Vienna Convention 1961 ku enobudlelwane: ukubaluleka kanye indima

usuku nesishiyagalombili Apreli sasayinwa Vienna Isentha ngo-1961 ku-Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba. Kwakuthinta kulawulwa ukusungulwa kanye nokumiswa, ukusungulwa Amahhovisi omele futhi yonke imisebenzi yabo, ukusungulwa amakilasi zamanxusa - Charge d'Affaires, uNgqongqoshe kanye Ambassador, ngaphambilini segunya amakhanda ohambweni zokubonisana nabasebenzi bawo okhonzile.

nokuxolelwa

Isentha yachaza ukungatheleleki amalungelo ukumelwa zamanxusa bebonke, futhi ikakhulukazi nokuxolelwa futhi izisebenzi lobuchwepheshe namalungelo zamanxusa siqu. Into ebaluleke kakhulu kubhekwa ubuqotho egumbini. Vienna Convention 1961 ku Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe unqabela iziphathimandla ethola State ukungena ngaphandle kwemvume lwekhanda lalowo umsebenzi. Kunalokho, iziphathimandla kufanele bavikele umsebenzi noma ngokuphikisana nsada noma umonakalo ezincane, efuna ukukhokhelwa ngokwephulwa kwesivumelwano ukumelwa nokuzola. amalungelo Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba kanye nokuxolelwa ekukhanyeni izinhlinzeko zoMthetho Vienna Convention on Relations Zonke Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba 1961 abeke phezu koMbuso ukuthumela, ngisho nemisebenzi eminingi kube yinto enqatshelwe.

Izakhiwo mission abakwazi ukufeza usesho, ukucela, okunamathiselwe noma okunye okunjalo. Inviolable futhi kumelwe abe iposi, nezinye elala esimweni sazo. Abasebenzi kanye nemindeni yabo futhi ujabulele lokhu kwesokudla: ubuntu babo futhi bangasephula ekhaya endaweni ethile yezwe ohlala kulo. inkonzo Igumbi ushwele wentela nomholo. Vienna Convention 1961 ku Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe has yezifiso ezimbili ozikhethela: imithetho yisakhamuzi yezwe aphethe azisebenzi, nendawo ethile ye- International Court of Justice liyadingeka.

umthetho zamanxusa

Lena yingxenye umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe nge iqoqo imithetho ucacise umkhawulo isimo isikhathi nemisebenzi izidumbu isimo lobudlelwano bangaphandle. ukuhambisana Lapha ngokugcwele amafomu zamanxusa eziyisisekelo: Ukuhileleka zamazwe amabili ngokusebenzisa ohambweni ezikhethekile, Ukuhileleka kubasekeli Kwenziwa nokudluliselwa sessions izinhlaka izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe noma emahhovisi omele lamazwe njalo ngezinye izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe.

The main ithuluzi izivumelwano - Vienna Convention 1961 ku Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba. Ngo-1969, i-Hague Convention naye wathathwa ku ohambweni ezikhethekile, futhi ngo-1975 e Vienna, - neSivumelwano uhlobo jikelele we ohambweni ubuhlobo kanye nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe. Lena akuyona eyokuqala Vienna Convention on Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba. Vienna kabili isingathwe abamele amazwe. I Russian Federation nengxenye Imihlangano emibili Vienna.

Ezombusazwe ka Relations sangaphandle

Izidumbu zabantu abangu-lobudlelwano bangaphandle zihlukaniswe angaphandle kanye ezifuywayo. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama eziphakeme kakhulu kohulumeni umzimba ukuthi inquma inqubomgomo angaphandle of the state, sihlangene noma yedwa inhloko yezwe ukumela izwe enkundleni ngamazwe, uhulumeni, eqondisa inqubomgomo angaphandle negunya uhulumeni - Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

emizimbeni Foreign ka lobudlelwano bangaphandle kungaba okwesikhashana noma unomphela. I last - lena embassy noma injongo, ukumelwa ku izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, consulates. Okwesikhashana - amanxusa ekhethekile noma umsebenzi emizimbeni ngamazwe noma imihlangano.

Imisebenzi begodu nesakhiwo

Sungula enobudlelwane phakathi uthi benana ohambweni ngokufaneleyo nangohlelo ekhethekile mayelana inhloko yabangamashumi omelele ikilasi. Lapha, lapho amazinga amathathu: Shaja d'Affaires, Isithunywa, Ambassador. nommeli nje kumele ahlukaniswe kusukela Charge d'Affaires, ngubani ngokungabi bikho inxusa lenza umsebenzi wakhe. 1961 Vienna Isentha ezikhonjwe emahlangothini amathathu: i nabameleli eziqinisekiswe Heads of State, kanti icala d'Affaires - noNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle.

Amazinga e isakhiwo ukumelwa zamanxusa zinqunywa ngokuhambisana nomthetho yasekhaya yezwe wokugunyaza. Abasebenzi futhi has ngezigaba ezintathu: ngaphezu zamanxusa has zokuphatha kanye yezobuchwepheshe (coders, Accountants, abahumushi, abasebenzi ye-Office nokunye) kanye nabasebenzi abasizayo (abapheki, ukuphepha, umshayeli wemoto, engadini, njll). abasebenzi Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe kuyakuba inviolable futhi ayikho ngaphansi amasiko ukuhlolwa. Izigaba kwabasebenzi lesibili nelesithathu ukuthwala sonke izinhlobo zezinto ukuze elinempahla kungenzeka, kodwa amasiko kungukuthi sisayithola. Vienna Convention (1961), futhi inani layo washeshe kakhulu futhi kahle esikalini-United Amaphathi.

imisebenzi Ukusungulwa. agrément

enobudlelwane amiswa namahhovisi amiswa kuphela isivumelwano lamazwe. Kodwa, ngendlela, owokuqala akuyona njalo kufaka yesibili. enobudlelwane kungenziwa isungulwe, futhi ngaphandle kulesakhiwo ukumelwa, Vienna Convention on Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba (1961) inikeza ngokuqondile ukuthi. Inhloso ukwamukelwa inxusa - lokhu sokugunyazwa. Kunezigaba ezine:

1. Agrement. Imvume we State ethola ukuqokwa umuntu othize ngandlela-thile, ne ilungelo lokunqaba yezwe Isikhungo. isicelo Agrement siyimfihlo futhi akusho ukuthi ngokubhala. Nge kokuthola imvume (agrément) inhloko yabangamashumi ukumelwa ngeke ngokuzenzakalelayo kube umlingisi GRATA (umlingisi GRATA ngesiLatini - umuntu oyifunayo).
2. Ukuqokwa olusemthethweni lwekhanda lalowo umsebenzi.
3. Ukufika e-State of uya khona.
4. Isethulo esisayinwe inhloko yezwe kokuqinisekisa - igunya ngokuvamile.

Kulandelwe babulawa oqondile yomsebenzi wabo.

ukumisa umsebenzi

Mission unqamule inxusa ngesizathu esihle (umhlalaphansi, ukugula, i-aphoyintimenti entsha), futhi wabizela isimo sakhe. Kwelinye icala, uma isinyathelo livela ezweni elisuke, kuyinto ukuqashelwa usomaqhinga umuntu engathandeki (ngabantu abangafuneki GRATA) noma dismisla icala - aze has amasosha omzimba zamanxusa kuyilapho yena kuthiwa umuntu. Ngezinye izikhathi kungcono ukwenqaba usomaqhinga sika ukwenza umsebenzi.

Of Vienna Convention on Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe ukuthi cishe njalo uma i-force majeure ngenhlonipho emazweni esungula umsebenzi zamanxusa, lanikeza. Ukupheliswa ekusebenzeni wonke amahhovisi ngenxa uqhekeko yabo bonke ubudlelwane phakathi kwalawa mazwe amabili (cishe a sempi), noma uma omunye iyeke kwala mazwe womabili 'khona. Futhi kuphele ehhovisi imisebenzi isezingeni ukutjhugululwa kwakarhulumende okungakhambisani nomthethosisekelo noma esimweni ayenawo nomphakathi.

ohambweni Special

Umsebenzi Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe kungase kudingeke amazinga ehlukene ngokwendlela ngokwezifiso ngamazwe, linqoba kule ndawo. Lolu hambo, okuyinto ithunyelwa ngumbuso ukuxazulula izinkinga ezithile futhi enze imisebenzi ehlukahlukene. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuthula ithunyelwa emazweni amaningana, uma umbuzo uwukuthi of interest jikelele. Inhloko yezwe, uma kuholela lokhu kuthunywa, kanye uNgqongqoshe wezangaPhandle, kanye nanoma yimiphi eminye abameleli ephezulu ezingeni ngempela ukujabulela kunoma iyiphi amasosha omzimba isimo namalungelo.

Imingcele amalungelo kanye nokuxolelwa kungukuthi ngokucacile zibekwe, kodwa abaholi bamazwe nabanye abantu ezinegunya kungaba ngokuqondile ngale yonke imibuzo ephathelene nale mfuneko futhi uyavuma nomunye. Nokho, kwakungekho sandulela ukuba amasosha omzimba zamanxusa eyaphulwa kusuka endaweni ethile ye-noma yimuphi umdwebo - lobugebengu, zokuphatha noma amademeshe. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka kokuma eside, okufanayo amasiko amalungelo okunikeze ku osomaqhinga ngokugcwele. Uma umuntu besigaba eliphakeme ohambweni zokubonisana ungaphenduki, ke isimo sabo namanje efana isimo isigaba okuhambisanayo kwabasebenzi mission zamanxusa.

nokuxolelwa imikhawulo

Ezinye ukulinganiselwa amalungelo kanye nokuxolelwa okuyodingeka kuqinisekiswa Vienna Isentha abanaso kuthethelelwe. ESoviet Union bengazange basayine mhlangano ngenxa ukungavumelani izitatimende esihlokweni 25 ohlinzekela bangasephula emagcekeni ukuthunywa okukhethekile. INgqungquthela ivumela ukubukeka kuletindzawo neziphathimandla zendawo uma kwaba khona umlilo noma ezinye inhlekelele, ngaphandle kwemvume lwekhanda lalowo umsebenzi. Fire kungase kungabi imbangela iziyaluyalu amasosha omzimba.

mangalela

Isigaba 31 se-Vienna Convention, okuyinto sinquma ukungatheleleki kusuka nendawo ethile ye-dippersonala aphethe izwe Nokho, wonke amalungu mission, esunguliwe ukuba dippersonam ecacisiwe uboshwe, isimangalo umonakalo uma izingozi zibangelwa izimoto, eye yasetshenziswa ngaphezu umsebenzi wabo olusemthethweni.

Ukubusa EMhlanganweni

Vienna Convention 1961 ku Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe sihlinzekela ukuvulwa ngoba isignesha akuyona yonke imikhakha amazwe. Amazwe kumelwe babe amalungu eNhlangano yeziZwe noma ezinye nezikhethekile, ukubamba iqhaza yoMthetho weNkantolo yoBulungiswa yeziZwe noma ukumenywa yi-UN General Assembly. Ilungelo leli ebekiwe Izihloko 48 (idokhumenti 1961) nokuthethwa 76 (1963 imibhalo).

Ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yalesi sizathu sokuthi eNingizimu Ossetia ayibonwa njengoba inhlangano Vienna Convention. IPhalamende laseNingizimu Ossetic wavuma ukuthi ezweni labo ongawi kunoma yiziphi izigaba nokuthi ezinye izihloko soMthetho-sisekelo zicacile olubandlululayo. Kodwa eNingizimu Ossetia isibe inhlangano Vienna Convention on Relations Yokusebenzelana Kwamazwe Omhlaba (1961), kodwa manje le mibhalo unilaterally.