UMbusi uHadrian: wokubusa futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Abusa 117-138 AD., I uMbusi waseRoma uHadrian wazalwa ngo '76. Wazalwa ngo-leli koloni Italica, etholakala esifundazweni Baetica eduze Sevilla yesimanje. Adrian kuyinto indodana praetor Publius Elia Adrian Afra (abaNsundu, isihloko yaya kuyise njengoba kokhelo inkonzo yakhe ekude-Mauritania). Umama womfana kwaba Domitia Paulina livela eHayidesi Spanish. UMbusi uHadrian ingeyamakhosi ukhomba ngophakathi. Uyisemkhulu ohlangothini zikayise sasingeyona ilungu Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye umyeni anti uTrajan. Lo mbusi, abusa iminyaka 98-117., Ukufika umalume Adrian umzala waba umnakekeli wakhe ngemva kokufa abazali yengane '85.

intsha

Umbusi esizayo uHadrian wakhetha i-career lempi. Waba induna enkulu avamile, wakhonza enzima kakhulu izifundazwe European Upper eJalimane, Lower Moesia futhi Lower Pannonia. Njengoba ngakwesokunene uTrajan, uHadrian wahambisana naye elibangise eRoma, lapho silungiselela ukuvuma okwakufunwa sobukhosi. Enhloko-dolobha, amasosha washada. Umkakhe waba Vibia Sabina - indodakazi Umshana lo mbusi omusha.

Khona-ke u-Adrian baba quaestor, futhi wayala ibutho wakhonza praetor phakathi nezimpi namaDacia. Okwesikhathi esithile ayengumbusi Lower Pannonia, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo kuya Umbusi ngokwakhe. Adrian inkonzo ezahlukene serviceable neyokuphatha. Ngo 108, izimfanelo umlawuli wamvumela ukuba babe inxusa. Ukuze uMbuso kwaba kwakuyisikhathi esimatasa - Ukhiye izibalo iziphathimandla zikahulumeni kwakudingeka sibonise ngezenzo ukuthi unezinkinga eziningi sikhathi. Lapho kuqala impi Parfiey Adrian waya eSiriya, lapho eba umbusi wesifundazwe umngcele.

indlalifa kaTrajan

Ngo-117, okwesibili Adrian wakhethwa inxusa. Nokho, ehlobo efanayo uTrajan wafa wavuka udaba olunameva lokwedlulisela amandla esikhundleni. Kwaphela izinsuku ezintathu kungavumi izindaba sokufa koMbusi uye ayikaziwa uquqaba. Izigwili obuzama bavumelane abazoba ikhanda entsha isimo. Ngakusasa, ngemva kokufa uTrajan watholakala intando yakhe zefa, lapho isebenzisa Adriana wadlula kulungile sobukhosi. Iqiniso ukuthi incwadi yefa zomufi uqinisekisile umkakhe Pompeia Plotina.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu izindaba lapho kwemukelwa kuye kwabangela abanye ukungabaza. Ukulandela ukubusa esihlalweni sobukhosi uHadrian uhlamvu lwemali ngisho entsha nge isithombe sephrofayela yayo badedelwa, phezu kwayo osesikhundleni kuKhesari, kodwa kungenjengokungathi Agasti. Nokho, de empeleni waba ukudluliswa kwamandla namanje aphethwe. Igama lokugcina kwaba impi, futhi wasekela umfakisicelo, ibutho lezempi ajwayelekile. Ukuphikiswa Kwezindaba umbusi omusha kungaba iSigele, kodwa senators kokuba todvwa virtual, ngokuzithandela noma cha, kodwa wavuma ukuthi inkosi entsha.

wokuthula

Into yokuqala lo mbusi omusha uHadrian nonkulunkulu bezinto ezingabonakali eyandulela wakhe futhi umnakekeli. Ukuze lokhu yena kwadingeka ngincenge imvume evela iSigele. Le mpendulo umbusi maqondana izicukuthwane nethonya kwakungamaHussite ethize. Autocrat ingeyamakhosi senators ngenhlonipho futhi umusa. Eqinisweni, yiyo kanye sasayinwa nonaggression inhlanganiso, iqalwa ngokwakhe waba Adrian. Kumbusi waseRoma wathembisa akukhona ukujezisa basebukhosini kuphela, uma lokho ngeke siphazamise umsebenzi Inqubomgomo ezimele.

Desire ukuphatha siqu yabo yayingaxhomekile ngephutha. imibono Adrian ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukile kulezo ukuthi waqondisa uTrajan. Umbusi omusha wenqaba ekwandeni empumalanga. Isizathu salokho babe kwemibhikisho emikhulu laseMesophothamiya. Ngenxa yabo, nokubusa UMbusi uHadrian lwaqala yokuthi wanquma abuqede ukudideka emngceleni. On oda yakhe amabutho wayeka empini eParte. Buffer uthi phakathi yasePheresiya Nombuso WaseRoma wahlala izandla zamakhosi ngaphansi kwesizwe wendawo.

inqubomgomo ebucayini ngokushesha wanikela izithelo. Ukuyaluza wanqamuka. Ngemva impumelelo kokuqala Adrian wamnaka le lomfula iDanube. Ngalesi emfuleni cross-border esimweni WamaRoma waqala ukuba bahlasele Roksolany futhi Sarmatians. Army wahlulwa lezi abayimizulane, owayevela emaqeleni Black Sea. Engumakhelwane Dacia Traian Adrian yokufuna okuphephile ngokufaka ke uhlelo olusha zokuphatha futhi wahlukanisa sifundazwe izingxenye ezintathu.

UMbusi kanye Izicukuthwane

Winter iminyaka 118 Adrian ayichitha iBhithiniya Nicomedia. Lapho, wayelalela izindaba mayelana nokungqubuzana kwezinhloso aristocrats enhloko-dolobha. Ingabe ngaleso sikhathi eRoma nemantshi Bombusi Attia ngokungabi bikho imithetho yombusi ababulawa osopolitiki eziningana abanethonya, esolwa ngokuba imbuka. Phakathi kwawo kwakunodade owayesuka Lucius Konst, yena Adrian ngaphambi nje yaxoshwa post yakhe ukuba abe ngumbusi wesifundazwe saseJudiya. Enye jezisa wazibonakalisa noGayu Avidius Nigrinus, uyazicabangela kungenzeka owalandela kumbusi.

Ezwa lwalesi sibhicongo kwenzeka, Adrian wabuyela eRoma. Wayefanele baboniseni iSigele ukuthi wayengeyona ahileleke kokufa nezikhulu ezinezikhundla eziphezulu. Kuze kube yimanje, i-emperor azidela engcwele, wayencisha Attia nemantshi yakhe Bombusi. Noma kunjalo, le ndaba kwaba nomphumela omubi phezu ubudlelwane Agasti no iSigele.

izifundazwe ukuphuza

Nomfutho Adrian - umbusi waseRoma, owayenguyise wokuqala ochungechungeni amandulela nabalandeli uye bayihamba umbuso yakhe enkulu. Ubizwa kufanele kubhekwe omunye abahambi enkulu yasendulo. travel Peak izifundazwe ezenzeke eminyakeni 121-132. Emzini ngamunye, umbusi uqobo izakhamuzi bona baxazulule izinkinga zabo futhi baxazulule izinkinga zabo kunazo ukuphokophela.

Thola okuhlangenwe nakho ezweni lakubo, uHadrian ngaphambilini ukukhulula uchungechunge zemali, okwakukhona kulo izikhungo yesithombe esifundazweni saseRoma ngamunye. A ezihlukahlukene isimo onqenqemeni njengokuphila wesifazane. Bonke bangabangasokile sihluke nomunye, kokuba nobuntu ngemfanelo esiyingqayizivele: inkemba Asia, Inkonde isuke waseGibhithe, umdlalo amaGreki, nokunye ..

Adrian waba umbusi wokuqala, amafilosofi abalahliwe, owawuthi Empire kwaba ukuba kuphela ezinhle eRoma. Nguye ebekwe ukudala isimo enkulu eziphilayo, hhayi ukuthandwa ekade kungumbuzo kusukela emlandweni wesintu. Autocrat kubonakala Empire nganqoba, hhayi conglomeration yamazwe iphapheme, futhi umphakathi, okuyinto wahlala kwezizwe eziningi eziyingqayizivele. ukunakwa uHadrian ukuze yezindaba izifundazwe wadlondlobala kulo wokubusa kwakhe.

travel Adrian

Inhloso ukuvakasha lokuqala olukhulu uHadrian kwaba eGaul. Umbusi wavakashela sifundazwe, elise somfula Rhine kanye iDanube. Wabe eseya Britain ezikude. Simelele kuKhesari enyakatho ukwakhiwa kodonga eside, walivikela yifa aseRoma Caledonians nobutha.

Ngonyaka 122, u-Adrian futhi waya eGaul, kulokhu ezifundeni wayo oseningizimu. Umuzi Nemause (Nimes yesimanje), wabeka isonto yokudumisa unkosikazi abasanda kushona ka uTrajan yasePompeii Platinum. UMbusi noma nini uzama ukugcizelela ngokweqile ngokuzinikela enkolweni yabo maqondana eyandulela wakhe nomndeni wakhe. I Italica, lapho kudabuka khona Hadrian, owayengumbusi waseRoma wavakashela elilandelayo ebusika, kusuka lapho wathuthela Mauritania nase-Afrika.

Ngo 123, ubudlelwano phakathi kweRoma ne-eParte ngasinda nolunye uvivinyo wamandla. Esaba impi, Adrian bengabavakashela empumalanga yezwe. Yena ubambe izingxoxo nezinhlaka yamaPheresiya ukudambisa isimo. Phakathi lolu hambo kuKesari wavakashela Palmyra nase-Antiyokiya. Ngonyaka olandelayo, le Adrian indefatigable wafika yaseThrace, lapho afike wasungula khona emzini igama lakhe Adrianople. Lesi sikhungo ezombusazwe nezamasiko umbuso ngasinda. Enkathini yangaphambi kwezincwadi yoMbuso WaseByzantium, he was fike of izikhungo zayo ezinkulu yesifundazwe. Namuhla leli dolobha yigama Turkish of Edirne.

uhambo Enelukuluku kaKesari eGrisi. Phakathi omunye wabo ngo-August uqobo yathatha okuyingxenye izimfihlakalo Eleusis - Hellenic ebalulekile mkhosi wenkolo waminyaka yonke anikezelwe nonkulunkulukazi wenzalo Persephone futhi Demeter. Futhi enyukele Kuyaphawuleka mbusi ukuba phezulu Etna intabamlilo eSicily. Okuhambayo badabula eMbusweni, Adrian linqotshiwe eziningana esishisayo (isib Cassia e Syria). Ngivakashele Egypt ngo-August futhi nice. Wafinyelela Colossi ka Memnon - eziqoshiwe netshe lokukhubekisa UFaro Amenhotep III, amela eThebes isivele iminyaka eyinkulungwane eyodwa nengxenye.

Izinqaba entsha

Ngoba umbusi kanye nohlobo imikhuba, kwakubalulekile ukuba Adrian - umbusi waseRoma, isazi ogama Umlando womuntu ophilako isibonelo lempi yimpumelelo, phela ayeyile ezombusazwe. Ngemuva kokuba umbusi, waqala njalo ukuya empini. Umbusi wavakashela futhi njalo abaqondiswa amabutho, ihlola ukutholakala kanye ukulwa abo okukhulumisana. Njengoba Adrian wenqaba okwengeziwe ukunwetshwa Roman, amabutho kwadingeka ngishintshe ngokuphelele indlela yakhe. Zibancishe Ukunqoba bona baphonswa ekuqiniseni izindawo umngcele.

Ngenkathi uHadrian kanye isimo elisemngceleni inani elikhulu izinqaba enamandla ezakhiwa. Ikhaya uthango umbuso uvele enyakatho eBrithani. Lokhu udonga sekushiwo, ngokuthi uHadrian sika Wall, esisuka endleleni eya eSimisweni Salt Mystery ngisho uyasinda kuze kube yilolu suku. Bakhona bakha of Turf namatshe. Izici nobuntu udonga lwawa ngaseziseleni ngesimo uhlamvu V Abanye Roman Britain bavikela amasango omkhulu nemibhoshongo ubude, okwakukhona kulo legionaries engcono futhi aqine kakhulu. udonga Ubude kuqashelwe abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nanhlanu. Ngasenyakatho yalo kukhona ngesihluku elinganqobeki Caledonia.

izinqaba Okufanayo uvele Greece naseJalimane. Bakhandwa ibekwe lapho, lapho kwakukhona khona imingcele yamazwe ebekwe yemvelo zemvelo (isib nemifula). Le ngxenye esiqinile ubude amamayela angamakhulu amabili sasiqhutshelwa phakathi iDanube futhi Rhine. Lokhu shaft kwaba udonga, amaqembu oshadile bokhuni ezungezile ngaseziseleni emaweni.

Izinguquko ebuthweni

Ngenxa inqubomgomo oluvikelayo uHadrian eduzane iyiphi isiphetho civil elichumayo. Base besondela Emakamu empi. Abakhi bamakoloni wazama ukubaleka omakhelwane esiyingozi namaqaba ngaphandle kwezindonga zomuzi.

Futhi esishintshile yokuphila impi. Manje amasosha kungukuthi nje elwa njalo, futhi ukuzalela amahhashi, ukwakha ngasezinkwalini, senziwa iyunifomu, oqaphe ahambise okusanhlamvu, wahlanganyela nemfuyo. Eyeka ukuba zashintsha ekubeni isifundazwe esifundazweni amabutho ezinwetshiwe ensimini yayo yomsebenzi. Manje sebenqume nezinkinga zomnotho.

Zonke lezi ezintsha bayakhuthazwa Adrian yena. Umbusi WaseRoma, isithombe busts ukuthi sikhombise indoda umxhwele futhi ngokuphelele bokuphila, ngokuzikhandla wahlanganyela izindaba impi, kuyinsika sokuthula nokuchuma okungenakuqhathaniswa isimo omkhulu. Adrian yafuna ukuhambisana ukuzithiba ngesikhathi esifanayo sikwazi ngobubele ukuxhumana amasosha. Waqala ukuya njalo aqondisa, ukudla wabe nokuphila legionaries. Sam baphuma imvelo lempi, umbusi wabiza izikhulu elihamba nozwela olukhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lokhu phakathi nokubusa uHadrian abakulowo mbuso kwakungelona mutiny olulodwa sesosha.

wokuvukela kwamaJuda

Iningi engu-uHadrian kwaba esinokuthula. Impi sina kuphela Kwagqashuka 132, eduze ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe. Umsindo wokuvukela kwamaJuda eJudiya. Isizathu sokuba izibhelu kwaba ukwakhiwa kwethempeli amaRoma eJerusalema. Ngungqondongqondo ka kwavukelwa linguSimeyoni Ibha Kochba. Ezihlubukini ashaqe eJerusalema abaxotshwayo kuye ekubusweni amaRoma. Nokucindezela kwavukelwa ahlomile Kuthethe iminyaka emithathu.

Izenzo yempi ngokwayo njalo wawuqondiswa Adrian. Kumbusi waseRoma, wayekhona lapho kuwa iJerusalema ngonyaka 134. Ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa lesisiqephu, izinsalela iyona we ukukhononda bagcina egqilazwe amabutho. AmaJuda ezingabekwa zokucindezelwa kwalabo bantu. Ikakhulukazi, babenqatshelwe yokusoka.

Ukufa ifa

Ukulandelana kwaziveza kuyinkinga enkulu ezibhekene Adrian. I soMbusi WaseRoma ayizange ithole abantwana. Ubuhlobo bakhe noJehova umkakhe Sabina Vibiey zazinzima cool. Washona ngonyaka 128. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, uHadrian yokutholwa Lutsiya Kommoda, kodwa washona ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngakusasa kwaba indlalifa esemthethweni Antoniy PY. Ukuqinisekisa eside phambili amandla olandelayo isizukulwane owalandela uHadrian beyalwa ukuba zamukele Lucius Verus futhi Aurelius. Zonke zangenela waba umbusi. Adrian naye wafa lapho iminyaka engu-10 Julayi 138. Ukuze yokuphumula wakhe endaweni eRoma Mausoleum Yakhiwa kusengaphambili. njengoba Castel Sant'Angelo Namuhla waziwa.

Adrian - umbusi waseRoma, isazi ogama usuku lokuzalwa (24 Januwari 76) senzeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa kwempahla isiko yobuqaba. UMbusi kwaba samuntu inkathi yakhe. Yena waba nesithakazelo imilingo, ukufunda izinkanyezi, emikhosini yenkolo. Adrian wabhala izinkondlo eziningi, walithanda izincwadi wayeseGibhithe athinte abalobi engcono wesimanje. Wabuye waba nesithakazelo izakhiwo kanye art. Ngesikhathi uHadrian abakulowo mbuso, uhlobo olusha imidwebo, liphefumulelwe isiko lamaGreki. WayeyiZwi yokuqala ka-Agasti, eyayibonakala afanekiselwa ngendlela ephelele yengxoxo futhi ngesilevu.

abadwebi Roman kanye Okugweda nesithakazelo esikhulu le UMbusi uHadrian futhi Antinous - ozithandayo futhi waxoxa kuKesari. Le nsizwa kabuhlungu kuminze neNayile 130. Adrian iyalele ukusungulwa lenkolo ye Antinous, futhi kusukela ukuthi ohlonishwa njengomholi unkulunkulu.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo Umbusi

ukuluthwa Architectural Adriana komculo ngokucacile kakhulu isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe siqu kule emaphethelweni edolobha laseRome, Tibur, wakha phakathi kwemithambeka neminqumo. Villa uMbusi zibonisa ezihlukahlukene izitayela, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo ezifundazweni ezahlukene State lapho kumhambela. Adrian uzungezwe abaklami sibambe experimenters, futhi wabayala ukuba udale into entsha ngokuphelele. inhlolovo Imiphumela uphahlwe isakhiwo brick ukhonkolo, elifana nalelo kwakungelona eRoma namaphethelo. Ngakho eMbusweni kwakukhona revolution yangempela Kuvezwe kanye fashion eyinkimbinkimbi ukuma lwalugobile, owathatha ngemva imigqa elula ngqo.

Awugustu yena wayecabanga ukuthi ngeke sigcine emisha kuphela villa wakhe. Adrian - umbusi waseRoma, isazi phakathi okubusa kwakhe (117-138) wawela phezu esiqongweni nokudunyiswa lonkulunkulu basendulo. Ukuze kuhlonishwe onkulunkulu babo kodwa yabuye yakhiwa kabusha ku le Champ de Mars. At the site yesonto elidala, isakhiwo esisha round emise. Onkulunkulu uHadrian sika wayengowokuqala izikhungo ezinjengalezi, lapho amakholwa ababebuthene.

Ngokusho intando kombusi eduze Roman Forum Temple Venus futhi Roma lakhiwa-ke. isakhiwo abaklami zenkolo Hlukanisa badunyiswe ka uTrajan lwezinombolo ngokuthi onkulunkulu. E-Athene, uMbusi okuqaliswe ukuvuselelwa kwethempeli likaZeus. Akungabazeki ukuthi UMbusi uHadrian, ogama biography kuye kwahlotshaniswa uhambo eziningi empumalanga yezwe, kwaba ellinofilom kweqiniso.