Uhlelo American "Apollo". Bangaki nje abantu abaye wahamba phezu inyanga?

Ekhulwini XX - inkathi ukuphumelela komuntu emkhathini. impumelelo yakhe kakhulu kwaba inabasebenzi izindiza ku-orbit, umuntu esikhaleni nje, kanye nokuthuthukiswa satellite eMhlabeni - the Moon. Indida itholakala lokuthi abantu azikhohlwa iminikelo eyenziwa uhlelo American "Apollo" (1969-1972), ukuvumela umuntu yini ukudlulela ngale iplanethi yethu, futhi namuhla bambalwa kakhulu abantu bazokwazi ukuphendula umbuzo ukuthi bangakhi abantu wahamba phezu inyanga.

Isinqumo ukushintsha izwe

Kulo nyaka iqeda iminyaka engu 55 njengoba isitatimende mlando uMongameli Dzhona Kennedi ku kokuqala iphrojekthi ngaphansi kwegama "Apollo". Kwakuwusuku impendulo indiza Yuriya gagarina kanye lag linqoba-United States ukuthi ukuhlola umkhathi. Le phrojekthi kwenyanga nje kuphela ukwenza eqa qualitative, sigubha amandla kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe yezwe, kodwa futhi zikuphazamise abantu abavela empini engathandwa eVietnam. Kunobufakazi obubhalwe ukuthi Kennedy ngemva kokutadisha izici zezimali kanye yesayensi umbuzo uphakamise NS Khrushchev hlanganani imizamo lamazwe ezimbili ukuqaliswa kwe-mikhankaso ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, uzama ukudala "isikhala ibhuloho" phakathi amabili ayizikhondlakhondla zezikhali, kodwa wenqaba.

Namuhla siyazi ukuthi uhlelo abiza US $ 26 bhiliyoni. Lena izikhathi 10 mkhulu ukwedlula izindleko yokudalwa kwendawo ngebhomu le-athomu. Kodwa Kennedy zazenzela isinqumo esibalulekile, okufakazela amathuba okungenamkhawulo ndoda angena igama lakhe emlandweni yentuthuko isikhala. Ukuphendula umbuzo mayelana bangaki abantu baye wahamba phezu inyanga, kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi wafika orbit 24 abashayeli bezindiza, kodwa 12 kuphela wakwazi ziyabuthonya phezulu. Futhi ngaphambi kokuqala yimpumelelo, yayineminyaka emine nje umshayeli, belungiselela osomkhathi ezintathu owashona ngo-January 1967.

Amatilosi lokuqala

"Apollo 11" kwaba mkhathi, zilethwe ebusweni kwenyanga yokuqala uhambo yimpumelelo. isiqalo sakhe 16.07.1969, waboniswa kumabonakude e ukusakaza bukhoma. Izinsuku zokuqala, ngenkathi umkhumbi wawusengozini emzileni sizungeze Earth, baqhubeka nsuku kwevidiyo, okubonisa kusuke kulindelwe lukhulu lapho ezihlobene nale crew. UCaptain uNeil Armstrong, umshayeli oyinhloko Maykl Kollinz, oyinyanga module umshayeli Edwin Aldrin - pilot abanolwazi, babe emkhathini ngaleso "Gemini" imikhumbi, ngosuku lwesine safinyelela orbit kwenyanga ngemva injini yesithathu-esiteji.

Ngakusasa bobabili wathuthela module kwenyanga ngemuva kokwenza kusebenze izinhlelo zayo futhi undocking wangena orbit ukunciphisa. Isici yalesi uhambo kwakuwukuthi ngemva kokuba izinjini lokubikezela umshayeli wakwazi umhlaba module ngemizuzwana ezingeni abagxeka petrol. Neil Armstrong iyona wasemhlabeni lokuqala abamukele imvume ukuya enyangeni. Walandelwa Edwin (oneminyaka engu-88 yashintsha igama layo ku-Buzz Aldrin), uqhubeke ku yanga isakramente zenkolo.

Ukuba ebusweni endaweni ethile 2.5 amahora (isikhathi esisele agcinwe kule module), amatilosi amasampula idwala behlangene, futhi wenza bethwebula ividiyo, Julayi 24 ngokuphepha wabuyela iplanethi yabo ekhaya, kokufika isikwele inikezwe.

Eshukunyiswa impumelelo

Amatilosi lokuqala wabuyela e-United States heroes, futhi kakade Novemba 14 ukwethula "Apollo-12" ngaphansi kokulawula usomkhathi abanolwazi, wenza indiza ezimbili isikhala ababegibele "Gemini" (1965, 1966). Pit Konrad nabangani bakhe (Alan Bean noRichard Gordon) ngesikhathi kwethulwa sibhekene nezimo ongaphilile elihlobene ne iziteleka ezimbili umbani. Emehlweni ababekhona ekuqaleni uMongameli Nixon ngogesi wehliswa eziningana izinzwa, okubangela ukuvala shaqa we fuel cell. Crew ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze alungise leso simo.

UConrad Bean kwadingeka achithe phezu kwenyanga izinsuku ezimbili (isivuno asebenzayo kwaba amahora 3.5). At the site lokubikezela kwatheleka ngefu uthuli bakwazi ukuya "weMihlaba 3", okwenza neqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi. Ngenxa yezinkinga ngekhamera yevidiyo akakwazi ukwenza ividiyo bukhoma ngokuqondile indawo nezisebenzi kokwehla.

Afakwe uhlu lwabantu ovakashele Moon

United States ngaphansi kohlaka "Apollo" Uhlelo wathunyelwa Umhlaba 9 mikhankaso satellite. Ukuze umhlaba osomkhathi inyanga ephethwe nabasebenza eziyisithupha. Bonke lalinabashumayeli abantu abathathu, ababili babo zidluliselwa ku-module enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Ngemva kokwehluleka kwe-April, 1970, ephathelene ngesenzakalo abagibele "Apollo 13", ehluleka ukufeza imisebenzi yayo, kulandela uhambo yimpumelelo senzeka ngo-February ka '71. Alan Shepard futhi u-Edgar Mitchell (endleleni, kuye kwadingeka ukuba crewed 13 "Apollo"), hhayi kuphela wakwazi ukuhlola zokuzamazama komhlaba, kodwa kabili ukuya emkhathini.

Kwaphela izinsuku ezintathu nobusuku obuthathu esichithwa surface eMhlabeni we satellite Devid Skott futhi Dzheyms Irvin, abahlanganyeli bomkhankaso elilandelayo (July 1971), futhi Dzhon Yang futhi Charlz Dyuk (April 1972), bathatha uhambo olude oluya Lunokhod. Amatilosi "Apollo 17" uqede ukuqaliswa kohlelo enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Yudzhin Sernan futhi Harrison Schmitt wenza indiza zokugcina ngo-December 1972, nge Cernan ephethwe Some inhlabathi kwenyanga zokuqala okokudwebela indodakazi. Ngaye, kwaba indiza yesibili satellite Zomhlaba, kanye ngaphezulu ezintathu akanye nalo. Kodwa ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo yendlela abantu abaningi baye wahamba phezu inyanga, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi uma kuphela yilowo nalowo kubo wathinta ebusweni kwenyanga.

Ukugcwaliswa uhlelo "Apollo"

Namuhla pad qalisa (Cape Canaveral), okuqondene US Air Force, sekonakele. Naphezu ukuqhubeka okulindeleke kwethulwa "Apollo", ayikho uqala ezintathu ezalandela awazange Kwasetshenziswa. Isizathu esiyinhloko - izindleko omkhulu, hhayi ngokuletha intuthuko entsha e ukuhlola umkhathi. izinhlamvu 12, phuma of the eduze-Earth isikhala, uyaphila ayisishiyagalolunye ngakwesokunxele. Ukuphila kwabo ungathi impilo Hollywood izinkanyezi. Bonke ngokushesha washiya NASA, cishe bekhohlakele izakhamuzi zakubo. Ngokumangalisayo, kubahlanganyeli indiza yokuqala wathola US umklomelo eliphakeme (mthetho Gold Medal), kuphela iminyaka engu-wamashumi amane nanye ekuqaleni.

On umbuzo ukuthi bangakhi abantu wahamba phezu inyanga, abaningi namuhla bathi: "cha." Yibo labo ukwabelana "itulo ithiyori" ezavela ngesandla ukukhanya yomlobi Bill bezinhlamvu, baye bangabaza ngokoqobo ukubalekela inyanga. Ukuvikela udumo lwakhe, Buzz Aldrin oneminyaka engu-72 ubudala ngaleso ezivuthiwe neminyaka engu-ngempama ngokomphakathi ebusweni intatheli, ezwakalisa ukungabaza kwakhe. Ngo-2009, e-United States enikeziwe umphakathi nezithombe zesiphuphutheki eqinisekisa iminonjana osomkhathi ezindaweni komhlaba ngama-satellite.

Ukugcwaliswa uhlelo kanye nokuntuleka nobambiswano kulolu isiqondiso imibuso emibili isikhala udabuka kakhulu, ngoba uyakwazi ukwenza njenge bridge endleleni ohambweni esizayo Mars.