Umlando wesintu: kancane mayelana okuqala okuba khona

Ngokusho ubufakazi ahlukahlukene nocwaningo, ababalelwa ezigidini ezintathu edlule (nakuba umlando okunye lesintu ubiza omunye izibalo) abantu baphuma jikelele silwane. eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane 35 edlule kumiswa abantu yesimanje. iminyaka eyinkulungwane amathathu impucuko waqala ukuthatha ukuma ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.

Uma emlandweni wesintu ayekade ezisithekile usuku, kusukela ngomzuzu kwetinhlavu amakilasi futhi isimo kuze kube manje, ngokusho ososayensi sasiqhutshelwa ukuba 4 amaminithi nje.

I bakudala uhlelo ohlanganyelwe kwaba esigabeni omude kunayo yonke. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa ayisigidi iminyaka. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhathi esiqondile, lapho umlando wesintu, kunzima kakhulu ukubiza. I mkhawulo (kokuqeda isinyathelo) uhlelo bakudala siyahlukahluka imikhawulo ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi izwekazi. Ngokwesibonelo, amakilasi e-Afrika nase-Asia waqala ukuthatha ukuma ekuqa- 4-3. BC. e eMelika -. 1. BC. e.

Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba umlando wesintu, kungani babe ngabantu bokuqala, lapho kwathi lapho igcina ingaziwa. Ngeshwa, azikho izikhumbuzo labo nangenkathi akusho.

Periodization yomlando wesintu eyenziwa ososayensi ezahlukene ngezindlela ezahlukene.

Ngisho LamaRoma nezazi zefilosofi Chinese zasendulo zazazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu ezintathu namakhulu eminyaka: zethusi (ithusi), itshe nensimbi. Esikhathini 19 - ekuqaleni kwelama-20, lokhu periodization bemivubukulo wathola lesayensi nokuthuthuka. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi typologize esiteji kanye nobudala zalezikhathi.

Stone Age eyathatha izikhathi eziningana lungaphezu wonke umlando okwalandela lesintu. Lesi sigaba ngezigaba kule nkathi kusekelwe yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa kanye namafomu ekushintsheni amathuluzi itshe.

Stone Age owaqala ngokuvukela paleolith (Old Stone), okuyinto yena, ososayensi bathola esiteji aphansi (ekuseni), maphakathi kanye engenhla (ngasekupheleni) paleolith.

Okulandelayo iqala yobudala srednekamenny (mesolit ushintsho esikhathini). Le nkathi ubizwa nangokuthi epipaleolitom (poslepaleolitom) noma protoneolitom (predneolitom). Abanye abalobi musa ukusho nhlobo.

Uqedele Stone Age Neolithic (okusha Stone ubudala). Ekupheleni kwaleyo nkathi, kukhona amathuluzi zethusi kuqala. Lokhu kubonisa ukwakheka isigaba ekhethekile - Eneolithic (Chalcolithic).

Sakhiwo sangekhatsi periodization elandelayo eminyaka (okusha Stone, ngensimbi nangethusi) imelelwa abaphenyi ezahlukene ehlukile. isiko libizwa ngendlela ehlukile futhi kuchazwe themselves izigaba.

periodization Archaeological kusekelwe ngokuphelele ezintweni zobuchwepheshe ayinikezi womkhosi ukwakheka ukukhiqizwa iyonke. Uhlelo okwamanje esigabeni ngokuhlukana ayibangelwa kangako global njengoba lesifunda.

Ezinye zihibe ngezinhloso samanje paleoanthropological periodization emphakathini lasekuqaleni. Kusekelwe isimiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo wabantu. Ngokusho kwalesi simiso ngokwahlukana ngesikhathi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane, abacwaningi bathi ukuba khona omdala (archanthropines), lasendulo (palaeoanthropes), kanye phansi (neanthropine) umuntu yesimanje. Naphezu kwezingqinamba nezimpikiswano, uhlelo Paleo-anthropological sesigaba zabantu phezu izigaba kuhlobene uhlelo bemivubukulo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lezi periodization ekhethekile komlando wesintu ngeke kuqhathaniswe e ukubaluleka nge uhlelo jikelele ukwehlukana abantu esikhathini esidlule. Ukuthuthukiswa Amathrendi yokuqonda zomlando impahla lokuthuthukiswa kwabantu owaqala sina Morgan (oyisazi American). Ngokuhambisana elisungulwe ngekhulu le-18 yangemva kokuhlukana kuka-yonke inqubo kwenkathi yempucuko, ubuqaba futhi savagery, ucabangela izinga ukusebenza ukukhiqizwa "yokuziphilisa", le ethnographer American abiwa ngamunye yobudala ebekiwe ephakeme, maphakathi kanye ezingeni leliphasi. Ngemva kwalokho, Engels walidumisa periodization, generalized ke.