Isimo sidilizwa Midia: inhlokodolobha, labantu. ulimi Median. Umlando Iran

umbuso Median, kanye kwakhiwa kusukela inyunyana tribal, unendima ebalulekile emlandweni zezombusazwe, amasiko nezomnotho endala. Lona omunye uthi lapho namaZoroaster okwandile umsebenzi, ngqo ephathelene nayo. It likhona esikhathini kusuka 670 BC. e. 550 BC. e., kodwa phakathi nenkathi yokudlondlobala kwawo ke welulela ngobubanzi okuningi kuka imingcele yobuhlanga ezivamile.

indawo

Uma izwe elikhulu lasendulo Oriental, okuthiwa yayisemngceleni amaMede, manje itholakala entshonalanga endaweni ethnographic, okuyinto is owned by Iran. Kumephu zezwe lasendulo ke ihlanganisa indawo umxhwele okuyinto iphahlwe kuya enyakatho kwaba umfula Araks futhi Elbrus, futhi West - the izinqaba ngobukhulu yesimanje Zagros Ukhahlamba. Ingxenye eseningizimu isimo amaMede lwalulinganiselwe ukuba yoLwandle iCaspian. East zensimu ubabonisa usawoti ehlane Dasht-e Kavir, manje ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi Iran.

Ukuvela isimo

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala amaMede wahlangana emibhalweni yaminyaka Asiriya kwesigamu wangekhulu lesi-9 yesibili. BC. e. Emibhalweni yakhe uHerodotus ubiza zakwa-Media, Arias. Ngokusobala, kwaba kwabo azibiza. Le miBhalo isimo ukhuluma ngani lasendulo "izwe zama-Aryan."

Uma izizwe Iranian kusukela Central Asia langena endaweni ka-Iran yesimanje, akwaziwa. Iningi lezazi-mlando sithambekele bakholelwa ukuthi yenzeke ngezithuba 2000-1500 BC. e. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni wakha ubuhlobo lesizwana zomdabu, okuqondene izizwe endaweni. Nokho, kakade 9-8 eminyaka. BC. e. izinguquko kuqale nokuqala ukwenzeka. Zihlotshaniswa ukufika izizwe ezintsha. Inkulumo Echaza Isimo Abezindaba kule nkathi libhekene ukwanda ilungu abakhuluma Iranian kamuva owaba oqavile.

C 8. BC. e. ensimini ka amandla esizayo eqala ukuvela ukuzihlanganisa lokuqala elincane. It is a uhlobo state-esifundeni, phakathi okuyinto ebaluleke kunayoyonke iyona Mans. Lokho esikhathini esizayo ube isikhungo kwezomnotho kanye namasiko yamaMede. Ngakho, ngesikhathi esithile endaweni efanayo kwakukhona Izinyunyana yezizwana emkhakheni State. Ngokusho amarekhodi uHerodotus, abantu munye, okungukuthi umsunguli Midia isimo - kuyinto Deioces.

Deioces (Dayukku)

Deioces ekuqaleni wakhonza njengephayona umahluleli, cishe 670 647 eminyakeni. BC. e. Wayeyinkosi lokuqala yamaMede. Ngokusho kobufakazi kwesokunxele uHerodotus, inegunya elikhulu phakathi ubulungisa bakhe nabo esikhethekile ukunqotjhiswa ngiwo, uyothatha isinqumo impikiswano ngomqondo okubanzi, kuyilapho ezweni lonke kwaba namthetho ephelele. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu wakhethwa ijaji. Lezi zimfanelo Deioces wayazi yonke imbaza, ngakho ngemva komhlangano olandelayo, wakhethwa yinkosi. Into yokuqala ukuthi wenza umbusi - kuhlangene izizwe eziyisithupha: bili amabhasi, struhatov, arizatnov, budiev futhi paretakenov. On imiyalo yakhe, isimo lasendulo atholakele nenhloko-dolobha yalo ngesimo idolobha elalisanda kwakhiwa ka-Akimetha.

amakhosi Okwalandela yamaMede

Mayelana amakhosi ayabusa yamaMede abalobi basendulo zilandise eziningi Imininingwane engqubuzanayo. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwezikhathi zikleliswe emibhalweni uHerodotus, kubhekwa imithombo enokwethenjelwa kakhulu.

• Fravartish noma Phraortes (mayelana 647-625 BCE ...) - indodana Deioces (inkosi yokuqala), eyazuza njengefa lemandleni akhe. umbusi Sokuvelela futhi empini, ayeyile ekulweni namaPheresiya futhi sanqoba. Eselinqobile namanye izizwe, yagcina ibhujisiwe ngabase-Asiriya.
• Cyaxares, noma Cyaxares (mayelana 625-585 BCE ...) - iqeda yinkosi odlule. Nguye owanikhupha oda impi, ukukucaza by izinhlobo izikhali kanye nezici. Ukuze kwesikhathi wokubusa Cyaxares uwela ayehlasela amaSkithe umkhankaso wesibili e-Asiriya futhi.
• Ishtuvegu noma Astyages (mayelana 585-550 BCE ...) - indodana Cyaxares, futhi inkosi yokugcina Median. Lapho-ke Midia emva olunegazi oneminyaka emithathu impi yanqotshwa namaPheresiya.

umphakathi Median

Okwamanje, izazi-mlando anenombolo enganele idatha bemivubukulo kanye nobunye ukuthi ngabe ukuhlola esimisweni sezenhlalo isakhiwo isimo yamaMede. Ngamagama abavubukuli, liye kancane afunda, futhi emithonjeni eminingi (zomlando edolobheni) ingakamiswa igodi. Nokho, kukhona ukusikisela ukuthi 9-8 eminyaka. BC. e. AmaMede wahlala yabantu lempi. Eqinisweni, le nkathi limelela ushintsho emphakathini bakudala inceku ekuseni ukuze. Izinsika eyinhloko emnothweni kukhona ezolimo kanye nemfuyo, ikakhulukazi zizalela, nokuthuthukisa izikebhe.

nethonya elinamandla ekukhuleni komphakathi waba impumelelo lempi, ngoba kwaba isimo kuhle ukuba nenkani. Imbaza ezimpini ukunqoba nge "omakhelwane" bakhe beza mbeni impucuko aseMpumalanga eminingi yasendulo. Ngenxa yalokho, kuqala, engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwe, bese yonke indawo laliqala ukwanda inani izigqila, esetshenziswa hhayi kuphela emndenini wasebukhosini, kodwa futhi ethempelini nasemakhaya yezikhulu. Khona-ke, mhlawumbe, lapho Kwandiswa nokuxhashazwa amalungu omphakathi futhi ngenxa yalokho, le imibango yezigaba ushona. Lena enye yezindlela okwakubonakala izizathu buthakathaka isimo nokufinyeleleka yayo kokunqotshwa emazweni angomakhelwane.

Inhloko-dolobha ye isimo Midia

Inhloko-dolobha yamaMede Akimetha (manje Hamadan) wawusegunjini lesigodi esivundile. Izazi-mlando zilinganisela ukuthi yasungulwa azungeze 3000 BC. e., naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi imithombo-Asiriya abonisa 1100 BC. e. Ukujula Akimetha babe edume. Isazi-mlando sasendulo poliby incazelo ukhuluma esigodlweni 7 izigaba e obungazungeza lenqaba futhi lapho ukungabi oluphelele izindonga zomuzi. Zonke izingcezu zokhuni zazakhiwe nomsayipuresi nemisedari, amakholomu, ngemishayo Uphahla lwangaphakathi ujenga ngegolide nangesiliva amapuleti, kanye amabhodi ukufulela zakhiwe yakuthatha. amakholomu Gold futhi babeyibo ethempelini Aisne. Umuzi iye baphanga Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Akimetha noMbumbi manje Hamadan (ngenhla) ingenye yamadolobha amadala hhayi kuphela e-Iran, kodwa nasemhlabeni wonke. Wayengumuntu futhi namanje azungezwe izintaba ezenile. Ubuhle bemvelo nomlando eminyaka ubudala ukuheha izivakashi eziningi.

isiko Abezindaba

Ekhulwini 7th. - engxenyeni yokuqala ka-6 leminyaka BC. e. Midia isimo laliyisikhungo isiko Iranian, okuyinto kamuva waboleka futhi bahlakulele namaPheresiya. It is mayelana kancane laziwe. Muva nje, ulwazi kukhawulwe kuphela ukulondoloza isithombe bas-imifanekiso ye-Asiriya. Idatha nesizotha etholwe ngenxa abavubukuli ukuvumela ukuba yahlulele mayelana nesimo sesakhiwo esikhulu isimo lasendulo. Ngakho, abavubukuli German igodi kwaba km 70 kusuka Hamadan ethempelini umlilo eyaqala ngekhulu 8. BC. e. Anakho ukuma idayimane. Ngaphakathi, i-altare iyagcinwa ukuphakama 1.85 m, ehlanganisa ngezinyathelo ezine kanye cap.

Abacwaningi bakholelwa izwe lasendulo, ukuthi abantu abahlala isimo wasendulo, ayengamasentimitha ngezindlela eziningi esifana namaPheresiya, ngo Umq. H. Futhi uhlobo amasiko. Amadoda ayegqoka izindevu eside futhi izinwele. AmaMede egqoke ibhulukwe esifushane futhi amabhuzu (njenge namaPheresiya), kanye eside ingubo okuxekethile nobuhlobo imikhono okuxekethile abopha obhince ibhande, lapho u ukukhwezwa akinak - inkemba iDemo. Ama-Marine abehlome ngezibhamu nemikhonto iDemo kwadingeka futhi Ababazi bakha izihlangu embozwe isikhumba. AmaMede kwadingeka abakhwele amahhashi kakhulu. Inkosi abeenqwelo zokulwa, zimi khona kanye maphakathi impi. Zempi, njengabanye abantu abaningi Iranian babe ipuleti, bamboza hhayi kuphela nabagibeli kodwa futhi amahhashi.

Inkolo Abezindaba

Kunzima ukukucabanga, kodwa e Abezindaba (Iran yesimanje kumephu jikelele) yande, lenye yezinkolo endala - namaZoroaster nobuSulumane kula mazwe kwenzeka kamuva kakhulu. It kuvela esambulweni umprofethi Zarathustra Spitama, nemfundiso uyisisekelo zonke yokuzikhethela ukukhetha umuntu omuhle amazwi, imicabango nezenzo. Kusolwa ukuthi zinyanga Median yinkosi Astyages namaZoroaster aluthola isikhundla senkolo isimo. Manje liye lalondolozwa kuphela emiphakathini elincane India, Iran, Azerbaijan Tajikistan.

Izimbaza kwadingeka cult Ardvisura Anahita - unkulunkulukazi wenzalo. Emzini oyinhloko isimo kwaba nethempeli lalo.

Ulimi Abezindaba

Phakathi ososayensi kwakhiwa amabili imibono ulimi Median. Ezinye aqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi ukhona, abanye - aphike, bekholelwa ukuthi abantu basendulo babekhuluma eziningana, okuyinto ndawonye bakha olulodwa ulimi Persian - Iranian lasendulo. I-agumenti esivuna version yesibili engekho degree edingekayo of nokuzwelana phakathi inzalo yamaMede: .. Kurdish, Tat, Talysh, amasela, njll Kodwa noma kunjalo kuthathwa ngokuthi ulimi olwalukhulunywa e Media Ekbatanskogo County lwesigodi. Mhlawumbe, kwakubhekwa njengento isimo.

Yiqiniso, naye ebhaliwe, kodwa ngeshwa ayitholakalanga izikhumbuzo zalo. Phawula ukuthi lo mbhalo we-cuneiform eyasetshenziswa namaPheresiya, isetshenziswa URARTU-cuneiform. Yena, ungase uthole kubo kuphela ngokusebenzisa yamaMede.

Fall isimo

Njengoba isimo Midia lashabalala cishe ngo-550 BC. e.

Median yinkosi Cyaxares emva waxoshwa kulo izwe amaSkithe wenza umfelandawonye lempi ngeBhabhiloni Asiriya, okwakubekelwa evalwe umshado umzukulu wakhe nendodana umbusi waseBhabhiloni. Ngo-613 BC. e. ibutho united bahlasela futhi aphanga iNineve. UMbuso Wase-Asiriya wawa, izinsalela zayo lalihlukene phakathi, kukhona i-umbimbi. AmaMede waya enyakatho ingxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho impi indawo niphihlizwe inqaba Union. Ngenxa yalokho, inkosi yaseBabiloni wasenza isivumelwano no-umbusi osemusha futhi ohahela isikhundla yanqoba yasePheresiya, okwathi ngo-553 BC. e. Wakhulisa ekuhlubukeni kokubusa Median. Impi eyathatha iminyaka emithathu. Inkosi yamaMede, ngokuvumelana uHerodotus, wakhashelwa induna yakhe siqu. Akimetha laphangwa, uKoresi we Achaemenid lwamakhosi, waba umbusi wawo eMbusweni WasePheresiya. Abantu Abezindaba agcinwayo amalungelo athile, kodwa ngezikhathi ezithile ephakanyiswe ivukela izintela liphezulu kakhulu.

Kuze kube namuhla engakaze walondoloza kungekho ubufakazi ebhaliwe olwalukhona isimo lasendulo, sizungezwe yoLwandle iCaspian kanye Dasht-e Kavir ehlane, kanye nomphakathi Median nababusi balo. Imivubukulo emadolobheni Izimbaza neze okwenzeka, nenhloko-dolobha yalo Akimetha eside abengcwatjwe ngaphansi yesimanje Iranian Hamadan. Izincazelo uHerodotus efanayo kunalokho engacacile emashumini eminyaka ososayensi yamuva ayifake umbuzo ezingasho kaningi.