Inkathi yokuchuma yezikhulu - igama wokubusa uCatherine 2nd

Ekaterina Velikaya Umthetho Russian Empire iminyaka 34. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, khudlwana endaweni kanye nabantu bakuleli zwe. Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, intuthuko sina lwenziwe. Russia yazuza inesisindo kanye nethonya ezindabeni zezizwe, kuhlanganise maqondana amazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa isici esiphawuleka kakhulu kule nkathi kwaba kuhlonyiswa kwetinhlangano izikhulu ukuba imikhawulo zicatshangwe. Indaba kunzima ukuthola isibonelo esithi asifane elite, amagunya anjalo angenamkhawulo. Catherine 2 Board ngokuthi inkathi yokuchuma ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi

Indlela umqhele isiRashiya kwakuwulimi olunzima kakhulu iNdlovukazi esizayo. Catherine waqala ukubusa ngo-umbuso esigodlweni ezimweni ezinzima futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Umyeni wakhe, uPeter Okwesithathu kwakukuncane uyakwazi esasikhipha isimo futhi wakhonza njengephayona kwesithiyo endleleni eya esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe ongaqondakali Ekaterina bagxila amandla ezandleni zakhe. Kodwa, ngokuya izifundo, kwaba inkosazana alien, ongumsolwa kuleli cala lokubulala umyeni wakhe. Isikhundla iNdlovukazi kwakubonakala ezitatazelayo alithembekile. The main ukwesekwa kanye nokuvikeleka yayisetshenziswa njengomuzi wokuphumula onogada Icebo lika enkantolo. Isidingo ukuthola ukusekelwa yebutho elite Catherine Inqubomgomo kuchazwe maqondana lonke yezikhulu.

ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa

UMbusikazi isiyifundile imisebenzi uVoltaire futhi wayejwayelene imibono ovulekile European. Wayekholelwa ukuthi umthetho ezinengqondo, komthetho ngempumelelo futhi obakhathalelayo izihloko imfundo kungaholela isimo ukuze ukuchuma nenhlalakahle. La umqondo wezwe elingaphansi ohlanga ukukhanyiselwa asebezifinyelele kakade kulondolozwe uhlelo izindlu, amandla main okuyizinto izikhulu. Futhi, ningawenzi bangabaza amandla aphelele we nkosi.

Wathwalwa yizingelosi izimiso French Ukukhanyiselwa, Catherine baqaphela indlela kude ngokoqobo Empire Russian. Uma babefuna bushelelezi phezu ukuphikisana yetenhlalo emmangweni, waphoqeleka ukwenza ngenxa ekilasini, lapho kwakuxhomeke amandla ako. Yingakho inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu kwavela phakathi nokubusa uCatherine. Isigodlo Guard khona amandla okukhumbula amakhulu kakhulu kwezepolitiki, ngezinye izikhathi izinqumo sezenziwe, ngubani ozakuhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi.

Ukushintsha ukuma yezikhulu

Isimiso esiyisisekelo ubudlelwano phakathi nkosi nabakhulu kwaba ukwenza inkonzo yezempi ukuze enane ubunikazi izigodi. UMthetho njengoba besigaba yizicukuthwane kuKesari ayefana zendalo ukuze ukwencika serf amakhosi asendulo. Kuze kube yisikhathi Petra Velikogo, inkonzo okufakayo waqala ne engu-15 futhi kwaba cishe konke ukuphila komuntu. I wohlanga olukhulu babengenalo ilungelo lokukhetha phakathi career amasosha nezakhamuzi.

Kancane kancane kukhona ukubhujiswa lezi zimiso lasendulo. Inqubo nokuphakamisa kubo yafinyelela umvuthwandaba lapho ibhodi weza Catherine 2. i-Golden Age yezikhulu wabeka isisekelo ungqimba wokuqala khulula ngokugcwele futhi ezimele umphakathi eRussia.

Shintsha ngemva kokufa Petra Velikogo

Izigaba kule nomthetho iye uchitshiyelwe, kwenza isimo isigaba izinduna nakakhulu elula futhi wenze nenzuzo. Netikhulu bavunyelwa ukuba ihambe okwesikhashana imisebenzi yakhe ukuba isimo futhi abuyela esimweni uqobo ukuphatha izindaba kwezomnotho. Enye yamadodana akhe kuyo yonke imikhaya yizicukuthwane tye hhayi ukwenza enkonzweni futhi azinikele ngokuphelele ukuba ekhuluma nezindaba ezihlobene ifa. Umnyaka lapho abameleli izigodi izinduna waqala ukufeza isibopho sakhe ukuba le nkosi, ukhuphukisiwe kusuka iminyaka engu-15 kuya ku-20. Izicukuthwane banikwa ukukhetha phakathi kwamasosha kahulumeni. It kwaqinisekiswa ilungelo elehlukile yezikhulu babe nomhlaba kanye serfs. Kube kungenzeka umhlalaphansi sesineminyaka sikhonza 25.

Manifesto kaPetru III

Ababonayo Catherine wafuna acele ukwesekwa yezikhulu phambi ukubusa kwakhe okwakufanele abe inkosi. Wayebona pretty okuningi ukusingatha womshado ebusayo, futhi ngaphansi kwethonya layo igunyaza lo Manifesto yokuqeda inkonzo yomphakathi ayimpoqo amalungu esigaba amakhosi asendulo. Catherine ibuyelele amaphuzu ayinhloko le dokhumenti, ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ekumisweni kwayo. Inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu ngokuthi inkathi anabo ukumenyezelwa kwezindaba kwenkululeko ayengenabo parallel esikhathini esidlule. Nokho, ukwencika izigodi izinduna we ukuphana umusa i autocrat lwahlala luqinile.

isimo somnotho

Empress baziswa ngokomthetho ukungabi khona isidingo ukuphoqwa izikhulu imisebenzi isimo. Ngokubona kwakhe, ubuzwe ukwethembeka nenkosi, esivela bale ekilasini, siqinisekisa isosha yabo yokuzithandela. Lesi sitatimende akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Isizathu yabo yangempela ukuthi ngokuvamile Niphiwe imali encane futhi akazange anikeze zabanikazi indinganiso ehloniphekile nawo ezingeni lekuphila. Kwakudingeka ukuba amaningi kuwo izikhulu somphakathi kwaba ukuphela kwento.

babhekane nezinga elikhulu

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iNdlovukazi ezaba nomthelela kwandzisa umbuthano ewumngcingo kumngane wakhe futhi izintandokazi. Ngokwesibonelo, abahleli bezinhlangano umbuso esigodlweni, wavula indlela yakhe ethathe ubukhosi isiRashiya, wathola kwababusi imali eningi futhi umhlaba. Ngenxa yomoya kwezinye nkosi eseduze baba abanikazi izimo kumnandi. Inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu sabiza ukubusa kuka-uCatherine Omkhulu, kodwa akubona bonke amalungu alesi sigaba wathola izinzuzo zomnotho kule nkathi. Ezinye zazo azange abe serfs. Manifesto yokulwela inkululeko akazange kuthinte isimo sabo sezimali.

serfs

Inkathi Yokuchuma izikhulu Russian kwadingeka sinazo nezinkinga. I inhlalakahle isigaba izinduna yayisekelwe zabasebenzi mahhala serfs. Ukwanda amalungelo yabakhulu ephelezelwa Ukubeka amalungelo tillers eziboshiwe. kwale nkantolo serfs kuphela kwadingeka umninindlu yabo. Waba namandla sokugweba ukudingiselwa eSiberia noma ngisho nokuphila konke kanzima. Hambisa izikhalazo umninindlu okwakwenqatshelwe ngaphansi kokujeziswa ngesiswebhu. Isikhundla serfs kwahluka kancane nasekugqilazekeni zakudala, nakuba umthetho alikufuni alivume.

kwezifiso neyobuntu futhi empeleni

Ekaterina Velikaya kubhekwa uhlelo ezinjalo emphakathini amadivayisi okunonya. Yena ngokuphindaphindiwe wacabanga ngezindlela kungenzeka ukuthi ubeke umkhawulo ebugqileni. Nokho, lezi zinhlelo ngqo kungqubuzana izithakazelo abakhethekileyo. umthombo Kwezomnotho inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu kwaba serfdom. izinhloso ezinhle Empress sibhekene iqiniso elibuhlungu, futhi baphoqeleka ukuba ayiyeke le imibono neyobuntu. ukwesekwa Izicukuthwane owawuqondene Catherine phambili kunayo, futhi eminyakeni kokubusa kwakhe waqala sokuthuthwa kwempahla feudalism.

Izincwadi patent ka izikhulu kwenkululeko

Ngo 1785 inyatheliswe idokhumenti eqinisekisa wonke amalungelo ngaphambili etholwe futhi sandise kubo. Ukukhululwa lokuqala ekilasini yizicukuthwane zase zihleliwe kusukela isibopho sokusebenzela umphakathi kanye ilungelo layo okukhethekile babe nomhlaba futhi abalimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, knighthood kusukela manje sethulwe, futhi ukulahlekelwa kungaba kuphela isinqumo iSigele okwesikhathi elibucayi. Ukuze uhlu izinzuzo wanezela yokukhululeka intela yokuvota. Ijaji wohlanga olukhulu ayengakwenza alinganayo kuphela ngokuzalwa. It sivimbela ukusetshenziswa kuhlawuliswa nalabo abamele kwamadoda asebukhosini, futhi bathathe izigodi zabo. Babefanele ilungelo lokwenza izicelo noma izikhalazo ngqo inkosi. Netikhulu bavunyelwa ukuba baye phesheya, ngisho ukungena inkonzo inkosi angaphandle.

izikhulu Administration e

Kuwufanele ukugcizelela ukwethulwa wendawo ukuzibusa. Esikhathini yokuchuma izikhulu Russian cishe zonke izikhulu izifunda kanye nemizi nokuthi likhethwa noma liqokwa kwesinye lesi sigaba. I Izicukuthwane eRussia ngagcina corporation avaliwe ukuzihlanganisa lonke labantu.

ukudla nokuthengiswa

Inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu kwaqondana ukukhuphuka kusandile e amabele, nesinkwa amanani. iqhaza Russian ohlelweni wemakethe European ogxile e ukudla. Export lwesinkwa isibe umsebenzi inzuzo kakhulu. Lokhu eqinisweni bakhuthazwa kulendawo ukwandisa acreage futhi uqinise ukuxhashazwa lomtshikatshika serfs ukuze bathole izimali ezengeziwe. Isimo somnotho nomthelela ukuqhubeka inkathi yokuchuma ukuthinta izicukuthwane kuphela.

Lokuphela kwenkathi ebikhona

Ngemva kokufa uCatherine Omkhulu ethathe ubukhosi, uPawulu naye wabhekana ubuhlobo nzima ngenxa ngokubulala uyise uPetru III. Wazama umkhawulo okunikeze kwenkululeko izikhulu namalungelo. Inkathi yokuchuma izikhulu ayikapheli, kodwa isiqongo salo kwaba kakade ngemuva. Bezama ukwenza lokhu kuwumgogodla ikilasi autocracy Catherine wayemnike amalungelo esikhulu nesesilo yawo yaba ibutho ezinkulu zezombangazwe.