Ngiziphi iinarha ze-EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans. I Normans eYurophu

Ngaphambi siyathola ukuthi isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans, kubalulekile ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwabantu ukufihla ngaphansi lelo gama. Leli gama kuyinto yinye ne zisabalele welithi "amaViking". Bengamatilosi onekhono zivela eScandinavia, abafuna impilo engcono ukushiya izwe nokhahlo yazo zaphindela yokweba ukuthuthukiswa isimo ephakathi.

Inkathi Ukuhlasela kusukela enyakatho Kusolwa ekhulwini VIII-XI. AmaViking babe amaqaba bakhuleka kela onkulunkulu abaningi, lapho esavela zangenkathi yangaphambi kobuKristu. indima ebalulekile yokukhulekelwa kuthatha omunye - god of war. yokuphila nenkani baseNorway, Danes kanye iziteleka abaseSweden ukwesaba ezinhliziyweni imibuso Western Europe, kuye kwadingeka isikhathi sokulungisa phansi bese uba ophucukile xaxa. Babizwa ngokuthi bangabantu amaViking Normans (angahunyushwa ngokuthi "abantu enyakatho"). Umlando kulezi zizwe kuzosiza baqonde kangcono isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans. Umlando (Libanga 6) imininingwane ethile betadisha lesi sihloko ohlelweni lwakhe.

Kuze kube sekupheleni IX ekhulwini nokuphangwa kwempahla mikhankaso babe unsystematic. Abaholi nesithakazelo kuphela ekukhiqizeni, okuyinto wathola, anikwa ukuze babuyele ekhaya. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, konke kwashintsha. Manje silambele adventure nenkazimulo ngqo amatilosi ashaqe ezweni sahlala nabo.

Duchy yaseNormandy

Ukuphendula umbuzo, othi EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans kwasekuqaleni kufanele itjheje Duchy yaseNormandy. Lezi amazwe enyakatho yeFrance ngomlomo eMfuleni iSeine kwakuhlezi amaPhoyisa abahlaseli wokuqala kusukela enyakatho. Ngo-889, umholi amaViking bazinza lapha, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Pedestrian Hrolf. Ngakho, kanye namasosha akhe, yena ahlasela umbuso yeFrance, zize zifinyelele nakubazalwane kuya nedlelo Paris. Mayelana nomsuka walo ukuze namanje Ziphikisana. Kokunye nguqulo ye ke - Dane, ngakolunye - Norwegian.

INkosi France ayikwazanga ngokwa ukushayela abezinye izizwe aphume impahla yabo, ngakho ngo-911, Charles III Simple ahlinzekwa Rollo (njengaku zemihla lobuKristu ngokuthi Hrolf) ukwenza isiko ubhapathizo kanye abe ngaphansi kwesizwe we Carolingian. Umholi amaViking wathatha igama Robert mina futhi obeka isisekelo we Norman lwamakhosi. Ngiziphi iinarha ze-EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans? Izimpendulo ezimfushane futhi zihlanganisa lokhu Duchy. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, Scandinavians alien yayihlanganiswa ne bendawo futhi wathatha ulimi namasiko abo. Lokhu kusebenza futhi esiqinile izinduna esigaba sabefundisi, isisekelo yangaphambili ubuhlobo elite isikhathi.

Conquest of England House yaseNormandy

Uhlu ecacisa kumaphi amazwe EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans, eNgilandi uyaqhubeka. Dukes, owabusa Normandy, ngokomthetho kwakufanele akhonze umqhele isiFulentshi, kodwa de empeleni waba hhayi kuphela wahlala ezimele, kodwa futhi yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-amagrafu angomakhelwane kanye nabanye abanikazi fiefs. Phakathi XI leminyaka eNgilandi obusa Eduard Ispovednik, naye owayekulelo-Anglo-Saxon Wessex lwamakhosi. LaseNormandy, besikhathi sakhe, wayengumzukulu Roberta mina Vilgelm. INkosi iNkosana babe nezihlobo ezikude, okuyinto wanika yokugcina ilungelo esisemthethweni ngokulandelana ukuze isihloko sokuqala.

Lapho ngo-1066 Edward wafa, uWilliam yamemezela amalungelo abo isihlalo sobukhosi saseNgilandi. Ukuwela ku siqhingi, uNorman ibutho wahlulwa Anglo-Saxons futhi inselele yabo uHarold e Battle of Hastings. Ekugcineni umbuso subordinated iminyaka engu-6. Ngakho, hlobo luni isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans? Phendula - England. Le micimbi yaba ukhiye emlandweni yonke iYurophu.

Inani kwakuwukuthi England

Ukuhlaziya isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans, asikwazi ukwenza out amaphuzu ukubaluleka ekuthumbeni eBritish Isles.

Okokuqala, Albion Ukudabuka ubuhlobo eScandinavia. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, yesiNorway Danish baholi bezama ukunqoba esiqhingini ngokokusebenza kwamandla akhe. Abanye baye baphumelela (isibonelo, uKnud Veliky), kodwa ekugcineni kuvikelwe amaViking ayiphumelelanga eBrithani. Amaqaba kuphangwa esikhathini esidlule, hhayi kuphela-England kodwa Europe iyonke. Inkathi entsha. umbuso zaseScandinavia kancane kancane bamukela ubuKristu, angena ezivamile European ukuthuthukiswa orbit.

Okwesibili, iBrithani ishintshile. amandla Lapha ekugcineni ematheni inkosi sivunyiwe, ukuthi eminyakeni anda kuphela. Isikhathi lapho lesi siqhingi Bahlala kwamanye amazwe-Anglo-Saxon esikhathini esidlule. Kuphela phakathi nokubusa uWilliam ibutho lwahlangana kanti futhi lasolwandle, Ukubalwa kwabantu sidalwe olotshwe adumile "I-Domesday Book". Norman izikhulu isiFulentshi sasithuthela siqhingi. ngolimi lwesiNgisi ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka aba ngumqondiso zabantu abavamile. Kodwa, njengoba kunjalo amaViking Hrolfa, nge ushintsho izizukulwane iphutha nokwenziwa, lapho bakwazi ukungena eziningi amazwi French ngolimi lwendawo.

Anglo-norman

Norman lwamakhosi wabusa kuze 1135. Wilhelm namadodana akhe abeka isisekelo isimo zanamuhla zesiNgisi, egcwele UK. Nge ukufa kukayise, esihlalweni sobukhosi uzalwe indodana yakhe, uWilliam II namesake Auburn (Rufus) (1087 - 1100). Umfowabo omdala Robert Kurtgoz wathola eNormandy. By the way, waba omunye abahleli Yenkolo Yokuqala eMpumalanga Ephakathi.

Ubudlelwano obuphakathi izihlobo yayigcwele izingxabano njalo phezu iziqu. Umbango singakaxazululwa, lapho uWilliam wabulawa ekuzingeleni. Engafani uhlamvu prickly futhi ngidelelekile lendawo-Anglo-Saxon Izicukuthwane, okuyinto libukelwa phansi izisekelo isimo.

isihlalo sobukhosi saseNgilandi kwakuhlezi omncane abafowethu - uHenry I (1100 - 1135). Robert Wayelokhu ezama ukuba uthole umqhele English, waze waba yisiboshwa Battle of Tanshbre e 1106. Wayeboshelwe iminyaka engu-28 futhi wafela ejele. Henry futhi wathola Normandy futhi wajoyina ifa likayise. Lapho-ke waqala nokwanda kwalo eWales. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuxhomeke esifundeni isiFulentshi Brittany.

Indodana yakhe eyamlandela esikhundleni, uWilhelm zafa kabuhlungu ngo 1120 emva engozini "umkhumbi White" e-English Channel. Lo mcimbi ngensimbi inkinga dynastic. Ngemva kokufa impi yombango kaHenry Kwagqashuka phakathi umshana wakhe uStephen indodakazi Matilda. Indodana yakhe, uHenry II esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1167, ngemva kwalokho lwamakhosi ekugcineni azifinyezwanga, njengoba le nkosi entsha kuyise kwakungekaNkulunkulu umndeni Plantagenet.

Kwakuphakathi nalesikhathi lwamakhosi iyaqala ukuhlanganisa Norman elite kanye Anglo-Saxon labantu, okwaholela ekuzalweni isizwe English ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi.

esiFundeni Aversa

Indaba ngendlela emangalisayo Amasosha zaseScandinavia ngesinyenyela ku eningizimu ye-Italy kanye wadala khona ngumnikazi umbuso, ayikwazi bambalala uma kuziwa onjani isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans.

lokuma kwazo yokuqala Apennine inhlonhlo kwaba County of Aversa emikhankasweni yesimanje. Sanikwa Raynulfu Drengo Duke uSergiyu IV laseNaples e 1030. Ikusasa Earl phakathi Amasosha amaningi kusukela North waseFrance walwa woMbuso WaseByzantium, Italy anti-amakhosi asendulo.

County Puglia

Okufanayo kwaba isiphetho umndeni kukaWilliam Hauteville umndeni (ezinye imithombo - Hauteville). Waphinde waba mercenary, futhi izingxabano lempi elinabantu abaningi waba Ukubala of Apulia, exosha baseByzantium e 1042. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abazenzile anda impahla yabo, siqaphela ngokwabo akhonze we Ongcwele WaseRoma, uPapa.

Ngakho, ngo-1071, uRobert Guiscard axoshwe AmaSulumane kusukela esiqhingini saseSicily, futhi wangena ifa igama elifanayo evela kuPapa County. Zonke lezi uthi owenziwa Normans.

Kingdom of Italy

Ngemva imishado eziningana phakathi imindeni ex-amasosha futhi zonke ifa feuds olufanele Southern Italy babe ezandleni Roger II, naye ingeyamakhosi Hauteville umndeni lwamakhosi. At Christmas 1130 lo antipope Anaclet II wamemezela kuye inkosi yakwa-Sicily. Kamuva, lesi sihloko kuzobhekwa eRoma. umbuso Sicilia inflicted ukunqotshwa eziningana amabutho waseByzantium futhi eminyakeni eyikhulu kwaba amandla alawula iMedithera. Okwesikhathi esithile, wabalalela ngisho ezweni eNyakatho Afrika nase-Greece.

Nokho lwamakhosi ekuqaleni baseNormandy sobukhosi eyathatha isikhathi esifushane. Ngo 1194 ke wadlulela Hohenstaufen lwamakhosi, ezihlanganisa ama-emperor ke German. Ngokuvamile, umbuso Sicilia wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu 1816, lapho uyekwa ekupheleni iCongress of Vienna emva kaNapoleon Izimpi. Iphela kanjalo iminyaka indaba ngalokho isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans. Impendulo ayamangalisa ngempela, njengoba izizwe ezimbalwa wakwazi uthwebule izihloko ezindaweni ezahlukene UK uye eMedithera.

Umthelela wale Norman ukunqoba

Inzalo amaViking sinomthelela lonke izwekazi eminyaka. YoMbuso eYurophu yi Normans, hhayi kuphela ushintshe ibalazwe yezombusazwe, kodwa futhi nomthelela variable yobuhlanga, isibonelo, eNgilandi.

War-East (kuhlanganise Zokholo) esethole Izwe Elidala amaKristu. Umlando walokho isimo EYurophu izigelekeqe ziye owenziwa Normans, sifinyeto elichazwa ngenhla, ubonisa ukuthi ngisho ungqimba elincane labantu abanothando Ungashintsha isiphetho i nezwekazi lonke.