Izimpi French of Religion: izimbangela, izigaba, imiphumela

ezimpini zenkolo French yayiyiminyaka elikhulu iziphazamiso ambalwa kusuka 1562 kuya eminyakeni 1589. Amaqembu main ukuba impi babengamaKatolika futhi amaHuguenot (amaProthestani). Waba yini umphumela wesibindi nezimpi eziningi, kwaba ushintsho lwamakhosi elibusayo, kanye sokuhlanganiswa ilungelo labamangalelwa lokukhulekela.

izimfanelo

Izimpi Bloody French of Religion kwamaKatolika namaProthestani zaqala ngo-1562. Njalo lo wayelodadewabo izizathu olukha phezulu ezimbalwa futhi eziyimbangela izimbangela. Ekhulwini XVI umphakathi French lwaqhekeka kwaba amakamu amabili ezingahlangani - bamaKatolika nabamaProthestani. Imfundiso entsha ukungena ezweni evela eJalimane. Abalandeli bakhe abangaphakathi waveza Ukuyekwa kwezindlela ezinye kwezinkambiso of the Catholic Church (ukuthengiswa kwentethelelo, izikhundla nokunye. D.).

Ethandwa kakhulu ukunyakaza amaProthestani France baba lenkolo kaCalvin. Abalandeli bakhe nabizelwa amaHuguenot. Ekhukhwini le mfundiso bahlakazekela kulo lonke izwe, yingakho impi zenkolo eFrance bekungelegolide isikali enjalo ephawulekayo.

Korol Frantsisk mina kwaba le nkosi yokuqala ukuzama anqande ukusakazeka kwezindaba lokuhlubuka entsha. Wayala ekuphucweni Huguenot emibhalweni eyabhalwa okuyinto wahamba amaKatolika ukuyaluza. Amakhosi yokungena okholweni yesintu ukuhlaselwa ngamandla abo. Lokho kwaba indlela yokucabanga Valois, ngenxa okuyinto uqale impi zenkolo eFrance.

Ukwephula amalungelo amaHuguenot

Phumelele kaFrancis uHenry II ngisho Zithathe ngentshiseko kuze wokuqeda EsengamaProthestani kuleli zwe. Ngo-1559 kwathiwa ngemvume Kato Kambreziysky emhlabeni, okuyinto uqede eside Italian neMpi. Ngemva kwalokho inkosi nezandla yebutho lakhe likwazi ukuboshwa nokuqaqwa. Manje amandla ekugcineni bafika izinsiza free bakwazi ukuyeka ekulweni uyimbuka. Esikhathini esimemezelweni yakamuva uHenry II ezisengozini esivuthayo abangalaleli esigxotsheni. Kodwa ngisho yilezi zimpawu isimo yayingakuthinti ukusabalala lenkolo kaCalvin. Uma kufika unyaka wezi-1559 e-France kwakukhona 5000 imiphakathi lapho baleli imfundiso wahlala.

Nge-kuya sobukhosi senkosi ezincane Francis II zonke amaphalamende yesifundazwe ayebekelwe umlilo ekamelweni. Okubizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo okungavamile, okuyinto adiliza khona izinkolelo zobuProthestani. Lezi zikhungo iqondiswa Giza - umndeni enamandla yenkosi-umfana. Ukuqala ezimpini zenkolo eFrance kakhulu yokuphalala kwegazi yabo amanga unembeza wabo.

ngesakhiwo Amuazsky

Giza (abafowethu uFrancois noCharles) ayezondwa ezicukuthwaneni eziningi - enye ngenxa despotism yakhe, omunye ngenxa isikhundla zenkolo. Aristocrats, izihlobo abebengeneme yenkosi, ngokushesha ngemva kokumiswa komlilo emakamelweni ihlelwe zungu. Lezi namanenekazi ungathanda ukuthwebula Francis ezincane futhi umcele ilungelo lokuzikhethela zenkolo (ie, inkululeko kanembeza).

Uzungu kwatholakala ngobusuku bangaphambi kokubulawa. Francis ukusebenza eseduze e Amboise. Noma kunjalo, bakhi baye akayikhohliwe izinhlelo zabo futhi bazama ukuyibamba ngamandla inkosi ilungelo edolobheni. Loluhlelo kuhlulekile. Izicukuthwane Abaningi bafa empini, kuyilapho abanye ababulawa ngemva. Lezo zenzakalo baba isizathu-March 1560, ngenxa lapho impi yenkolo Kwagqashuka France.

Ukugqashuka kwempi

Nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa emva Uzungu kuhlulekile Francis II wafa ngenxa yempilo yakhe abampofu. Leso sihlalo sobukhosi lidlule kumfowabo uCharles IX, esikhathini ekuqaleni eyayintula izimpi zenkolo eFrance. Unyaka 1562 kwaphawulwa ekujezisweni wokuqala ngokumelene amaHuguenot eChampagne. UMbusi sama nebutho lakhe ehlaselwa ababhikishi bengahlomile ngokuthula uzibophezele yokukhulekela. Lesi senzakalo sasingeyona uphawu ukugqashuka kwempi enkulu.

Ngesikhathi amaHuguenot, njengoba amaKatolika, ababenakho abaholi babo. Eyokuqala sazo sasingamashumi Prince Lyudovik De Conde ka Bourbon. Ngemva kwaleso senzakalo, e-Champagne, wathumba emadolobheni amaningana, okwenza Orleans inqaba umzabalazo wamaProthestani emagunyeni. AmaHuguenot yenza isivumelwano nebutho ababusi German naseNgilandi - emazweni lapho nje enalesi ithonya lamaKatolika. Ukuhoxiswa kwesimangalo se-e-angaba nempi yombango ukwedlula amabutho ngaphandle nakakhulu yashubisa izimpi zenkolo eFrance. Kwathatha iminyaka engu-ukuba leli zwe like ukhathele zonke izinsiza zayo nengenagazi ekugcineni isivumelwano ukuthula phakathi kwamaqembu.

Isici esibalulekile salo ingxabano kwaba ukuthi izimpi athile. The nokuchitha igazi ukuthi uqalise, wabe esemisa imoto, bese uqalisiwe futhi. Ngakho, nge iziphazamiso ezimbalwa, kwakukhona impi kusuka 1562 kuya eminyakeni 1598. Isigaba sokuqala iphela ngo-1563, lapho amaHuguenot namaKatolika yasayina iSimemezelo Amboise. Ngaphansi kwalesi sivumelwano, amaProthestani banikezwa ilungelo ukuqhuba inkolo yabo ezifundazweni ezithile kuleli zwe. Amaqembu wafika isivumelwano kucocisana asebenzayo Ekateriny Medichi - unina makhosi amathathu isiFulentshi (François II, uCharles IX noHenry III). Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu kwaba protagonist kokungqubuzana. The Queen Umama waziwa kakhulu umuntu wanamuhla emgwaqweni ngenxa zakudala inoveli zomlando Dyumy.

Impi wesibili nowesithathu

Giza bebengeneme isandla amaHuguenot. Baqala funa umbimbi Catholic phesheya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngo 1567 amaProthestani, kanye eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambili, bazama ukuyibamba inkosi eyisithunjwa. Lesi sigameko, eyaziwa ngokuthi indlela okwamangaza ngayo Mo, baba yize. Iziphathimandla wabiza abaholi amaHuguenot - iSikhulu Conde futhi Bala UGaspard Coligny. Enqaba ukuza Paris, owawungumnyaka isibonakaliso resumption of nokuchitha igazi.

Izimbangela izimpi inkolo eFrance walala iqiniso lokuthi izivumelwano zesikhashana ukuthula ezihilela ezivuna oluncane amaProthestani, akazange ukwanelisa noma yiziphi izinhlangano. Ngenxa yalokhu ukungqubuzana ukungqubuzana zingaxazululeki wavuselelwa kaningi. Impi yesibili yaphela ngo-November 1567 ngenxa kufa omunye wabaholi amaKatolika - uMbusi Montmorency.

Kodwa kamuva nje kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, ngo-March, le 1568-th, emasimini France futhi kwakhala kwezibhamu kanye ukukhala amasosha befa. Impi Okwesithathu ikakhulukazi okwenzeka esifundazweni Languedoc. AmaProthestani cishe wathatha yasePoitiers. Bakwazi ukuya uRon ukuphoqelela iziphathimandla basuse futhi. amalungelo Huguenot abangu enwetshiwe ngokuvumelana iSivumelwano eSaint-Germain-en-Laye, ngemvume ku-15 Agasti 1570. Inkululeko nkolo yasungulwa endaweni lonke France ngaphandle Paris.

Umshado uHenry Margot

Ngo-1572, umvuthwandaba wawo safinyelela izimpi zenkolo eFrance. Ngekhulu le-16 ngawabo eziningi igazi futhi ebuhlungu. Kodwa mhlawumbe akekho kubo owayekwazi uqhathanise ebusuku St noBartolomewu sika. Njengoba lokhu kucekwa kwesizwe we amaHuguenot, ihlelwe amaKatolika owayemuhle wayebizwa ngokuthi historiography. Le nhlekelele yenzeke ngo-August 24, 1572 ngosuku olwandulela usuku umPhostoli noBartolomewu. Ososayensi zinikeza amanani awukulinganisela ezahlukene singakanani isikhathi wayebulewe amaProthestani. Izilinganiso ukunikeza sibalo abantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-30 - bezinga elingakaze libonwe ngesikhathi sawo.

Udlame kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe izenzakalo ezibalulekile eziningana. Kusukela 1570 wayeka kafushane izimpi zenkolo eFrance. Usuku ukusayinwa eSaint-Germain ukuthula sivumelwano Kwakuhlangenwe yezwe isiphelile. Kodwa amaKatolika olukhulu kakhulu, kuhlanganise Giza enamandla, akafunanga ukwamukela le dokhumenti. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, base kuqhathaniswa ukubukeka esigodlweni UGaspard Coligny - omunye abaholi amaHuguenot. Admiral abanamakhono bacela ukusekelwa uCharles IX. Monarch ayefuna ukusiza umkhuzi enamathiselwe ezweni lakubo eNetherlands. Ngakho, izisusa zezombusazwe lamnqoba zenkolo.

Ekaterina Medichi futhi isikhathi kuyidambise nentshiseko yabo. Izimali beyingekho imali eyanele ukugcina ukukulungisa okukhululekile amaProthestani. Ngakho-ke, indlovukazi-umama wanquma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokubonisana kanye dynastic. EGcekeni Paris bavumelana umshado phakathi Margaritoy Valua (indodakazi ka-Catherine), na-Henry wase Navarre - omunye umholi we amaHuguenot.

Massacre St. noBartolomewu

Umshado lugujwe Paris. Ngenxa yalokhu, emzini labantu lingamaKatolika ifikile lenqwaba le amaHuguenot - abasekeli Genriha Navarrskogo. Isimo e-dolobha kwaba alufakwa kakhulu. Abavamile wazonda amaProthestani, zithi zonke izinhlupheko zabo. Phezulu amandla kwakungekho ubunye maqondana ozoshada.

Umshado senzeka ngo-August 18, 1572. Ngemva 4 izinsuku Admiral Coligny ubeshayela kusukela Louvre ixoshe kusuka endlini, elalingelamaFilisti Gizam. Kwakuyisikhathi kokubulawa okuhleliwe. Umholi amaHuguenot walimala, kepha wasinda. Nokho, cishe lesi sigameko kwaba isizathu sokugcina. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ngobusuku Agasti 24, Ekaterina Medichi ngaphambilini ukuqala ukubhuqwa we amaHuguenot, ababengazange kwesokunxele Paris. Ukuqala izimpi inkolo eFrance washaywa besikhathi sakhe ngoba waba nesihluku. Kodwa kwenzekani ngo-1572, kube akayanga ngokuqinile nanoma ikuphi ukuqhathaniswa nezinto ezethusayo endala izimpi kanye izimpi.

Killing izinkulungwane zabantu. Gaspar Kolini, ngosuku olwandulela wasinda, savalelisa ukuphila ngomunye wabokuqala. Genrihu Navarrskomu (njengeNkosi yesikhathi esizayo uHenry IV) iphethwe ukuze usinde sibonga kuphela lokulabhela egcekeni umndeni wakhe omusha. St noBartolomewu kwaba isenzakalo, ukushintsha inkambo Ingxabano, eyaziwa kule emlandweni njengoba Izimpi French of Religion. Usuku lwalesi sibhicongo we amaHuguenot kwaphawulwa ukulahlekelwa abaholi bazo abaningi. Ngemva horror nezinxushunxushu enhlokodolobha yezwe babebaleka, ngokusho kombiko ahlukahlukene, umumo wawo kungathi izinkulungwame 200 amaHuguenot. Bathuthela eSifundazweni ababusi isiJalimane, England nase-Poland, ukuba kude neziphathimandla olunegazi lamaKatolika. Valois izenzo alahlwa ababusi abaningi bangaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise Ivanom Groznym.

ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo

Ukuba lusizi iNguquko futhi izimpi zenkolo eFrance, okwaholela yokuthi izwe angazanga emhlabeni iminyaka eminingi. Ngemva St noBartolomewu eqophelweni eliyingozi uphasisiwe. Amaqembu ayekile funa ukusilela, futhi isimo waphinda waba isisulu igazi mutual. Impi wesine yaphela ngo 1573-m, kodwa 1574-m efile Korol Karl IX. Wayengenaso indlalifa, ngakho ukuze iParis yabe seyaziwa lokubusa umfowabo omncane uHenry III, abake kwadingeka isikhathi esifushane ukuze uhlale autocrat Poland.

Umbusi omusha futhi uzungezwe ukubuyisa sama. Manje izimpi zenkolo eFrance, ngamafuphi, saphinde saqala futhi, ngenxa yokuthi uHenry akazange ukulawula ezinye izifunda zezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Champagne yahlasela Ukubala German LasePalatine, ngubani layilamula amaProthestani wendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakukhona ngokulinganisela party Katolika, ku historiography eyaziwa ngokuthi "abakhonondayo". Abamele le nhlangano wakhuthaza ukusungulwa ukubekezelelana ngokwenkolo kuleli zwe. Kwangena azi eziningi ezibonisa ukushisekela izwe, bakhathala empi engapheli. Empini lesihlanu "abakhonondayo" futhi amaHuguenot zimunye ekulweni Valois. Giza futhi wanqoba nalabo nabanye. Ngemva kwalokhu, eziningi "awanelisekile" abulawa ngoba amambuka uhulumeni.

INhlangano YamaKatolika

Ngo-1576, Henri de sama eyasungulwa iSonto League, okuyinto, ngaphandle eFrance, langena amaJesuit, Spain futhi upapa. Inhloso inyunyana kwaba ukunqotshwa yokugcina amaHuguenot. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohlangothini league babe aristocrats ababefuna kukhawulwe igunya lenkosi. ezimpini zenkolo futhi amakhosi ohlanga ngokuphelele eFrance phakathi kwesigamu ngekhulu XVI lesibili kwakubhalwe eziyinhloko ezinomthelela inkambo yomlando kuleli. Ukudlula kwesikhathi kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ngemva ngokunqoba amakhosi Bourbon kwamandla lakhula kuphela, naphezu kwemizamo yezikhulu ukuze kukhawulwe ke, ngaphansi kwebhaxa umzabalazo wokulwa amaProthestani.

Catholic League wasungula impi lesithupha (1576-1577), lapho amalungelo amaHuguenot imiphumela kakhulu kungagcini. isikhungo sabo ithonya saya eningizimu. Umholi eyaziwako YamaProthestani Genrih Navarrsky baba, emva komshado, eyaqala esikhathini esithile St noBartolomewu sika Day amaJuda aqothulwe.

Inkosi yakwa-umbuso elincane izintaba zasePyrenees, elalingelamaFilisti Bourbon lwamakhosi, baba indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi French nje ngenxa yendodana nazingane Ekateriny Medichi. Ngo uHenry III azange abe inzalo, ngokubeka nkosi esimweni esibucayi. Ngokusho imithetho dynastic, esikhundleni sakhe kwaba isihlobo sakhe esiseduzane kule umugqa besilisa. Okuxakayo ukuthi kwaba Genrih Navarrsky. Okokuqala, yena nakho kuvele St Louis, futhi okwesibili, umfakisicelo wayeshade udade Marguerite nkosi (Margot).

War of the Henry ezintathu

Inkinga Dynastic kwaholela empini ezintathu uHenry. EThestamenteni bodwa namesake - inkosi yaseFrance, King of Navarre futhi uMbusi sama. Kule mpi, okuyinto wasuka 1584 nonyaka 1589 kwaba wokugcina ochungechungeni ezimpini zenkolo. Henry III elahlekile mkhankaso. Ngo-May 1588 izakhamuzi zokuqala Paris bamvukele, okwathi ngemva kwalokho kwadingeka ukuba abalekele Blois. Enhloko-dolobha French wafika uMbusi sama. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, yena waba uyeke umbusi empeleni waba yezwe.

Ukuze ngandlela-thile ukuxazulula ingxabano, ezishaya unkulunkulukazi u futhi Valois bavumelana ubambela umhlangano we -United-Jikelele e Blois. Duke efika khona bevalelekile. Onogada wabulala iNkosi ka Giza, ukuvikelwa, futhi kamuva umfowabo. isenzo Ekhohlisayo kukaHenry III akazange kunezela ekuthandweni yakhe. AmaKatolika bemshiya, kanye uPapa futhi zonke uqalekisiwe.

Ehlobo lika-1589, uHenry III ugwazwe engumDominic Jacques Clément. Umbulali wakwazi ngosizo imibhalo omgunyathi ukuze uthole izithameli weNkosi. Lapho onogada sesihlukana ngoba Heinrich, Monk kungalindelekile kwafaka ngaphezu stylet. Umbulali ukuthi udwenguliwe kuyo leyo ndawo. Kodwa uHenry III washonela kwakhe. Manje, lutho kuvimbe King of Navarre ukuba abe umbusi waseFrance.

Umyalo owakhishwa pacification

Genrih Navarrsky waba iNkosi France 2 ngo-August ngonyaka 1589. Yena wayengumbulali yamaProthestani, kodwa ukuze bathole ukusizakala sobukhosi, yena iguqulwe yamaKatolika. Lesi senzo avunyelwe uHenry IV ukuthola, kube ngukuthethelelwa kwezono ngu Pope lokubuka zakhe zangaphambili "yezihlubuki,". Iminyaka yokuqala wokubusa kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi wachitha ukulwa ne izimbangi zakhe zezombangazwe nokuthenga abathi igunya kulo lonke leli zwe.

Kwaba ngemva kokunqoba ngo 1598, uHenry ekhishwe SaseNantes, okuyinto Uvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo kulo lonke leli zwe. Ngakho uqede ezimpini zenkolo kanye nokuqiniswa kwamakhosi eFrance. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu amathathu wokuchithwa kwegazi kwafika ukuthula eside elindelwe kuleli zwe. AmaHuguenot yazuza amalungelo entsha kanye nemixhaso elinesithunzi kusuka kuhulumeni. Imiphumela izimpi zenkolo eFrance akuyona kuphela ekuphetheni leso ukungqubuzana eside, kodwa futhi ku yinye isimo phakathi nokubusa Bourbon lwamakhosi.