Kungani isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol? Umlando Sevastopol. Sevastopol isimo e-USSR

Kusukela Sevastopol lesiGreki lisho "umuzi odume". Le ndawo kahle emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Ngakho, ngisho namashumi amahlanu eminyaka ngaphambi kwenkathi yobuKristu kwakukhona isiGreki - edolobheni elidume Hersonissos. Kukhethwa le ndawo kwakubangelwa lezi zinto ezilandelayo: ogwini Black Sea ukuthola bay elula kakhudlwana.

ukuqhubeka

Omunye neshumi nambili iminyaka ngaphambi kwesikhathi sethu esivamile kwaphawulwa ukungena Chersonesus ku Pontic-Bosporan isimo, bese kwaba ingxenye kwemibuso emikhulu - Roman. Ngemuva kokuwa emzini wokugcina waba ngaphansi iphiko waseByzantium. ngokushesha Hersonissos baba amakholomu WaseByzantium ukumela isikhungo control ku ogwini Black Sea. Ngokushesha bakhula wezoHwebo. izikhulu Russian ukuzwa Hersonissos, emuva lapho lalibizwa Korsun (IX-XIII cc.).

Emakhulwini eminyaka lweshumi nane-wetshumi lanhlanu umlando Sevastopol ifinyelele inguquko entsha: edolobheni yanqotshwa abaseTurkey futhi eselahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwalo ngoba kwaba nje akanandaba ababusi abasha. Port mizi yayisendaweni hhayi izikhungo zokuphatha, nezindawo zayo ezathathwa imizana maphakathi nhlonhlo. Ngakho, Bakhchisaray wathola isimo inhloko-dolobha khans, kubaluleke ngokukhethekile kwakungamadodana Ak-mosque (kusukela 1748 e Simferopol) kanye Karasubazar. Bonke zazingakapheli kolwandle.

izinguquko konke

Ngemva kwalokho, eCrimea baba ingxenye yoMbuso Russian. Ngo 1783 uCatherine II wayala ukuba kwakhiwe umuzi esizeni Akhtiar ngomzana, etholakala eduze emanxiweni Korsun (eChersonese).

Kungani isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol? Iqiniso liwukuthi kusukela buqala iye yaba nendima zonke base eyinhloko Sea Fleet. UMkhandludolobha wakhe kwadingeka njalo ukubaluleka okukhulu kwezempi nakwezombusazwe.

Ngemva kweminyaka emine lapho kumiswa isimo Sevastopol ekugcineni igxilile: omuzi aqala ukumela port lezindiza ku izitho zakhe of civil neminyango ekuphathweni bathunyelwa eCrimea. Ngakho, ngo-1767 kwaba khona ukwehlukana emzini endaweni Taurian futhi reckoning yakhe emathekwini asolwandle obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Umlando Sevastopol has a Eqinisweni entsha: wathuthela e nokuzithoba okuphelele Petersburg baba ehlukile isifunda esiphethe. Umuzi libuswa ekuphathweni asolwandle. Ngokwemvelo, saphathwa kusukela Petersburg.

Amabili nantathu ngo-February 1804, uMbusi u-Alexander I washaya umthetho isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol njengoba ichweba elikhulu asolwandle. Kulokhu, umthengisi imikhumbi elula ayenqatshelwe uyifake. Ukuxolela babe ukubekezelela inhlekelele enkantolo kuphela. Ngemva ukulungiswa kwakudingeka ngokushesha ukushiya port.

Wamashumi amathathu Apreli 1809 linwetshelwe isimo idolobha. Sevastopol baba futhi isiphephelo eyinhloko oLwandle Olumnyama. Njengoba kuyafana umhlaba ukukhuliswa ifulege e Viborg, Kronstadt futhi Sveavorg.

ukubhujiswa ngesihluku

Ngo 1853, lapho kugqashuka iMpi YaseCrimea. Izitha abangu ukugqashuka Sevastopol - idolobha amatilosi - phezu izinsuku ezingamakhulu amathathu namashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye. Ngenxa yalokho, uye yaphenduka yamathuna awobaba, nalo - futhi lonke Black Sea imikhumbi (kwathiwa acwiliswe sigasele ngemiyalo yezikhulu Admiral Nakhimov). Ngo-1856, iMpi YaseCrimea yabhujiswa. Ukuthula Paris sasayinwa. Ngokusho idokhumenti, Russia waphinda sinqatshiwe ukuhlela ngoxhaxha e Sevastopol. Kuze 1871 wayengumuntu emakethe edolobheni namasiko esiteshini. Ngemva ukwesulwa sivumelwano ngenhla global Alexander II yabuyisela isimo Sevastopol njengoba emaphakathi port asolwandle of the Empire, oLwandle Olumnyama. 1875 kwaphawulwa ukwakhiwa kojantshi imizila yokuxhuma Sevastopol kusukela Petersburg naseMoscow. Ngo-1891, ukwakha kwathatha uVladimir Church, futhi kamuva ngonyaka kwavela kokutholakala Chersonesos Museum. Ngakho, ngo-1894, leli dolobha liye abuyiselwe ngokuphelele isimo sabo. isizinda Naval e Sevastopol ngasibuyisela ukubaluleka yayo yangaphambili. Izitoke Admiralty inokuthile: kwakukhona ukwakhiwa yempi ka-class ehlukene (ngisho yempi).

umahluko

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ijazi ekhethekile izikhali sivunyiwe for Sevastopol. Sici Its eyinhloko esiwuphawu kwaba ukubaluleka ecacile kazwelonke. Akekho edolobheni, isibonakaliso yesifundazwe noma lesifunda ayikwazanga ozibongayo. Ngakho, kwathiwa kusenzo isihlangu obomvu (njengoba enhloko-dolobha), ngemuva kwakhe - amabili ewela amahange umbala igolide (njengoba yonke imizi emikhulu port, isibonelo, Petersburg). Njengoba isibonakaliso wakhethwa Griffin - efana Indlu Romanov, kodwa hhayi obomvu enkundleni esiliva, kodwa kunalokho, ukuthi kwakufanekisela zomlando kunokuba ukulandelana ejwayelekile, begazi noma dynastic. Lena isiqinisekiso isimo samasosha zomlando zomuzi.

Ngakho kungani isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol, ngisho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wayengenzanga kwakubhekwa njengesibusiso amandla ekilasini lesithathu? Phela, wayehawukela nje ngingenaso izivikelo ngokwanele ukwandisa izinga lakho! Naphezu izinqaba hhayi abacebile imishini yezobuchwepheshe Russia Sevastopol (idolobha square - ayizinkulungwane nesishiyagalolunye hectares) Bengilokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngaso sonke isikhathi. Konke kuchazwe nje: kuwukuphela ezinkulu izinqaba kuyo yonke umngcele laseThire elingasolwandle isimo eningizimu.

isiqondiso entsha

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izivakashi abaningi baqala kufanele sibe nesithakazelo oLwandle Olumnyama. Sevastopol basungula njengoba endaweni yokungcebeleka. Yakhelwe amahhotela eminingi, boarding izindlu. It is kokuvula Romanovsky Institute izindlela ngokomzimba ukwelashwa ngo-1914. Professionals baye ngenkuthalo uhlole umthelela YaseCrimea emoyeni, udaka ulwandle ukugeza empilweni yomuntu. Esiteshini begazi uzifunde ngokucophelela eziningi zezilwane nezimila yoLwandle Olumnyama. Kamuva, lesi sikhungo yaguqulwa ucwaningo isikhungo esiyinhloko. Ngezinye kwesisekelo salo wavulwa Aquarium izinhlanzi zasolwandle. Ukuze Russia, kwaba eseyintsha.

Umoya wamavukelambuso

Sevastopol ayizange wahlala ukude izenzakalo inguquko yokuqala Russian. Njengoba wazi, phezu yempi "Potemkin" ngo-June 1905 ngeqholo nawo umaka obomvu, futhi ngo-November kulonyaka emikhunjini okuqondene Black Sea Fleet, lelo tulo eholwa uLieutenant Schmidt. Ngemva nje kokuhlubuka kwase kwaba ukuyiveza, futhi abangobhongoza yayo kulindeleke kuqalisa.

sempi

ukungena waseRussia ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala senzeka ngo-1914. Ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu German "Goeben" badubule Sevastopol. ukuhlaselwa isitha kwawona impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Georgiy Pobedonosets" futhi ogwini amabhethri. Navy isiRashiya, ngesibindi nezinkinga zokunqoba, uye waphumelela izimpi emanzini oLwandle Olumnyama.

Ngenxa yalokho kwemayini ngokucophelela isitha Bosphorus Strait Elahlekile minelayer, namashumi amabili motor kanye ngomkhumbi schooners, kanye uyisa nanye. I yempi ezibalwe ngenhla "Geben" yasha by ezimayini nantathu December 1914.

Sekukonke, ngesikhathi sibonga Okokuqala Umhlaba yemizamo Sea Fleet labhujiswa imikhumbi-Turkish mahlanu anamakhulu mathathu eminye imikhumbi. Ngo-1915, kwathiwa eyayihambisana yempi ezimbili, squadrons ezinhlanu abachithi, ngwenya eziyisithupha futhi ezimbili ngendiza nge seaplanes ebhodini.

A indima enkulu empumelelweni ngoxhaxha Russian wabelwe ukuba Admiral Kolchak. Wathatha umyalo yemikhumbi ngo-1916. Admiral wakha icebo ukuze akwazi ukuthwebula Bosphorus futhi Istanbul ukuhlaselwa, kodwa imibono yakhe akazange abe revolution 1917.

Sevastopol isimo e-USSR

Izinsalela White Army asuswa edolobheni ngo-November 1920. inqubo Command wathatha Jikelele Wrangel. Kanye amabutho kwesokunxele Sevastopol kanye Black Sea Fleet imikhumbi zokugcina. Kusukela kulo mzuzwana iqala umlando yaseSoviet yokuthuthela edolobheni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo savuka Red Fleet. Nalapha-ke waqala ukusebenza Sevastopol Marine Plant. Wafeza oda ukukhanda nokwakhiwa lwemikhumbi. Yakha imikhumbi zanamuhla, kwaqina bevikela umuzi kusukela ogwini, ezakhiwe airfields futhi ogwini amabhethri.

Sevastopol isimo e-USSR walulama. Umuzi futhi yaba isikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu oluhle ngemikhumbi yempi, it is ngenkuthalo wavuselelwa ngemva kokubhubhisa ukulwa. Ngo-1926, i-Fine Arts Museum kanye Drama Theatre wavulwa. Esikhathini eduze kwedolobha kwakhiwa iwayini amapulazi. Ngaleso sikhathi, leli dolobha lalihlala abantu abayizinkulungwane yikhulu (uma zihlanganisa amatilosi).

Nakulokhu futhi, impi ...

Kakade ezimisiwe ukuphila okunokuthula komuzi waphazanyiswa ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Abangu-yesibili ngo-June 1941 izakhamuzi Sevastopol wabona isitha izindiza ezine, indiza isibhakabhaka zeziyaluyalu. Yaqala ekuseni 3.15 nanhlanu ngomzuzu. izindiza Ngasinye sasinobuso phansi ezimayini ezimbili kazibuthe ukuvimba uphume uye ethekwini ledolobha. Black Sea Fleet amabutho iphendule ezingontuluntulu lesitha. Ngehora ngaphambili Wabantu Commissar we Navy Black Sea Fleet Kuznetsov waselaya ukumemezela inombolo ukulungela tekusebenta eyodwa. Ngenxa yalokho ngombono wakhe we plan isitha ngokugcwele misela aphume bay nokubhujiswa izitsha ivinjiwe kwaba ekhungathekile. ezintathu kwezimayini eziyisishiyagalombili kuphela lehla ngokuwa phezu fairway.

Umyalo German wanquma futhi ukuhlasela Sevastopol. ibalazwe City kusikisela ukuthi lokhu kungenziwa ngisho kusukela ogwini. amabutho wamaFascist ngiphumelele ngokusebenzisa eCrimea ngo-September engamashumi amane nanye. Okthoba 29 edolobheni wavinjezelwa, futhi ngosuku olulandelayo amabutho aseJalimane wazama walithumba. Wahlangana kuyo okokuqala nabahloli isitha amahlanu nane ibhethri ye-Black Sea Fleet. Yena watshaya nanye ikholomu esinenjini elaliholwa Jikelele von Manstein. Cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo bajoyine Marine Corps amabutho ngokushesha kwakhiwa amatilosi emikhunjini bese amasosha ka-Naval Academy. Yaqala ukuzivikela nobuqhawe ngempela komuzi. It owathatha izinsuku ezimbili namashumi amahlanu. amabutho aseSoviet wamelana nokucindezelwa isitha, futhi ungazange udliwe ezweni labo.

Ngemva kwalokhu ukwehluleka German High Command uhlaziyo imizamo ezintathu ngaphezulu ukuthatha emzini Novemba 11, futhi ngo-December ngonyaka 17 amane nanye amane yesibili Juni 7.

Shasenem - mlando French - ulinganisela ukuthi past izinsuku amabili nanhlanu ukuvinjezelwa okwathatha sezinsuku ezingu-250 Sevastopol ku amaJalimane behliswa amabhomu kakhulu ngendlela England eJalimane iminyaka emibili impi.

Ngemva kokunqotshwa YaseCrimea phambi amaNazi bakwazi ukunciphisa isikhathi zonke kule misele of eCaucasus futhi Sevastopol. Ngakho, emzini ovinjezelwe wasala ngaphandle kokudla. Izimpi ngoba Sevastopol ibiphambi kukaJulayo, futhi kwezinye izindawo - nambili, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba amasosha aseSoviet akazange zifinyelele izinhlamvu ekupheleni. Abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisikhombisa officer, amasosha kanye amatilosi bathunjwa ngoba babengakwazi kuphunywe.

Sevastopol ukuzivikela njengolubalulekile kwezombusazwe nakwezempi elingenakuphikwa ngesikhathi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe. Yini eye yenziwa ukuze fighters nobuqhawe? Bavimbe inani elikhulu amasosha Romanian futhi isiJalimane, kungaphazanyiswa amacebo umyalo undlovukayiphikiswa. Elidumile "Entwasahlobo zihlasela" yama-Jalimane ngesikhathi iphazamiseke, kuhlanganise sibonga isibindi Sevastopol. yensimbi yabo ukuchayeka kwaholela eqinisweni ukuthi amaJalimane wahlupheka umxhwele okungabantu kanye nempahla ukulahlekelwa (ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisishiyagalombili ukuvinjezelwa labhujiswa amathangi ezine isitha, eziyisishiyagalolunye izindiza, abaningi ukulwa izibhamu, amasosha, iyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amathathu abalimala noma abafa). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitha yahlulwa ijubane kanye nesikhathi.

Ngo-April, izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amane nane waqala inqubo kukhululwa kwebantfu Sevastopol. Apreli nanhlanu ingxenye ethuthukile 4th Ukrainian Front wakwazi ukuya emigqeni ukuzivikela komuzi. Sapun Intaba, okuyinto yaba indawo yezimpi izikhundla ayisihluthulelo ukuzivikela isiJalimane, sathathwa May amasosha lwesikhombisa Seaside namabutho 51th. Lesishiyagalolunye-May 1944 Wagcina ededelwe kuleli dolobha. Ngezinye Cape eChersonese, amasosha aseSoviet ethumba izinsalela amabutho amaNazi.

Kusukela ngoMeyi 1965 Sevastopol - Hero City. Umlando uye wabonisa ukuthi akungenxa akukho isimo uthango ezinkulu into ezweni.

yokutakula

Impi yaphela, kodwa kwakungeyona konke ukuhlolwa zidlulela labantu kulo muzi. Sevastopol kwadingeka ukuthi ibuyiselwe. Lokhu kwakudinga izinkulungwane zezisebenzi. Phakathi lokulwa labhujiswa cishe ngokuphelele Sevastopol. Izithombe idolobha ngaleso sikhathi zivuse horror: enhle kakhulu indawo alala lingamanxiwa. Ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi umonakalo obangelwa amaNazi, ineminyaka emibili ubudala kanye ruble yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye! Lo muzi ubizwa baphelelwa nezokuxhumana, ezokuthutha, zokuxhumana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphesenti angu-ayisishiyagalolunye of amafulethi kwabhujiswa. Kwakubuhlungu ukubheka Sevastopol. Izithombe edolobheni izohlala lesikhumbuzo phakade lifiphele kuya zonya ezenzeka empini.

Ngemva kokunqoba kuka-isitha waqala akukho esiteji kancane enzima yokutakula. Umuzi ngaleso sikhathi ngasinda abazihlelele ayizinkulungwane ezintathu kuphela. okuxoxwe ngazo ngenhla kwathiwa kungani isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol. Sikhishwe lolu lwazi, kuba isinqumo esicacile uhulumeni wamaSoviet ukuba ayokwakha kabusha umuzi wokuqala.

Esikhathini zamashumi amahlanu ngasekupheleni, waqala lo msebenzi ngo-kumiswa yenuzi-missile Navy. ezintsha ezingeni of missile ihlolwe oLwandle Olumnyama. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, oLwandle Olumnyama Fleet futhi ukubandakanyeka United Armed Forces of the USSR ngempumelelo bhekana iyiphi umqali, hhayi kuphela ukusuka ogwini Turkish, kodwa futhi eMpumalanga Ephakathi, futhi bone kahle noLwandle LwaseMedithera.

Kungani isimo olukhethekile Sevastopol? Ngemva kwempi, leli dolobha liye futhi babe nendawo yezimboni ngobukhulu. Ngakho, it is ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni yokudoba izinhlanzi-imboni lehlanganisa tinhlelo. Ngesisekelo ithuluzi wokwenza "Monsoon" Isitshalo ukhiqiza anhlobonhlobo imisakazo kanye namadivayisi navigation. Ochwepheshe zasolwandle zalesi sihlahla eyakhelwe futhi balungisa imikhumbi ezivamile lempi.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Twin Amadolobha Sevastopol - Kronstadt, Petersburg, Smolensk, eMoscow, Kerch, Istanbul futhi Minsk. Lolu hlu olusha ngezikhathi ezithile. Juni lugujwa minyaka yonke nane ngosuku edolobheni. Sevastopol ligcwele umculo, elibamba ezihlukahlukene imikhosi, nemibukiso nasemakhonsathini. Ngemikhosi aphethwe amasonto amabili.

Umuzi isikunikezele indalo yakhe umculi odumile Alexander Marshall. "Omkhulu idolobha Russian of Sevastopol '- ingoma kuyinto ingoma olungekho emthethweni. Kungaba ngokuvamile izwakale wokugujwa City Day.

Sevastopol - idolobha avaliwe kusukela ngo-1939 kuya onyakeni 1959-th. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili, emnyango kusukela Yalta futhi Simferopol kwadingeka inkonzo izikhundla Usigaxamabhande ekhethekile sika.

Ngo-August 1991, eCrimea futhi Sevastopol (amatilosi idolobha) iyiswe esanda wamemezela republic azimele - Ukraine. Imikhumbi Russian wakwazi hlalani emzini kuphela lezindiza base sokuqasha.

Ngo-March 2014, ezimele Republic of eCrimea ezamenyezelwa isimo ekhethekile ukuthi isicupho Sevastopol. Lokhu okwenziwe kwaba nokwenzeka inhlolovo kazwelonke aphethwe nosuku lwangaphambilini. Ngemva isikhalo Russian Federation ku ukubusa weRiphabhulikhi eCrimea Crimean amalungu ephalamende phakathi kwemibuso sivumelwano ngabuthelwa WaseRussia. ngosuku lwamashumi amabili nanye-March, le dokhumenti kwakugcwele izibophezele nguMongameli we Russian Federation.

Njengoba ubona, ngisho umlando omfushane Sevastopol ukuhlola nokubaluleka okungokomlando kuka edolobheni.