Isihlalo Solovetsky: usuku, isizathu

I Maphakathi nekhulu XVII ephawulwe emphilweni Lobu-Orthodox LaseRussia, umcimbi obalulekile - izinguquko zezenkolo ka uMphathi weSonto Nikon. Imiphumela yako iye yafeza indima ebalulekile emlandweni weRussia okwalandela. Lokuhlanganisa ohlangothini isiko yokukhulekela futhi ngaleyo ndlela ukudlala indima eqakathekileko wayewukuphela imbangela Uqhekeko olungokwenkolo emphakathini. Ukubonakaliswa yesiteleka iningi lezakhamuzi zalo kwaba ukuvukela of the Solovetsky Monastery, eyathengwa ubuthaphuthaphu zisuka nje esihlalweni Solovetsky.

Isizathu sokuba kube nezinguquko

Maphakathi XVII ekhulwini empilweni isonto yezwe kukhona isidingo sokwenza ushintsho izincwadi yesonto. Ngaleso sikhathi lisetshenziswa uhlu nge ngokuhumusha izincwadi lwesiGreki sakuqala, weza eRussia kanye ukusungulwa ubuKristu. Ngaphambi kokufika wokunyathelisa, bona akopishwa ngesandla. Ngokuvamile emsebenzini wakhe abakopishi benza amaphutha, futhi emakhulwini eminyaka uneminye kwehlukana abalulekile evela emithonjeni yasekuqaleni.

Ngenxa yalokhu - esifunda futhi sezindela abefundisi babenesandla izinkonzo ezihlukahlukene ukuphathwa myalo, konke kwenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu eziyimbangela ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka. Ngenxa yalokho, izinguqulo ezintsha kusukela esiGrekini, bese ziphindaphindwe ngu ukuphrinta Kuye kwenziwa. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe ukufana olwenziwa kubo ezinkonzweni zesonto. Zonke izincwadi odlule kwathiwa ayivumelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinguquko eyayibekiwe futhi ushintsho ikhomishana kwesiphambano. Lo mqeqeshi owake wapheka - iminwe emibili esikhundleni ngeminwe amathathu.

Ukuvela uqhekeko isonto

Ngakho, izinguquko avelele kuphela ohlangothini isiko zokuphila zeSonto ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ingxenye yayo sokugomela ngalokhu, kodwa ukusabela izingqimba eziningi umphakathi zazingakhi kakhulu. Kube yokuhlukanisa phakathi abamukela nezinguquko, futhi abamelene nazo oshisekayo owathi isethi ngu ezintsha ukubhubhisa ukholo lweqiniso, futhi ngenxa yalokho Ivela kuSathane.

Ngenxa yalokho, i-abasezinhlanganweni uqalekisiwe uMbhishobhi Omkhulu Nikon, owabe wabanika kwakuzondeka. Icala zashintsha sina nakakhulu ngenxa yokuthi izinguquko akazange sondela yodwa nga Umbhishobhi, kodwa futhi ofaka Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (ubaba kaPetru I), ngakho-ke ukumelana kwaba ukuvukela uhulumeni, futhi ngakho-ke bekulokhu eRussia nemiphumela edabukisayo .

isihlalo Solovetsky. Kafushane mayelana nezimbangela zayo

Zonke of Russia ka sikhathi lalingene shí izingxabano zenkolo. Ukuhlubuka, ngokuthi Solovki esihlalweni - a abakhileyo impendulo esisogwini eziqhingini White Sea Solovetsky Monastery ezama iziphathimandla amandla kanye nokugxilisa kuyo ukufaka kabusha entsha. Saqala ngo-1668.

Ukuze umoya wenkosi le abangalawuleki Meyi 3, wazithola esesifundazweni esiqhingini iphansi kwesandla sika-ihlukane ka Musketeers yenkosi Volokhova izimantshi, kodwa wahlangana kwezibhamu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi sezindela yasungulwa lapha hhayi kuphela njengoba isikhungo okungokomoya, kodwa futhi njengoba isakhiwo enamandla ukuzivikela - eliqaphile endleleni ukunwetshwa Swedish.

isihlalo Solovetsky emelelwa kuhulumeni inkinga engathí sina ngenxa yokuthi bonke abahlala izindela Isigodlo, futhi kwakukhona abantu 425, kwadingeka okwanele amakhono ezempi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanazo kwenza kwaba nomfutho omkhulu izibhamu inqwaba izinhlamvu. Kusukela endabeni IsiSwidi lokuvimbezela abavikeli angase anqunywe kusukela izwe ngaphandle, ku zewayini of sezindela njalo igcinwe izimpahla ezinkulu zokudla. Ngamanye amazwi - ukuthatha inqaba ngenkani kwakungewona umsebenzi olula.

Iminyaka yokuqala ekuvimbezeleni sezindela

Kumele sikhokhe intela kwabase-Government, kwaphela iminyaka eminingana, ke akazange athathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu, futhi sikulindele ngabomvu ukwenza kube nomphumela onokuthula. ukuvinjelwa Complete Isigodlo usumisiwe, esangenza abavikeli ukuze restock amalungiselelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwangena nezinye abasiphikisayo eziningi kusukela phakathi abalimi waphunyuka kwavukelwa Stepana Razina, eye kuphela esanda ukuyiveza. Ngenxa esihlalweni Solovetsky unyaka nonyaka ke buthola abasekeli entsha.

Ngemva oneminyaka emine yokuzama emahhovisi aphule ukumelana uhulumeni sihlubuki wathumela ningi ukwakheka wezempi. Ehlobo lika-1672 esiqhingini lawela 725 Musketeers iphansi kwesandla sika-izimantshi Ievleva. Ngakho, ohlangothini inqaba ovinjezelwe uvele bambalwa, kodwa ngisho enganikanga iyiphi imiphumela ingabonakali.

Ukuqiniswa izingxabano

Kugcine eside, yebo, bahluleka. Naphezu kwakho konke isibindi abavikeli we Isigodlo, Solovetsky esihlalweni lalizobhujiswa, ngenxa yokuthi kunzima ukwehlukanisa, ngisho iqembu elikhulu labantu, ukulwa nawo wonke umbuso umshini. Ngo 1673 ngomthetho inkosi ukucindezela kwaba nokuhlubuka e- White Sea efika umbusi Ivan Meshcherin - abayisizwe esinamandla futhi unonya. Wayegunyazwe esiqinile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezimatasa bazoqeda kuya Izigodlo self-intando. Naye kwafika nomunye, nokuqiniswa.

On ukufika kwalo isikhundla ukugqashuka kakhulu sawohloka. Voivod umise ukuvinjelwa Imininingwane le nqaba, wayinquma zonke imigudu yokuxhumana njalo nezwe elingaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma eminyakeni eyedlule ngenxa yesithwathwa obukhulu lokuvimbezela ebusika isuswe; abacibishelayo bahamba phambi entwasahlobo Sumy ejele, manje nokuvinjelwa eyathatha unyaka wonke. Ngaleyo ndlela esihlalweni Solovetsky bancishwa izimo yabo yokuziphilisa.

Imizamo sezindela lokushaya

Ivan Meshcherin khona Umkhuzi abanolwazi futhi enekhono ihlelwe ukuvinjezelwa yibo bonke imithetho yobuciko lempi. Emhlabeni ezindongeni amabhethri sezindela wezikhali isifakiwe, bambeka umbe ngaphansi umbhoshongo. Babedalelwene kwemizamo eminingana ukuba ahlasele le nqaba, kodwa baphindiselwa kwawona. Ngenxa yalokho impi asebenzayo futhi abavikeli kanye nemabutfo balahlekelwa kakhulu. Kodwa izinkinga wukuthi hulumeni oye wakwazi njengoba nakutlhogeka ekulahlekelweni amabutho akhe abavikeli azange abe ke, futhi nenombolo yabo njalo ngincipha.

Ukukhaphela, okuyinto eyaba imbangela kokunqotshwa

Ekuqaleni 1676 ke waphinda ngamukela okuhlukumezayo yesigodlo, kodwa akuphumelelanga. Nokho, sisondela ihora lapho liyogcina wasicolisisa e nobuqhawe esihlalweni sakhe Solovetsky. Usuku Januwari 18 kwaba usuku black komlando waso. A imbuka okuthiwa Teoctist yabonisa umbusi Mescherinovu ndima imfihlo, okungase faka sezindela. Akazange yithuba futhi alusebenzisa ke. Ngokushesha abacibisheli squad agqekeze inqaba. Imangaliswe yilesi senzo abavikeli abakwazanga ukumelana ezanele, futhi abaningi babulawa empini isikhathi esifushane kodwa abanolaka.

Labo kwasala elinde isiphetho esidabukisayo. Voivod wayeyindoda enobudlova, futhi ngemva kwecala iDemo abaholi yokuhlubuka namalungu aso asebenzayo ababulawa. I nabanye uphelile izinsuku zabo abasemajele akude. Lokhu kuphetha esihlalweni abadumile Solovetsky. Izizathu samenta - kabusha zenkolo izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni ngendlela elukhuni okuhloswe ngazo ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sitatimende, kuyoba nesandla yokungezwani ngaphezulu impilo eRussia iminyaka eminingi.

Ukukhula kanye ukunwetshwa Amakholwa Old

Phakathi nale nkathi, kukhona ingxenye yonke entsha umphakathi ngokuthi Old Amakholwa, noma ngenye indlela - emthethweni. Bezingelwa kahulumeni, ngizokuya trans-iVolga amahlathi, esise-Ural, eSiberia, baficwe abawasukelayo - ukuthatha ukufa yokuzithandela ngomlilo. Ukwenqaba igunya inkosi igunya lesonto olusemthethweni, laba bantu ukuba banikezele ukuphila kwabo kulondolozwe ukuthi wayeziqaphela "zokuzinikela enkolweni lasendulo." Futhi njalo isibonelo sokuba izindela angalaleli Isigodlo ku White Sea.