Yini ebangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi ngekhulu le-19? INGEMUVA ongumlimi izinguquko 1861

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX lonke Russian Empire lahlukaniswa laba ezweni okuqondene izifundazwe nezifunda. Nazo ngokufanayo, eyakhiwa izifunda. Njengoba Russia edlulela emasimini amasha lathathwa umbuso, inani izifundazwe ikhuphuke kakhulu. Ezinye zazo ziye zaba emikhulu kanye nezinye ezakhiwe ukuguqulela izifunda. Ingxenye yokuqala yayithi kwakumelwe obumbene waba ezingeni governorships jikelele kanye governorships. Grand Duchy of Finland noMbuso Poland kwakungekaNkulunkulu iziqu ezikhethekile.

I-oda kwezenhlalo eRussia

ERussia lezwakala ngaleso sikhathi izwe absolutist futhi amakhosi asendulo. It iqondiswa inkosi, oye waqongelela cishe yonke ngentambo ukuphathwa. Izicukuthwane wahlala njengoba amabutho main kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe. Babefanele asisekela kakhulu isimo autocratic. inqubomgomo yakhe yonke (zangaphakathi nezangaphandle), yayihloselwe ngokusinika bona.

Uma sihlola lokho kubangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi, impendulo kufanele khonga ngaphakathi the Iqiniso lokuthi ngenkathi onxiwankulu Russian abazange bathole ukwesekwa kusuka kuhulumeni.

Abalimi ingeyamakhosi ingxenye enkulu yabantu. Bonke zazihlukaniswe:

• ngokuba kulendawo;
• iqembu isimo;
• Isigaba esithize nabanye.

On the abakhe emizini kanye abasesigabeni esiphakathi ezingamaphesenti angu-1-2 kuphela wezindleko isimo sabantu.

umbuzo ongumlimi

Russian ngekhulu XIX - izwe kwezolimo. inombolo preemptive of abalimi babe ngaphansi amandla kulendawo. Bona besebugqilini. Inqubo ukuxazulula umbuzo ongumlimi ezweni kwaba ngokuphongoza nabaphansi ukuze izici zako ezisemqoka nezinye uthi European.

Phakathi yini ebangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi, endaweni ekhethekile kungokwalabo ukwencika siqu abalimi phezu kulendawo. Lokho kuye kwenza ukuba ukwehla ngo kwabamemezeli nesithakazelo esikhulu sabantu zabo imiphumela yomshikashika wabo. Lokhu, kwehlisa ukusebenza kahle wezolimo.

Isikhundla serfs

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, kukhona nokwanda okuphawulekayo indima ifomu imali ye izinkokhelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba umthombo izinkokhelo ngokuvamile esetshenziselwa abangekho kwezolimo ongumlimi zabasebenzi, futhi umsebenzi wakhe ku ezihlukahlukene umsebenzi zonyaka kanye namafektri ezisemadolobheni.

Kodwa indima esemqoka namanje kwakungekaNkulunkulu ngesikhathi serfdom. Kube khona ukwanda asebenzayo zilima nkosi osayizi (kusuka 18 kuya 49%). I olunzulu kakhulu, le nqubo okube nawo ensimini black inhlabathi izifunda zezwe. Lapha iningi labalimi ziye zahunyushelwa mesyachinu noma zebiwe umhlaba ngokuphelele.

Phakathi ziyini izimbangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi ekhulwini le-19, zihlanganisa ukuncipha eziphawulekayo inani izwe elalingelemizi kulesi sigaba sabantu. Ukwanda isikweletu usayizi kuyinkomba ubhekene nenhlekelele ngokuphelele emboniselweni wezolimo.

abalimi State, embuso

Kwaba simo pretty nzima futhi abalimi isimo. Kodwa kancane kangcono ukwedlula kulendawo. Ingumnikazi indima ebalulekile phakathi yini ebangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa emapulazi 1861.

Uma siqhathanisa ngekhulu XVIII kanye 30s of XIX leminyaka, ukuthi kukhona nokwanda okuphawulekayo nokuhlolwa Imininingwane yemali abalimi isimo. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba bathole ilungelo lokwenza ukuthengwa nokudayiswa komhlaba. Fairs yezokuhwebelana kanye ukusungula endaweni yokukhanda. Kulokhu, kwadingeka bakhokhe intela esebenzayo kuphela kanye nezimali. Futhi ambalwa kuphela zonke ekhulwini XIX kwakungekaNkulunkulu uquqaba ongumlimi ka ilungelo lokusebenzisa lawa malungelo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi yini ebangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi, nomthelela eziyimbangela kuzo. Iningi lazo, ikakhulukazi labo uholé umnotfo bezinga, ayikwazanga ukwenza siziphilise. Imininingwane nge emakethe bakwazi kuphela abameleli uhulumeni elite abacebile ukuyeka-abantu bendawo.

Kungaba kungabaza ngalokho nokuthi bayifeze kanjani ngcono amasu ezolimo kanye ukwethula ukusetshenziswa imishini emisha noma ekuthuthukiseni izinhlobo zezinkomo. Ngenxa yokuthi iningi labantu wonke amapulazi kwaba cishe on the esengozini sokusinda. Ngakho-ke, indawo enkulu phakathi yini ebangela ebhasha ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi, kungokwalabo ezingeni eliphansi ubuchwepheshe yezolimo. Ubephuma ezithela emazingeni aphansi kakhulu.

Isimo izigodi le kulendawo '

Izinqubo ezenzeka emapulazini lawela babenjengomuntu Indlela. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lordly ovula kakhulu anda, umkhiqizo ubizwa ukhulise. Lokhu kwakubangelwa ubunjalo ukuxhashazwa izinduna zabasebenzi kanye ezingeni eliphansi umkhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo.

Ngokocwaningo olwenziwa ongoti yesimanje, waqasha nomkhiqizo wezisebenzi kwaba izikhathi ezingu-2 ezingaphezu kuka e serf. Khulisa usayizi serfdom akazange anikeze nokwanda kokungabi umkhiqizo yomsebenzi wabo. Liphinde kufakwe uhlu izimbangela okuyinto sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi.

Izakhiwo eziyisisekelo ukuqedwa serfdom

INGEMUVA ukuqedwa serfdom savela Adalberto isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha ngaphambi izinguquko 1961 kujulise izinqubo izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho yokubola serfdom. Ngaleso sikhathi, zonke amakhono ayo njengenhlangano isimiso sezomnotho icekela. Kuyinto isikhathi esibucayi ezijulile. Lokhu kakhulu kubambezela inqubo ekutfutfukisweni kwetimboni, ezohwebo kanye ibhizinisi, futhi abalimi bathintwa ku uhlu izizathu okuyinto sebehlushwa ukuthuthukiswa amapulazi (Libanga 8 - sekuyisikhathi ukufunda le nkinga esikhathini esikoleni).

Isimo esibucayi kwasekuqaleni hit emapulazini umsebenzi ongakhokhelwa. It uwile ngokucijile ezingeni zomsebenzi umkhiqizo. Abalimi baqala ukusebenza isigamu-heartedly futhi ngaphandle isifiso kakhulu nangentshiseko.

Esinye isizathu esibalulekile - isici nomphakathi. Kube ukwenyuka kancane yokuvukela ongumlimi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwaba ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi of kulendawo futhi ezihlukahlukene amafomu kwansuku emzabalazweni. Nakuba izibalo kulezi zimo awuzange kwenziwe, kodwa umnotho umninindlu kwaba ngenxa yabo umonakalo ebalulekile.

Inkinga kwezomnotho nakwezempi-technical is ikakhulukazi wazizwa ngemva kokunqotshwa eMpini YaseCrimea. Yilokho esinye sezizathu esiyinhloko esaholela uhulumeni ukucabanga mayelana nengozi nomphakathi we serfdom futhi ukulondolozwa kwalo okunye.

Izinguquko 1861 kwaba inqubo Icebo lika. Yaqala kukhululeka abalimi okuqondene umninindlu, kusukela lo mkhuba. Isinyathelo sokugcina babe abanikazi ezincane-ekhaya, babe labo balimi kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo cishe zonke yizicukuthwane lokusebenzisa umhlaba kanye krupnopomeschichi amapulazi eziye zalondolozwa.