Kumiswa, Indaba
Kings of France. Umlando yeFrance. Uhlu mithi French
Amakhosi France yayihlobene ngokuqondile ekusungulweni yaleli zwe elikhulu. Umlando walo sihlehlela emuva inkulungwane yokuqala yeminyaka BC. Ekuqaleni, endaweni isimo yesimanje sasihlala izizwe amaCelt, futhi inani elikhulu amakoloni ngesiGreki esisogwini lolwandle. Ngokusho zakudala emhlabeni ngesikhathi esifanayo Yuliyu Tsezaryu wakwazi ukunqoba indawo eyayihlala Gauls. Umlawuli omkhulu waze wanika ngisho igama emazweni walulama - Gallia Komachi. Ngemuva kokuwa France eRoma lalenziwa isimo ngomumo, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, zasheshe lwaludlula yi Franks.
mlando version
Okwamanje wemukeleke ukuthi French esizayo efika ensimini ka-Western Europe kusukela oLwandle Olumnyama. Baqala ugcwalise umhlaba kusukela kakhulu osebeni Rhine. Lapho Julian Franks wanika izindawo eziningi ezweni, kungekho intshiseko kancane baqala ukuhlola indawo eningizimu. By 420 ngonyaka th of iningi Franks sawela Rhine. Umholi wabo kwaba Pharamond.
Ukuhlala ngasosebeni loMfula amadoda River Somme eholwa indodana yakhe Chlodio. Kube afike wasungula khona iSikhungo umbuso zamaJalimane. Inhlokodolobha kwathiwa eTurin. Indodana emashumini eminyaka ambalwa Chlodio wenza isinqumo khona lapho kumiswa uhlu lozalo lwasebukhosini. Leli gama le ndoda - iziMeya amalungu lwamakhosi kwakhiwa baqala ukubizwa ngokuthi Merovingians. Yileyo indlela indaba umsuka amakhosi France.
kuzokwenzekani
Ngekhulu lesihlanu Korol Hlodvig lokuqala kakhulu wandisa franc ubunikazi. Manje baye enwetshiwe kuya Loire kanye Seine. Amakhosi France aba kanjani ababusi egcwele yonke Rhine engenhla futhi phakathi. Ngo 469 uClovis wanquma ukuyishintsha inkolo. Yena nezikhonzi zakhe, abaningi baba amaKristu. Kunokuba sikhungatheke noma sidumazeke ukukhuthaza ekulweni ababusi bakhona, ababethwala nabo baqede. Ngemva kokufa iNkosi umhlaba wanqoba yahlukaniswa phakathi amadodana akhe amane. Ngemva kwalokho, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka uClovis enwetshiwe amandla abo phezu eGaul, eBavaria, Alemannia futhi eThuringia.
inyunyana
Eziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu franc isimo baphinde balulame bathole ubunye baso indawo. Clotaire II - King enesibindi France, ngubani wahluleka ukuqaphela ukuthi umane akazange alinge ukwenza ababengaphambi kwakhe. Lapho amandla akhe ayebekelwe umbuso enkulukazi inhlangano zezombusazwe nababusi eziningi, futhi kamuva wathola iziqu kokuningi. Wabe esezala umbusi Dagobert I.
Ngeshwa, amadodana akhe ungafaki at inhliziyo amandla isimo, kodwa ngoba ngemva kokufa kukayise, kwaba indawo ngakho kanzima esihlanganisiwe kwaphinde ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine. Kwabe sekulandela uchungechunge zombango, ngoba inzalo ayikwazanga ukunquma ukuthi ngubani ozothola. Ngenxa njalo ukuxabana franc amandla phezu eBavaria, Alemannia, eThuringia, futhi Aquitaine obekulahlekile.
ukuwohloka
Ngekhulu leminyaka lesikhombisa, kwakusobala ukuthi amakhosi France zasheshe abamiswa ezindaweni zabo. Sebayeka ingeyamakhosi bamandla wangempela. Izinso kwamandla sekudlule ezandleni imeya esigodlweni. amakhosi Kugcine, naye owayekulelo lwamakhosi Merovingian, amaFulentshi ngokwabo ngokuthi "lazy". Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izikhundla waba yiMeya esigodlweni ngofuzo. Zonke wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi uhlu lwamakhosi abo amandla yayo lifika enkosini.
Kule ndaba, kakhulu wathi umbusi esigodlweni Pepin ka Herstal. Ngo 680, izingalo zakhe sawela ekuphathweni kwesokudla lonke Frankish umbuso. Ngu nesikhathi enza imizamo yenkosi esisemthethweni Theodoric III.
Ukuvela lwamakhosi entsha
Ngo 751, uPapa Zachary wacela usizo kumphathi-dolobha lwesigodlo Pepin. Bekungelula kungenzeka ngaphandle lokhu kokunqotshwa amaLombard. Ngo ukubonga ngosizo lwabo Zachary Pepin wathembisa umqhele wobukhosi. Owayekade eyisikhulu ngesikhathi umbusi kaChilderic III kwadingeka bayeke.
Kwakukhona amakhosi France, emelela lwamakhosi Carolingian. It lethiwa noKarla Velikogo, indodana ka Pepin le iDemo. Nokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba ukungena Charles kuya esihlalweni sikayise abuyiselwe oda embusweni Frankish, futhi inqotshwe Aquitaine eThuringia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakwazi ukuphonsa ebaleka-Arabhu, ngubani matasa eGaul, futhi uthathe Septimania. Lenziwe isisekelo esihle kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kanye nempumelelo umbuso.
Karl - King of France, owakwazi ukufeza nakakhulu. Yena ezinwetshiwe imingcele yezwe. Ngakho ama-franc esimweni enyakatho-mpumalanga kwaba ukunweba ukuze Elbe, empumalanga - Austria futhi Croatia, eningizimu-ntshonalanga - LaseNorth of Spain, kanye eningizimu-mpumalanga - LaseNorth Italy. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, UPapa Leo III ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele uCharlemagne njengoba umbusi wamaRoma.
Nokho, ukuba khona umbuso akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. Rule kwadingeka Louis kuphela abangcwele (indodana ka-Charles). Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, izindlalifa wavumelana ngemvume iSivumelwano Verdun. Lokhu kwenzeka ngonyaka ka-843. Ngakho, uKarl umbuso waba yizinqamu ezintathu - Lorraine, East Francia (kamuva eJalimane) kanye West-Frankish isimo (France yesimanje).
Omele lokugcina lwamakhosi Carolingian - Louis V - washona ngo 987. izindlalifa okuqondile akuzange, Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sabo esikude yenkosi - Gugo Kapet. WayeyiZwi Ukubala UMbusi ePrague futhi French. Umbusi entsha bahlangana ukusekelwa abefundisi. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isimo imzuzele ngegama lalo lamanje - France. Ngazalwa lohlanga olusha lwamakhosi - Capet. abameleli balo leliya lizwe cishe emakhulwini eminyaka ayisishiyagalombili (at Valois futhi akhawunti Bourbon namahlumela).
Izinguquko kulo lonke
Guqula ababusi kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise ukuguqulwa isimiso sezombangazwe sakhona. France selande laze laba umbuso zakudala amakhosi asendulo. Nokho, iNkosi isiphetho kwaba unenviable: owawungaphansi kwegunya lakhe ngqo kwaba endaweni encane eduze enhlokodolobha - Paris. Zonke ezinye izifunda kwadingeka naye ubuhlobo ngaphansi kwesizwe. Ngokuvamile kwamandla umbusi indawo bekulokhu acebile nonamandla kunawo inkosi. Yingakho kungekho muntu ngisho ngiphuphe bezama ukuvukela umbuso okhona.
ngesikhathi esibucayi
Ikhulu lesishiyagalolunye kuya kweleshumi, baba-mlando zezwe. Phakathi nale nkathi, phezu enyakatho nogu French waqala itshalwe inqwaba amaViking. Zasungula Duchy yaseNormandy, futhi ngemva bamba ukubulala Paris, kodwa kwanhlanga zimuka nomoya. Abangophakimpi amaViking wakwazi bagomela ngokwaso eNgilandi ngo-1066, uWilliam (Duke yaseNormandy) iphethwe ukuthatha ubukhosi ngesiNgisi. Kamuva yena wasungula lwamakhosi le Normans.
ekhulwini weshumi nambili
Henry II - IsiZulu Umbusi ohlakaniphile ngubani ngakwazi abe uJehova izinduna ocebile kakhulu. Yena wayeya njalo futhi awazange abuyele kwemizi yabo nekhaya ngezandla angenalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenza eminye imishado kunenzuzo kakhulu futhi walinqoba laseNormandy, Aquitaine, Brittany bese Guyenne. Kuthunyelwe kuye futhi esifundeni Anjou. Nokho, izindlalifa umbusi omkhulu ayengakwazi ukuvumelana phezu amandla ukwabelana. Izingxabano okubangelwa buthakathaka isimo. Inkosi French Philip bayisebenzisa kahle le simo. Wanqoba cishe zonke izifundazwe. Ngaphansi igunya of England agcinwayo Guyenne kuphela.
ekhulwini nantathu
Kuleli khulu leminyaka okwabahambela neFrance. Amakhosi France, okuyinto uhlu zonke enwetshiwe, wakwazi acele ukusekela opapa, wayesephendulela ngesibindi amandla abo ngokumelene Cathar izihlubuki. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Languedoc wanqotshwa, kodwa Flanders akazange ukunqotshwa.
ekhulwini weshumi nane
Ngo 1314 washona kaFiliphu Fair - King of France kusukela Capetian lwamakhosi. Waba namadodana angamashumi amathathu nendodakazi eyodwa. Isabella ephethwe ukushada Edward II - umbusi ngesiNgisi. Ngeshwa, bonke abantwana bakwa-Philip azalelwa kuphela amantombazane, ukuze France ngabhekana nenkinga dynastic, lapho yonke inzalo oqondile owesilisa wathola ukuphumula okuphakade.
Ezicukuthwaneni kwadingeka ukuba sikhethe umbusi omusha. Kwatholakala filipp Valua. Edward Third - indodana Elizabeth - wazama ukuphikisa lesi sinqumo, kodwa Salic uMthetho ukudluliswa sesihlalo sobukhosi ngokusebenzisa umugqa zesifazane akuvunyelwe nakancane. Umphumela ukunganeliseki kwakhe kwakungenxa Eminyakeni Eyikhulu neMpi. Impumelelo ephelezelwa Ngaleso sikhathi iFrance ke England. Nokho, ukungaqiniseki wanyamalala lapho ibutho wathatha izintambo umkhuzi abanamakhono uHenry V Ngesikhathi esifanayo phezu kwesihlalo sobukhosi France Charles IV laya, eyaziwa kahle ukungalingani yakhe. inzuzo Military ekugcineni ngabelwa British.
1415 kwaphawulwa kokunqotshwa amasosha French at Agincourt. Heinrich V ngokunqoba langena Paris. Inkosi yakhuluma laphoqeleka ukuba livume indodana yindlalifa uHenry Omkhulu Wesihlanu.
Ngo 1429 lapho egcotshwa Charles VII. Yena udumo inhlangano French. Lokhu kungenxa emhlabeni, lwaphetha ngezithombe uCharles Burgundy. Ngo 1437, yena waphindiselwa eParis 1450 - Normandy ngo 1453 - Guyenne, e 1477 - Burgundy, bese Brittany. Calais kuphela saqhubeka sibuswa British.
Francis - King of France, ngubani esihlalweni sobukhosi ngo-1515. Uyise wayengumGreki Bala Angulenskim, umzala Louis nambili. Umbusi wabiza resumption of the izinkontileka lwaphetha ngezithombe yamaNgisi uHenry VIII. Inkosi of Navarre zazihlose ukuphinde anqobe ingxenye umbuso Castile futhi ukuthatha Duchy of Milan, ngokusekelwa Venice. Ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe, owela we canyon grand Argentiyskoe-Italy senziwa. Warriors idluliselwe wezikhali ezandleni zakhe iqhume amatshe ukuze enze indlela yabo. Francis wakwazi ukunqoba le Savoy kanye Duchy of Milan. Ngalesi umkhankaso inkosi wayaziwa njengomuntu iqhawe. Laqala ngisho nokubuza qhathanisa noKhesari.
Henry 2 - King of France, okubusa kwakhe kwaqala ngo-March 1547. Wazama zonke izinhlobo izindlela ukuqeda amaProtestani.
Inkosi yakwa-France, uHenry wayesenze ukuthi bazoba nendlalifa. Nokho, ngesikhathi ukufa kukayise wayengumuntu eyishumi kuphela ubudala. Noma kunjalo, wanyukela sobukhosi Karl 9. Inkosi iFrance ilungu lokugcina labangu uhlobo lwe Valois. Kuze 1563 unina - Ekaterina Medichi - isinyathelo ibamba. Ukubusa uCharles the lesishiyagalolunye wabhekana nezenzakalo eziningi sad, phakathi lapho yezimpi zombango St noBartolomewu (kuqothulwe kunobukhulu bendawo amaHuguenot).
Ngemva kokufika abakwaHabsburg ukuze amandla crisis waqala ezweni. NgeNkathi Yezinguquko, amaProthestani kunyuke isibalo. Bayanda kwakukhona skirmishes phakathi abamele kwezakhi nomphakathi. "Izinduna zamisa wokwamukela", kwanqunywa ukuba ashicilele okubuyisela ukuthula. Nakuba imithetho kukaHenry Third. Wadutshulwa wabulawa 1589 Wayengenaso izindlalifa, ngakho sobukhosi Genrih Navarrsky (lesine). Wathuthela okholweni ongumProthestani ebuKatolikeni ukuze ugweme ukuchitha igazi. Nokho, ngokushesha ayeke ukuphikiswa namanje awenzekanga.
XVII-XVIII leminyaka,
Phakathi nale nkathi izwe yasungulwa absolutism. Ngemva Louis 13, wanyukela sobukhosi Louis 14 Inkosi yakwa-France waqinisa indawo yemfanelo ayiphathisiwe. Izwe isibe amakhulu eYurophu. It ikhuphukile ngenxa ukwengeza Burgundy, West Flanders and Artois. Ukubukeka amakoloni kuqala i-Nyakatfo Melika futhi e-India wabuye wanikeza uLouis 14 Inkosi yakwa-France eyakhelwe ambitious izinhlelo yasebukhosini, kodwa neMpi Iminyaka eyisikhombisa futhi impikiswano Succession Austrian akamvumelanga ukufeza oyifunayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulawula zonke amakoloni lalahleka.
Ngo-1715, enyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi, Louis 15 - King of France, ababengabendlu Bourbon lwamakhosi. Ngaleso sikhathi wayesevile eminyakeni engu emihlanu nje ubudala. umbusi osemusha anakekela inkonzo ibamba filipp Orleansky. Wayengumuntu abamelene nenkambiso Louis 14, ngakho umfelandawonye England nase wahamba wayokulwa Spain. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-amandla lo mbusi osemusha sahlala ezandleni umalume wakhe uFiliphu. Ngo 1726, Louis 15, namanje wamemezela ukuthi kuthatha izintambo, kodwa empeleni izwe lalibuswa Cardinal Fleury. Lokhu kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba 1743. Qaphela ukuthi wokubusa alandelayo Louis 15 kuzwe zithinteka kakhulu kubathinta.
Ukuphela kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili kwaphawula ukuqala ukuKhanyiselwa. France lase lithengwe ekuhlaleni kwenkosi esihlalweni sobukhosi. Inqubomgomo senkosi entsha - Louis XVI - zaholela ezinkingeni zomnotho, ukusweleka kokudla kanye nokwehla kwezolimo. Ngenxa ukubiza le-General Abasebenzi (1789), amandla kwaba kuMkhandlu kaZwelonke. ilungu lawo esivuna ukuqedwa amalungelo amakhosi asendulo, bokuhlukaniswa yezikhulu futhi abefundisi zonke amalungelo, kanye nokukhishwa iSonto ezindabeni isimo.
Izwe lahlukaniswa laba neminyango (inani 83). Korol Lyudovik wabaleka, kodwa wabanjwa zawo abuyela ezweni. Isihloko King of France, walahlekelwa. Wayelethwa ingxenye abuyiselwe amandla okuzisholo: Louis wanikezwa isihloko inkosi French. Yena vetoed izimiso ezintsha eziningana, kodwa abatholanga ukwesekwa phakathi kwabantu. Ngokushesha Louis wamangalelwa ngokuba imbuka. Wabulawa e 1793.
Endleleni eya ezweni
Amazwe amaningi, eholwa ke ngohlu lozalo lwasebukhosini belwa France. Ngo 1799, iphansi kwesandla sika-grand Icebo lika Napoleon Bonaparte zempi lahlelwa. Inani labantu base-le venture kwamhlangabeza ngokuvunyelwa ngoba izakhamuzi kakade kunalokho ukhathele ekulweni njalo umuzi kanye ethulile.
Ngokusho imiphumela inhlolovo owawuse-1802, uNapoleon wanikezwa isihloko sonke isikhathi sokusebenza inxusa Okokuqala. Ngokushesha asebenzelana ngayo nabo bonke ababephikisa futhi yathola amandla angenamkhawulo. Izwe baba amakhosi ohlanga. Ngo-1804, uNapoleon egcotshwa. ngesikhathi Austerlitz Ngokushesha anqotshiwe phambi kuka-amaviyo ka-Austria. Ngo 1806, amaFulentshi owazinika Prussia.
Jabulile ne ngokunqoba of Napoleon ngazimemezela ukuvinjelwa yezwekazi of England. Ngo 1807, i-British wafonela ezivela eRussia. UNapoleon, ayizange kukuhlupha, wasamukela ngentshiseko Umphikisi entsha insimu enkulu, okuyinto wanquma ukuthatha in noma yini. Ekwindla ka 1812 amabutho French sebevele eMoscow. Kwakubonakala sengathi Russia lase liwile. Kodwa Kutuzov kwenzakala sihlakaniphe phezu kwezinyoni Bonaparte. Ngenxa yalokho, ibutho French lahluleka kwasani. Kusukela wamabutho kanye okukhulu kwakukhona imvuthu esidabukisayo.
Ngo 1814, France wasala ngaphandle umbusi - Napoleon asiyeke. Kwanqunywa ukuba ubuyisele izinso wamandla ezandleni Bourbons. Waba yinkosi Louis XVIII. Wenza konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze ubuyisele oludala, kodwa French babe ngokuphelele ngokumelene nalo. Khona-ke uNapoleon, lokuqoqa ayizinkulungwane ibutho, waya bayothola amandla kabusha. Wakwazi nokuqalisa uhlelo lwakhe lokufundisa abantu. Nokho, emhlanganweni we mithi e Vienna, kwanqunywa ukuba athathe umqhele kusukela Umkhuzi nabafuna izikhundla. Ekugcineni, uNapoleon wadingiselwa esiqhingini St Helena.
Amakhosi France, uhlu okuyinto emva Bonaparte namanje agcwaliswa, wabusa ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu. Ngakho, uNapoleon II liketulwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva ummango beya sobukhosi, Louis Philippe waphoqeleka ukuba ngokushesha balahle isihloko zokuhlonipha uphinde ube yinkosi we isiFulentshi, kodwa hhayi French. Napoleon III sathathwa eyisiboshwa Prussia futhi wagudluza. Iziphathimandla futhi okwakufanele babhekwe njengabezinye sovereigns, kodwa isimangalo labhubhisa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Charles X, uHenry V noFiliphu VII zehlulekile ukuvumelana phakathi kwazo. Ababusi umqhele ngabe athengiswe ezingxenyeni e 1885. France iba i-republic.
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