Soviet Army. Isibalo ibutho ezwe elaliyi-USSR

Army zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa - omunye umphakathi wakule ndawo wawuhlukaniswe enamandla kakhulu yamasosha kwekhulu lama-20, ukudalwa okuye wachitha izimali eziningi, ikakhulukazi abantu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwamiswa kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha futhi ngokuqinile wathatha indawo ehamba phambili emlandweni wezwe, ikakhulukazi sibonga ubuqhawe nokukhuthazela onqenqemeni kungenzeka abantu ukuthi amasosha aseSoviet yabonisa emzabalazweni abahlaseli undlovukayiphikiswa. Ngemva sokunikela olungenamkhawulo, mhlawumbe, ambalwa imibuso yezwe bazokwazi inselelo yokuthi kusobala ukuthi ibutho laseSoviet kwaba eziqine kakhulu emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi. Nokho, kuba isihloko esingashiwongo ke wasigcina kuze cishe ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.

izigaba ukwakheka

Kuwo wonke umlando walo kusukela obhekwe ifomu ucishe ihlelwe yebutho Russian wayedume ngokuba Amazing isibindi, amandla kanye nokholo isizathu sokuba wachitha igazi yamasosha. Ukuwa kwalo mbuso, ngokukhethekile, kuhilelani hhayi kuphela badangalise amabutho ahlomile, kodwa futhi ukubhujiswa sekuyaphela. Lokhu kuchaza intshiseko elimazayo ukuqeda iningi amabutho isikhulu. Ngo okufanayo ezweni lonke kusukela ababefuna ukukhonza imibono emisha kanye nesimo kuzalwa kwamiswa Red Guards. Nokho, lapho namanje kwaba Okokuqala Umhlaba ngaphakathi spite of izenzakalo yangaphakathi, iRussia hhayi ngokusemthethweni baphume kulo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaba khona isidingo uxhumano njalo. It okuqaliswe ukwakheka iRed Army, ngegama likabani ngemva konyaka ungeze inkulumo ethi "izisebenzi futhi abalimi". Isikhulu lokuzalwa - Februwari 23, 1918. Ngesikhathi kokugqashuka zombango amavolontiya 800,000 babe zezikhulu zayo, ngemva kwesikhashana - 1.5 million.

At inhliziyo ukudalwa ibutho izimiso ezintsha wabantu ezifana ekilasini, nemave ayikahlanganiswa bakheké ngokuphelele isimo (phakathi kwababusi ibutho benziwa izakhamuzi kwamanye amazwe), ukhetho ibhodi zokuphatha, dvunachalie enikela khona amandla in zonke izigaba zamadodana abokhominitjhara lempi, okubizwa ngokuthi abasebenzi zezombusazwe .

Izingxenye eziyisisekelo amabutho ahlomile waqala ezweni nasolwandle. Ubuhlobo agcwele lempi ibutho lamaSoviet laqala kuphela ngo-1922, okungukuthi, lapho kakade ngokomthetho zaba khona eSoviet Union. Kuze kube ukunyamalala ukuthi uMbuso kusukela ibalazwe yempi emhlabeni awushintshanga isimo sabo zangaphandle. Ngemva kumiswa eU.SSR sahlanganyela amabutho NKVD.

Uhlaka lwenhlangano zokuphatha

Futhi e-USSR, futhi kamuva eSoviet Union ukuba afeze imisebenzi zokuphatha, kanye nokulawula izakhiwo ezihlukahlukene, ezihlanganisa nombutho wezempi esebenza oPhethe Yabantu Commissars. Yabantu Commissar Wezokuvikela yasungulwa ngo-1934. Phakathi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe Supreme Command kwamiswa, eliholwa Iosifom Stalinym ngqo. Kamuva, kwamiswa uMnyango Wezokuvikela. Sakhiwo lesifanako iyagcinwa kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ekuqaleni, wezempi, kwakungekho-oda. Amavolontiya kwakhiwa amayunithi, ngalinye elikwazi kwaba ehlukile Abezempi. Emzamweni ukubhekana nalesi simo ebuthweni waletha Ochwepheshe olufanele abenza ukwakhiwa yayo. Rifle ekuqaleni kwakhiwa futhi amabutho abakhwele amahhashi. ukuphumelela Inamandla zobuchwepheshe, obonakaliswe ukugeleza bakhululwe ukukhiqizwa izindiza, amathangi, izimoto armored, nomthelela yokuthi ibutho laseSoviet kwakwanda, kwabonakala amayunithi ngomshini futhi embonini yezezimoto, kwaqina amayunithi lobuchwepheshe. Phakathi nempi, kuba yingxenye evamile ibutho asebenzayo. Ngokusho imithetho lempi, ubude yonke imisebenzi yezempi sehlukaniswe phambi, okuyinto yena, zihlanganisa impi.

Isibalo ibutho laseSoviet kusukela buqala, kwakukhona cishe amabili eziyikhulu, ngesikhathi kuhlasela iJalimane lobuNazi zezikhulu zayo, kwakukhona abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu.

izinhlobo amabutho

ESoviet Union nanka elihamba, amabutho wezikhali, abakhwele amahhashi, isiginali amabutho, armored, ubunjiniyela, amakhemikhali, yezimoto, ujantshi, amabutho komgwaqo, ibutho lasemoyeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhala esiningi matasa futhi ihhashi ihhashi, okuyinto sesakhiwe kanyekanye ne iRed Army. Nokho, ubuholi wahlangana nobunzima obukhulu ekwakhiweni kule yunithi: izifunda lapho bangabizwa kumiswa enkompolo abangu ubuswa Abamhlophe noma oqashwe nomzimba angaphandle. Kunezinkinga ezinkulu ukuntuleka izikhali, ochwepheshe. Ngenxa yalokho, yakha ingxenye egcwele abagibele amahhashi sasingamashumi kuphela ngasekupheleni 1919. Phakathi nempi yombango Sijwayele siyithola cishe kwesigamu inani nemigundatshani kwezinye izenzo ukulwa. Ezinyangeni zokuqala we impi enamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi abagibele amahhashi ibutho lamaJalimane sika, kumelwe kushiwo, siye sazibonakalisa ngokungenabugovu nangesibindi, ikakhulukazi Battle of eMoscow. Nokho, kwaba sobala kakhulu ukuthi firepower yabo ngeke ngokuqinile nanoma ikuphi ukuqhathaniswa nge izindlela zesimanje zempi. Ngakho-ke, iningi lalezi amabutho uyekwa.

Iron amandla umlilo

Ikhulu lamashumi amabili, ikakhulukazi ngesiwombe sokuqala, kwaphawulwa ngokushesha intuthuko lempi. Futhi eSoviet Union iRed Army, kanye amabutho empi wanoma iliphi elinye izwe, ngenkuthalo igcwele amathuba amasha zobuchwepheshe nolokubhujiswa esiphezulu lesitha. Lo msebenzi ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqiza efektri yomugqa amathangi lula ku 1920. Lapho zivela ochwepheshe ezempi uhlelo nokuxhumana elikhiqizayo elihamba ezintsha kanye nezimoto. Kuyinto lesi sici matasa endaweni emaphakathi ku ukulwa elihamba maphepha. Ikakhulukazi, njengosuku inzuzo enkulu ka ukumangala ecacisiwe, futhi phakathi imishini emisha ukumaka nasekuqiniseni izikhundla zabo besebenzisa ethumba elihamba aqondisa ku sijulise ukuhlaselwa isitha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSoviet ithangi wamabutho kuhlanganisiwe amayunithi paramilitary ifakwe izimoto zempi. Kumiswa ibutho liqala ngo-1935, lapho iqembu lamabutho armored, abangena kamuva kwaba yisisekelo esizayo amabutho ngomshini. Nokho, ekuqaleni kwempi, lezi zakhi kwadingeka ukuba yahlakazeka ngenxa yokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemishini. Nalapha futhi, Battalion ngabanye kanye brigades kwamiswa. Nokho, ngo-ekuqaleni konyaka impi yesibili futhi wavuselela uhlinzeke amathuluzi usumisiwe ngokugcwele, amabutho ngomshini yabuyiselwa, isakhiwo sabo liye langena lonke Panzer ibutho lonke elaseSoviet Union. Lena esivelele kunazo zonke ukwakheka kwalesi uhlobo amabutho. Njengomthetho, bona abaphathiswe ngesinqumo ezimele combat ohambweni.

zezindiza wezempi

Aviation - omunye amandla esinzulu webutho lezempi. Njengoba indiza yokuqala yaqala ukubonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ukuxhumana izindiza zempi waqala ukwakha ngo-1918. Nokho, ngo-1930 kwabonakala ukuthi lolu hlobo amabutho, ibutho laseSoviet kakhulu phansi kunabaphostoli ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa ngokushesha we umkhakha zezindiza eNtshonalanga. Imizamo nesimanje imishini at ekuqaleni seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wabonisa bonke ubuze babo. Imishini ye Luftwaffe owanikhipha phansi ukuhlaselwa kwabo ekuseni Juni emadolobheni Soviet, ubanjwe ungazelele ngomyalo lempi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezinsukwini zakuqala labhujiswa kungathi izinkulungwane ezimbili izindiza Soviet, iningi - emhlabathini. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, empini Soviet zezindiza ukulahlekelwa bezingaphansi izindiza ezingaphezu kuka-21 eziyinkulungwane.

Okusheshayo Ukwakha-up embonini zezindiza avunyelwe emva kwesikhashana ukuthi bayoke esibhakabhakeni nge Luftwaffe bomlilo. Famous fighter "Yak" ezinguqulweni ezahlukene kwenziwa Aces German ukuphelelwa ukholo ukunqoba okusheshayo. Ngoxhaxha esizayo agcwaliswa ethuthukisiwe ukuhlaselwa izindiza, ekuhlaseleni, ningatholakala.

Okunye amabutho ahlomile

Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo izikhali kuyinto ngempela ebalulekile ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili wathatha Corps of Engineers. Kuyinto ba imingcele ku ukwakhiwa ezivikelweni, izakhiwo, uthango izindawo yafakwa amabhomu agqitshwayo, bokusebenza aqondisa, ngaphandle, baze uyasizakala ekubhekaneni ukudalwa imihubhe emikhakheni misela, ukunqoba izinqaba isitha, izithiyo kanye nezinye izinto. amabutho kumakhemikhali kakhulu titfutfukiswe kwenkululeko isicelo salo ngesikhathi, kuzo zonke Abezempi kwaba the linezingxenye ezifanele. Ikakhulukazi, ayesebenzisa okuhleliwe ilangabi throwers umusi kwesihenqo.

Ranks ebuthweni eU.SSR

Njengoba yaziwa, elokuqala ukuthi balwa basekela uhulumeni omusha - ekubhujisweni kwabo bonke ngisho nakulezo ukhumbuza ekilasini nokucindezelwa. Yingakho into sezikhulu zokuqala uyekwa, futhi nalo - kanye jaha isihloko. Kunalokho imperial ezinhlwini umbiko ikhadi okuthunyelwe lempi Kwamiswa. Kamuva, izigaba olusemthethweni akhonjiswa ngokuthi "K". Ngoba umehluko izikhundla yasetshenziswa ngamajamo weJiyomethri - unxantathu, rhombus, isikwele, ku izimpahla lempi - amathebhu anemibala kwifomu.

Nokho, esikhundleni esiphezulu ngazinye sebutho Soviet okwamanje ibuyisiwe, iqiniso is closer kuze seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili. Ngonyaka owandulela kuhlasela German savuka "Okujwayelekile" isihloko, "u-Admiral" futhi "kusho uColonel". Khona babuyela ukusevisa phakathi kwababusi amasevisi yezobuchwepheshe kanye yokudla. Officer njengendlela mqondo lempi, ezizibeni nezinye izikhulu ekugcineni wahlala kuphela ngo-1943. Nokho, akuwona wonke obabukhona e pre-wamavukelambuso Russia ezinhlwini zabuyiselwa ebuthweni ezwe elaliyi-USSR. Leli qiniso luwuthinte indlela yokwakheka kwababusi bempi isiRashiya, njengoba yasungulwa ngo-1943, uhlelo esetshenziswa namuhla. Phakathi akufakiwe: non-ethunywe wasehhovisi kanye Usayitsheni usayitsheni omkhulu, kusho isikhulu se-uLieutenant uLieutenant, induna, kanye Cornet abakhwele amahhashi, abasebenzi-rotmister, rotmister. Ensign ibuyiselwe kuphela ngo-1972. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Major, okuyinto e Russia tsarist kwasusa 1881, ngokwehlukanisa, emuva.

Ukuze ngokuphelele ezinhlwini entsha zifaka isethulo ngo-1940 elase-USSR Army Jikelele, ngesimo kungenxa isikhundla eliphakeme eSoviet Union, okuyinto elisezingeni marshal. Eyokuqala esicongweni esisha ukhishwa ngabaholi bezempi omkhulu owaziwa Georgy Zhukov, Kirill Meretskov no-Ivan Tyulenev. Ngaphambi kwempi, nazi ezinye ezimbili ezakhiwa e elisezingeni - ngabaholi bezempi Joseph Apanasenko futhi Dmitri Pavlov. Phakathi nempi, isihloko "Jikelele weZempi wase-USSR" akuyona eyabiwe kuze 1943. Khona-ke zakhiwa ehlombe ezizibeni, okuyinto behlaliswe izinkanyezi ezine. Eyokuqala wathola isikhundla Wayengubani u-Alexander Vasilevsky. Ngokuvamile kwakhiwa isikhundla yebutho ephethwe nezimpi.

Ngu ekupheleni kwempi eSoviet wase-USSR ibutho olunezinombolo nesishiyagalombili ojenene ukhishwa kulesi sihloko. Eziyishumi lwalunamandla kwenkokhiso elisezingeni marshal. Ngo-1970 isihloko wabelwa ayisekho ngemphumela ezivelele migilingwane we lawobaba, kodwa eqinisweni isikhundla, okubandakanya esabelweni isikhundla.

mpi esabekayo - usindiso olukhulu

Ngu ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe, ibutho yaseSoviet Union sasinamandla kangangokuba, mhlawumbe bureaucratic kakhulu futhi eziningana sibonga ikhanda ahlelwe Stalin repressions ku kwababusi bempi e 1937-1938, lapho esinzulu wakhunyulwa ngawo isakhiwo. Lokhu ngokwengxenye, kwakungenxa yokuthi emavikini ekucala kwezinhloko zamaviyo abangu demoralized, kwakunokuvungama okuningi nokulahlekelwa abantu, kokubili amasosha nezakhamuzi, imishini, izikhali kanye nezinye izinto. Nakuba i-Soviet Union German sebutho ngokusobala awavumelani izikhundla alinganayo ekuqaleni kwempi, ngesikhathi izindleko kwenqwaba yezisulu amasosha aseSoviet bavikela ezweni lenkaba yawo futhi waba enjalo feat sokuqala nakanjani ukuvikela eMoscow nokubuyisa emzini amabutho okuzingela. Impi yashesha kakhulu ukufunda izindlela ezintsha nolaka Red Soviet Army ngokushesha uguqulwe ube amandla professional wezempi ukuthi ekuqaleni ngolaka bavikela kwemingcele yabo nabaphansi, kuphela nokuphoqa abaphikisi ukulahlekelwa kabi nezikhundla zabo, futhi emva kwempi kwaseStalingrad turning ngentukuthelo ethuthuka futhi Baxoshe isitha.

Army USSR 1941 lalinabashumayeli amadoda abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu. Kusukela ngokudubula amasu ka-June 22, kwakukhona izibhamu cishe sasiyikhulu namashumi amabini anamabini amawaka, izigqulo. Phakathi neminyaka engu-nenxenye lesitha ngempela babezizwa bekhululekile lapho amazwe eSoviet baya maphakathi nezwe ngokushesha ngokwanele. Kuze kube ngaleso sikhathi, waze wafika kwaseStalingrad. Defense futhi mpi for idolobha wavula isigaba esisha kule ngxabano mlando eyaphenduka indiza esihlazisayo sezitha isitha ensimini Russian. Ingabe amandla isiqongo yempi yase-USSR yafinyelelwa ekuqaleni kuka-1945 - 11.360.000 bomlilo.

empini

Ekuqaleni kwe-umlando ekhazimulayo iRed Army ezinhlwini basutha njalo yokuzithandela. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ukuphathwa wathola sengathi ngaphansi kwezimo ezinje ezikhathini ezibucayi yezwe asengozini ngenxa yokuntuleka njalo amabutho ezempi. Yingakho steel izimiso njalo ekhishwe obiza ngiyofundela ezempi kusukela 1918. Khona-ke sokuphila babe elihamba kuhle abaqotho kanye wezikhali babe nyaka, mabutho - kweminyaka emibili e-izindiza zempi sibizelwa iminyaka emithathu e-Navy - iminyaka emine. ezempi ngo elaseSoviet Union kulawulwa ahlukene izenzo zomthetho-sisekelo. Lo mthwalo ubhekwa ifomu kunazo asebenzayo we ukusebenza futhi esibophweni sazo zomphakathi ukuthi ivikele lawobaba sezenhlalo.

Njengoba nje impi iphela, ukuqonda Umhlahlandlela ukuthi liqalise izinsizwa ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Futhi yingakho akekho okuthiwa kuze 1948. inkonzo yezempi esikhundleni senkonzo yezempi ayeqondiswe lomsebenzi wokwakha ukubuyiselwa lonke engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe wawudinga izandla. Khona-ke ubuholi wakhipha umagazini omusha we umthetho wokuya empini, owawuthi omdala zinsizwa zazingazi akubo bazokhonza lapha iminyaka emithathu e-Navy - iminyaka emine. Ikholi eyenziwa kanye ngonyaka. inkonzo yezempi eSoviet Union sancishiswa saba unyaka owodwa nje vó ngo-1968, kuyilapho inani labantu okufanele izingcingo anda ezimbili.

iholide lochwepheshe

ibutho Russian Modern ibala iminyaka yayo kusukela ngosuku kumiswa compounds lokuqala elihlomile omusha waseRussia post-wamavukelambuso. Ngokusho idatha zomlando, uVladimir Lenin ngemvume isimemezelo kwi ukwakheka Workers 'futhi Abalimi' iRed Army Januwari 28, 1918. amabutho aseJalimane ukukhuthalele ehlaselwa, lebutho Russian kwakudingeka amandla amasha. Ngakho-ke, ku-Febhuwari 22 iziphathimandla ukuba abantu bamemeza yokutakula wobaba. Ukubolekisa ngezindodla imibuthano ezinamazwi nezikhalazo kwadingeka nethonya lazo - amavolontiya baphuthuma isixuku. Ngakho kwaba khona usuku mlando nezobuchwepheshe Army Day egujwa. Ngosuku olufanayo futhi banquma ukugubha umkhosi Navy. Nakuba empeleni, usuku esemthethweni kumiswa ngoxhaxha ubhekwa Februwari 11, lapho Lenin ngemvume idokhumenti ku lasungulwa.

Qaphela ukuthi ngisho nangemva nokushabalala ukuhlala iholide lempi eSoviet Union, futhi namanje kugujwa. Nokho, kuphela ngo-2008 inhloko yezwe, uVladimir Putin ngemvume isimemezelo uqambe iholidi kazwelonke Suku wasemuva we lawobaba. Esemthethweni usuku iholide waqala ngo-2013.

Demoralization nokubhujiswa Army Council waqala Yiqiniso, nge ukuwohloka grand yezwe uqobo. Ngo izikhathi ezinzima yeminyaka yawo-1990, ibutho kwakungelona igunya ngobuholi wezwe, zonke izikhungo ongaphansi, izingxenye kanye nezinye izimpahla wafika ekuchithweni, kwebiwa futhi ithengiswe. Amasosha ayesezibhebheni eziseceleni ukuphila, into engenamsebenzi.

Ngo-1979, i-Kremlin okuqalwe zinyanga emkhankasweni wempi, okuyinto wasungula Isiphetho esihlazisayo sezitha isimo omkhulu - ayehlasela Afghanistan. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ngaleso sikhathi wayeseGibithe eyishumi waso wesithathu, oda yengcebo Soviet mpilo amasheya. Eminyakeni eyishumi kokungqubuzana Afghan, kwathinteka abantu kusukela Union cishe safinyelela fighters yizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu kuphela. umkhankaso Afghan, empini abandayo futhi ukubangisana ne-United States ngo-ingxenye ukugcwala ezempi abizwa wangishaya izimbobo isabelomali, ukuthi kanjani ukuzinqoba akunakwenzeka. Olwaqala ngo-1988, kakade ukuhoxiswa amabutho iqede esimweni entsha, okuyinto kwakungenjalo noma impi noma fighters zayo.