalo mbuzo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili umbuso waseSweden wawuyizwe elivelele eBaltic Sea. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebhekwa njengomunye wamazwe ahamba phambili eYurophu. Lo mbuso unengxenye eqondile ogwini lwaseBaltic: wawuhlanganisa iBaltic yamanje, lonke ogwini lweGulf of Finland, ingxenye engasogwini oluseningizimu yeBaltic Sea.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngo-1697 inhloko yaseSweden yamiswa uCarl oneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala. Omakhelwane baseSweden baqaphela ukukhula kwakhe futhi babhekana nokuncintisana okulula: umbuso waseNorway-Danish, iSaxony neRussia wazama ukwenza isimangalo eSweden phezu kwezindawo zawo. Yilawo lamandla amathathu adala iNorthern Alliance, eyasungulwa yinkosi yasePoland kanye nomakhethi waseSaxony Augustus II. Lo wesilisa wayefuna ukulawula iLibonia (Livonia), engxenyeni yaseSweden, eyayizosiza ekuqiniseni amandla akhe e-Commonwealth. Ngendlela, i-Livonia yayisezandleni zaseSweden ngokuhambisana noMthetho We-Olive Peace Treaty ka-1660.

Yini eyabangela iDenmark ukuba ingqubuzana neSweden? Yiqiniso, isifiso eside eside sokubusa iBaltic Sea. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1658 uCarl X Gustav wabulala amaDanes ngenkathi emakethe eya eJutland. Wabuye wabamba izifundazwe eziningana eningizimu yeSeninalanga yeScandinavia. IDenmark kwakudingeka inqabe ukuqoqa imisebenzi emikhumbi eyadlula ngezwi loMsindo. Ngendlela, la mabandla amabili aphikisana phakathi kwawo ukuze alawulwe umakhelwane waseDenmark oseningizimu - i-duchy yaseSchleswig-Holstein.

Izizathu zeMpi YaseNyakatho nazo zilaba abalandelayo: I-Russian Tsar Peter I, emva kokuxoxisana no-Augustus, bangene eNyakatho Union. Lo mcimbi wasungulwa ngendlela yesigatshana sokuguqulwa kwesiguquko. Izwe laseRussia elibhekisela eSweden lalihlanganisa u-Ingria no-Karelia: lawa mazwe athunjwa ngesikhathi esibucayi yiSweden ngokuhambisana neStolbov Treaty ka-1617. IRussia nayo yayingeyona into eyayihlose ukuhlanganisa amazwe aseLibonia, ngoba ayekhunjulwa yizincwadi zabo ekhulwini leshumi nanye - insimu yayibhekwa ngokuthi "inzalo" yasendulo yababusi baseRussia.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi phakathi nokusebenza kwempi ka-1656-1658 ibutho laseRussia lakwazi ukuhlala isikhathi esithile empumalanga yeLibonia ne-Ingria. AmaRussia athatha i-Noteburg, eNyenskans naseDinaburg, ayigubha iRiga. Kodwa impi neRzeczpospolita yaqala kabusha, futhi iRussia kwadingeka ukuba iphethe isivumelwano soxolo sikaKardis - wonke amazwe anqobile abuyele eSweden.

Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukutadisha izimbangela zeMpi YaseNyakatho - lokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda izimpi ezihlaba umxhwele. Ngakho-ke, umbuso waseRussia wanikeza ubudlelwano bezohwebo neYurophu ngosizo lwe-Arkhangelsk, okuwukuphela kwechweba elwandle olwandle. Lapha kwakukhona ukuhamba okunamandla nokungavamile, okwakunzima kakhulu ukuhweba. Futhi emkhakheni wokwakhiwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokuhamba eMfuleni oMhlophe, kwakukhona i-lag ebalulekile. Ngokuvamile, ukutholakala kokufinyelela kuLwandle lwaseBaltic kwakubhekwa njengomsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wezomnotho eRussia.

Akusiqiniso yini ukuthi izizathu zeMpi YaseNyakatho zibi kakhulu? Ngendlela, isici sesibili ekungeneni kweRussia empini kwakuwukuphela kwempi neTurkey. ISivumelwano SaseConstantinople saphelelwa ngoJulayi 3, 1700, futhi ngo-Agasti 18, ukuthula kokugcina kwamenyezelwa neTurkey. Ekugcineni, ngo-Agasti 19, iRussia yamemezela impi eSweden. Ngokushesha, zonke izimpahla zaseSweden eMoscow zathathwa ngokwemithetho esanda kukhishwa. Bathunjwa ngokubambisa imali yaseRashiya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthunywa waseSweden waboshwa eMoscow.

Isizathu sokumemezela impi kwakuyizinkinga ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ukuhlambalaza kwe-1697. Phela, kwakungaleso sikhathi ukuthi uPeter I, owayehamba ngaseYurophu, wahlangana nabanda baseRiga ngamaSweden. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimangalo zomhlaba azikhulunywanga.

Ukuqala kwempi

Abahlanganyeli beMpi YaseNyakatho Eyaziwa ngamakhono abo avelele. Ngokwesibonelo, inkosi yaseSweden eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye uCarl XII "yayithandana nempi". Wayenet talenta evelele. Ngakho-ke, abaseSweden empini yokuqala bazama ukunqoba uchungechunge lwezinqola ezibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, umlindi onamandla uCharles XII wayengumpolitiki omubi kakhulu: wazibeka yena kanye nebutho lakhe izinjongo ezingenakwenzeka zempi.

Isitha sakhe esiyinhloko, uPeter I, sasinomphathi omkhulu onamandla, umhleli kanye nomhleli wezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayebhekwa njengesiphammethi esilula kakhulu futhi esinolwazi. Yiqiniso, waxoshwa yizingqinamba ekuqaleni kwempi, kodwa ekugcineni ibhizinisi laqedwa ngempumelelo. Phela, uCharles XII wenza amaphutha amaningi kakhulu.

Impi yaseNyakatho neMpi yayisekelwa ngezindlela ezithile ngu-Ayuka Khan. Lo mbusi waseKalmyk wazalelwa eDzungaria. Wathuthela esifundazweni saseVolga eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye, lapho wamemezelwa khona ngokuthi ngu-taisha wokuqala we-Kalmyk horde. Iziphathimandla zaseRussia zaqala ukuxoxisana namaKalmyks, lapho zikwazi ukwenza abangane nabo. I-Russia ngaleso sikhathi yayikhuthaza kakhulu inqubomgomo ka-Ayuka. Ngalokho, wamvumela ukuba asebenzise ibutho lakhe empini yeNyakatho neMpi.

Umkhankaso waseDenmark

Abahlanganyeli eNtshonalanga Yempi, okungukuthi amabutho eSaxony, ngoFebruwari 12, 1700 bavimbe iRiga. Nokho, amaphupho ka-Augustus II awazange agcwaliseke: ukuhlonishwa kwe-Livonian akuhambisani nokuqhubekela phambili, futhi ukuhlukana kuka-Agasti akuphumelelanga. INkosi yaseDenmark uFrederick IV ngo-Agasti wonyaka ofanayo yahlasela i-Holstein-Gottorp Duchy engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe. Nokho, amasosha ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi aseSweden aholwa uCharles XII amangala amaDanes, efika eCopenhagen. UDenmark waphoqeleka ukuba aqede ukusebenzisana no-Augustus II: ngo-Agasti 7, kwadingeka asayine i-Travendal Treaty enokuthula.

Uhambo lwaseRussia oluya e-Ingermanland

Futhi manje sizocubungula izenzakalo eziyinhloko zeNyakatho Yempi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ekuphetheni kwesivumelwano esinokuthula sikaConstantinople, uPetru wathola umyalezo ngo-Agasti 18. Akekho owamtshela ukuthi iDenmark isiyeke ukulwa, ngakho-ke ngo-Agasti 19 wabiza impi eSweden. Ngenxa yalokho, amabutho aseRussia aqala ukulimaza.

Ngaphambili, iRussia yangena esivumelwaneni sezinyunyana no-Augustus II, ngokusho ukuthi kwakuzokwamukela i-Ingermanland (ngaphandle kwalokho isiSwedish Ingria). Leli zwe lilingana nosayizi endaweni yesimanje e-Leningrad.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, emngceleni ophakathi kwe-Estlandia ne-Ingermanlandia kwakukhona idolobha elihlaba umxhwele nenqaba enkulu eSweden esifundeni - i-Narva. Le nqaba yaba yisihluthulelo sabakhokheli baseRussia.

Akulona yini iqiniso ukuthi izigaba zeMpi YaseNyakatho zihluke kakhulu futhi zihle kakhulu? Ake sicabangele uhambo oluya eNarva. Kwahlelwa ukuwa, akuphumelelanga neze. Ukudla kwakungenalutho, amasosha ayelambile. Amahhashi athatha imishini ayidla kabi kangangokuthi ukuwa kwabo kwaqala. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, imvula isiphelile, isimo semigwaqo siye sawohloka, amakolishi aye awela phansi esitimeleni njalo.

Ngokuvamile, uPeter ngangifuna ukuqoqa amasosha angaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha eduze kwaseNarva. Ngeshwa, ibutho lathuthela kule ndawo kancane kancane futhi laphazamisa izinhlelo kanye nemigomo yenkosi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuvinjelwa kukaNarva kwaqala ngo-Okthoba 14, lapho amasosha angama-40 000 ahlanganyela khona.

Ukuvimbezelwa kukaNarva

Yini enye edumile ngeNyakatho Yempi? Ake sicabange kafushane ukuvinjelwa kukaNarva. Lo mcimbi ubuhlelekile. Ukukhwabanisa kweCannon kwakungasebenzi, njengoba ibutho laseRussia lasebenzisa izikhali ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona izinhlamvu ezanele amasonto ambalwa kuphela.

I-Narva iyinqaba, kuhlanganise ne-Ivangorod engomakhelwane. Ngakho-ke, uPeter I, owahlela ukuvinjezelwa kwakhe, kwakudingeka alulaze amabutho aseRussia, ngesikhathi esifanayo azungeze zombili izinqaba. Leli lungiselelo lamasosha aseRussia laba lusizi kakhulu: phakathi nempi elandelayo eNarva, yancipha amandla abo okulwa.

Wenzani u-Agasti II? Ngemva kokuthola ulwazi mayelana nokuhoxiswa okusheshayo empini yaseDenmark, yena, ngokushesha wasusa ukuvinjelwa kweRiga, waphindela eRandland. Inkambo yeMpi YaseNyakatho yashintshwa: ngenxa yezenzo zika-Augustus II, uCharles XII wakwazi ukudlulisela ingxenye yebutho lakhe ngasolwandle waya ePernou (Pärnu). Wagibela lapho ngo-Okthoba 6 waya eNarva, eyayizingqotshwe yi-horde yaseRussia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngobusuku bukaNovemba 18, uNksz General Marshal Count Golovin washiya ibutho likaPeter I - baya e-Novgorod. Inkosi yanikela umyalo ophakeme kumdala osezingeni likaMengameli waseRussia. Ibutho likaCharles XII ngoNovemba 19, 1700, lahlula kakhulu ibutho laseRussia empini yeNarva. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ibutho laseSweden lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-25, futhi ibutho laseRussia - cishe abayizinkulungwane ezingu-40.

Iminyaka YeMpi YaseNyakatho yenze izenzo ezithakazelisayo zikaDuke waseCroix owesaba, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba impi eqinile isinike uCharles XII. Kodwa akazange anikeze yedwa, kodwa kanye nendlunkulu yakhe, ehlanganisa abantu abangabazi. Ngemuva kokulahlekelwa, ibutho laseRussia lalingaphezu kweSweden. Kodwa ngoNovemba 21, ingxenye yayo eyinhloko yabekwa phezu kwama-Duke de Croa.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abaPilisi Bokuphila Semyonovsky kanye nabaPhezulu Bokuphila be-Preobrazhensky Regiment babevikelwe ngokuqinile yiSweden. Abagcinanga kuphela ukuvimbela ukuzinikela okuyihlazo, kodwa futhi bahlanganisa ukufuduka kwengxenye yebutho laseRussia, ngaleyo ndlela bawuvikela ekugcineni. Ngenxa yesibindi esaboniswa kule mpi, amasosha omkhosi ngo-1700-1740 abanikezwa amasitokisi abomvu: ekukhunjweni ukuthi "bema emadolweni egazini kule mpi."

Umphumela womkhankaso

Izimpi zeNyakatho neMpi zaphela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, umphumela wemisebenzi yamasosha eduze kwaseNarva ohlangothini lwaseRashiya wawusabekayo: ukufa, ukulimala, ukushiywa, ukucwiliswa, kwafa ngenxa yesithwathwa nokulamba kwaba abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili kuya kweziyishumi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu abangamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili, kuhlanganise nabaphathi abayishumi namaphoyisa angamashumi amahlanu nesithupha, bathola ekuthunjweni, 179 izibhamu ezingu-184 zalahleka. Kwakuyinhlekelele.

Izizathu zokunqoba ibutho laseRussia

Ezinye zezimpi zeNyakatho yeMpi zaphela ekunqobeni. Ake sicabangele izizathu zokunqoba ibutho laseRussia empini yeNarva. Okokuqala, ibutho lalisilungele ukulwa empini nomphikisi oqinile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakusezingeni lokuhlelwa kabusha. Okwesibili, ibutho lalihlomile futhi lingakwazi ukulwa ngokuvumelana nemithetho yamaqhinga ahlukene, ukwenza imisebenzi yokubonga. Izikhali zazihlukile futhi zingasebenzi. Eqinisweni, ngaleso sikhathi wayenama-caliber angaphezu kwamatshumi amabili nanhlanu - le nciance yenza ukuthi ukutholakala kwezinhlamvu kube nzima kakhulu. Futhi ekugcineni, umzuzu obaluleke kunazo zonke: ibutho laseRussia lalingenalo isakhiwo somthetho kazwelonke. Ngemuva kwalokho, wonke amaposi amilayezo asemqoka ayebanjwe izikhulu zangaphandle.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana eYurophu, ngemva kwalokhu kuhluleka, bakholelwa ukuthi ibutho laseRussia lalingenakuthola ngokuphelele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uCharles XII wabizwa ngeSweden Alexander waseMakedon.

Yiziphi izenzakalo eziyinhloko zeMpi YaseNyakatho ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwebutho laseRussia eduze kwaseNarva? UPeter mina wathatha isinyathelo esilandelayo: wabeka inani lezikhulu zangaphandle emaqenjini. Manje babala ingxenye yesithathu kuphela yezinombolo zamaphoyisa kule unit.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa eduze kwaseNarva kwadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni ibutho laseRussia kanye nomlando wombuso. Isazi-mlando uMN Pokrovsky saphawula ukuthi zonke izithakazelo zaseRussia empini zazifinyelela olwandle, ukuhweba nokulawula phezu kwamachweba okuhweba aseBaltic. Yingakho uPetru ezinyathelweni zokuqala zale mpi azinakekele ngokukhethekile amathafa aseBaltic - Riga naseNarva. Ngeshwa, wahlukunyezwa kakhulu ngaseNarva futhi waphonswa emuva endaweni yaseSt. Petersburg yanamuhla. UPetru wanquma ukwakha ichweba elisha nomuzi emlonyeni weNeva - inhloko-dolobha yesikhathi esizayo yoMbuso WaseRussia.

Umkhankaso waseRussia

Ngakho, iMpi YaseNyakatho yaqhubeka. Umkhankaso waseRashiya uchazwe kabili ngezansi, kodwa unamandla. Yiqiniso, uPeter mina wahlola izizathu zokuthi kungani amabutho aseRussia anqotshwa eduze kwaseNarva. Manje uqondise konke okusemandleni okulungisa izwe kanye namasosha empini neSweden. Udala ibutho elisha elivamile, elithuthukisa isakhiwo senhlangano, isimiso semfundo nokukhulisa, sithola izikhali zakamuva.

Uvuselela izikhali - kunciphisa inani lama-calibers, kukhona manje kuphela 12. Emibhalweni kaPetru I ngesikhathi esincane, izibhamu ezintsha ezingamakhulu amathathu zaphonswa. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye zezinto zazenziwe ngamabhentshini esonto, zithathwe futhi zancibilikiswa. Ngenxa yalokho, uPeter wathola amandla akhe ngemuva kokuhluleka eNarva futhi waqhubeka nokuhlaselwa enyakatho.

Amabutho e-Ingermanland

Impi yaseNyakatho yahlala kanjani? Masifunde kafushane isifundo sezenzakalo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amabutho amakhulu eSweden ahlanganyela empini eSaxony naseRzeczpospolita. Esebenzisa le mzuzu, uPeter ngo-1701 wayala enyakatho ukuthi aqale ukuhlaselwa okusha. Khona-ke amabutho aseRussia ayala uBoris Sheremetev: ahlaselwa i-Ingermanland (i-Ingria), ngaleso sikhathi eyayiyiSweden, futhi ngoDisemba 30, 1701 e-Battle of Erestrafer wathola eNorthern War, ukunqoba kwakhe kokuqala.

Ngaleso sikhathi, ibutho laseSweden layalwa yiGeneral Schlippenbach. Futhi ngoJulayi 1702 empini yeHummelsgoth ibutho laseRussia laphumelela okwesibili lamabutho akhe.

Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kuka-1703 yonke inkambo ye-Neva yayilawulwa yiRussia.

Amabutho e-Estland naseLibonia

Ngokuvamile, umphumela weMpi YaseNyakatho yathonywa kakhulu ngo-1703 - ekupheleni kwayo, i-Russia yayilawula cishe wonke amazwe ase-Ingermanlandia. Ngo-1704 ibutho laseRussia laqhubeka lihlaselayo. Ngaphansi komyalo kaSheremetev Boris, ehlobo lika-1704, wangena eLibonia futhi wavimbezela uDorpat. Inqaba yathathwa ngoJulayi 1704 ngokuhlanganyela kukaPetru I.

Ngemva kwalezi zenzakalo, iqembu lesibili lebutho laseRussia lavimbela uNarva futhi langena e-Estland. Khona-ke amasosha ayeyalwe nguGeneral Ogilvy. UPetru weza evela eDerpt, futhi ngasekupheleni kwehlobo le nqabayo yathathwa. Vumelana, ukuqhuma kwezinqaba kwakuhle kakhulu! Ibutho laseRussia kulo msebenzi libonise ikhono layo elikhulayo kanye nemishini enhle kakhulu.

Umkhankaso wasePoland

Phakathi neMpi Northern, Charles XII kwadingeka enze isinqumo esibonisa owawudinga izinqumo. Wanquma ukuba ayiyeke le ubutha asebenzayo namabutho Russian. Futhi wayefuna ashaye buhlungu ezinkulu impi ngo-August II. Ngokuvamile, inkosi Swedish wafuna Poland ukuba esebeka kuye nkosi evumayo esikhundleni Agasti II. Wanquma ukudala kusukela Rzeczpospolita sesikhashana zone phakathi Russian futhi abaseSweden.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibutho isiSwidi ngoJulayi 1701, ngaphandle kokuhlangabezana wenqaba efanele, wawela Dvina wathumba Livonia. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi umkhankaso Polish yaphela nge ukuthunjwa induna isiSwidi ukunqoba impi Russian.

Ukungenelwa Russia

Imiphumela Northern neMpi nesithakazelo wonke umuntu uyakwazi umlando. Kodwa ake siqale ngokucabangela e 1707 - unyaka wonke ibutho IsiSwidi kwaba Saxony. Phakathi nale nkathi, uKarl XII yayihamba ukulahlekelwa futhi kakhulu ukuqinisa impi. Futhi ekuqaleni 1708 abaseSweden waya Smolensk. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ekuqaleni babezothutha ashaye buhlungu enkulu bebheke eMoscow. Peter ngangingenabo i izinhlelo isitha: isikhundla Russian kwakunzima ngenxa yezinkinga nsuku zonke.

BezeMpi eMkhandlwini Starish

Inani neMpi Northern ithakazelisa kakhulu, yonke imininingwane ehilelekile ukuthonywa umphumela wayo. Ngokwesibonelo, 11-13 Septhemba 1708 edolobhaneni elincane Smolensk Umkhandlu impi yenkosi Swedish ne ojenene bakhe. Kwakuwusuku iphuzu esempumalanga ukunyakaza ibutho IsiSwidi phakathi nokuhlaselwa yeRussia.

Amasosha anquma umbuzo ukunyakaza obengeziwe ibutho isiSwidi. Abanye banikela ukuya eMoscow nge Smolensk, kanti abanye bafuna ukuhambisa kuya eningizimu, Ukraine. Ngeshwa, ibutho isiSwidi wayedinga ukuphumula: amasosha yaphela nge ukudla kanye nezinhlamvu ezigugile, iningi labo abagulayo. Nokho Hetman Ivan Mazepa waqinisekisa abaseSweden ku ekusekeleni umphakathi Ukraine, futhi baye bakhetha ukuhamba ku Ukraine.

Poltava

Yiqiniso, nokubaluleka okungokomlando kuka Elikhulu Northern neMpi enkulu kakhulu Russian. Inqotshwe Juni 27, 1709 ku Battle of Poltava, okuyinto bephuthaza futhi ukulahlekelwa okuqinile ukugqashuka nge abaseSweden.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngemva le mpi enkulu Karl XII bacasha uMbuso WaseTurkey, okuyinto athonya Sultan Ahmed III ukuthatha isinyathelo sezempi Russia. Menshikov, omunye onesibindi, wanqoba impi wobukhosi Sweden, uMbusi uPetru mina ngokubamba iqhaza Battle of Poltava isikhundla ahlonishwe of Field Marshal.

Umphumela impi

Imiphumela neMpi Northern engacacile esikalini ehlukile kakhulu. Abanye basikisela ukuthi ukunqotshwa Sweden, ikakhulukazi njengengxenye umfelandawonye enamandla (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), futhi amandla ukufinyelela Russian Baltic Sea engamashumi amabili ayidingekile.

Abaningi babone ukuthi impi yasishintsha ibhalansi amabutho e oLwandle iBaltic: manje eRussia kule ndawo wajabulela nethonya elikhulu. Ukuhlehlisa umsebenzi ukhiye setha ngu-Peter mina, yebo, isixazululiwe - Russia esekwazi ukungena olwandle futhi wasungula ukuhweba zasolwandle nge-Europe.

Kanjani imizamo kabusha sikaPeter Omkhulu Northern Empini? Reform, sibonga wakhe, kuphela yazuza ezinye umfutho. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi uPetru wayengekho ngoba cishe ngomzuzwana owodwa abayekanga imizamo yayo kabusha. kwekuhlela kabusha kwakhe okuqhubekayo babe ngenxa yezinkinga wezempi.

Phela, lo Omkhulu Northern War of 1700-1721 ngempela kakhulu ukuthonywa Russia - lizwe wazibonela sina kwezomnotho kanye nenhlekelele yezibalo. Futhi umlando Finland, nenkathi enzima kakhulu empini - kusukela 1714 kuya 1721 - Waqhubeka ngaphansi kwegama inzondo eningi. Sweden balahlekelwa amandla yayo yangaphambili ziphenduka isimo ezincane.