Ezemfundo eyodwa isimo Russian: izimfanelo, nezici, mlando

Ukuwa sokugcina iRussia ngo 1132 sona sasingagwemeki. Ukuthuthukiswa umphakathi izinduna njalo kuholela lokhu. Lokhu kukodwa akuyona into ezimbi ukuze umphakathi kwenkathi. Yiqiniso, umlando izifundo esikoleni, kanye ekutadisheni izincwadi zasendulo ukugxilisa inzalo isetshenziswe ngomqondo ongathandeki kwehlukana. Engingakusho nje osikhumbulayo abalobi ukuthi "Mirili" izikhulu, wawaxwayisa ngengozi nokwehlukaniswa isimo. Nokho, le nqubo, ngokuphambene kuholela ukuthuthukiswa azungeze, isiko elichumayo zamabutho elikhiqizayo emhlabeni wonke. Ukuhlukana "ekucindezela" ka fiefdoms esiphezulu ngaphambi ukuba bahlanganyele isimo oqinile nge zithenga ngamanani.

Ukuhlukana kuvumelana ayehlasela

Ezemfundo eyodwa isimo isiRashiya kwakuwulimi abakwazi ukuzila ukudla, naphezu zonke izimfanelo. Kubo bonke iphutha - ayehlasela ku 30s of amabutho ngekhulu le-13 wokuthi amaMongol-AmaTatar. ukunwetshwa yabo kwaphoqa ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka, futhi izikhungo ezithile Russia yamadolobha ocebile ezinamandla ziye zaba emzaneni ewohlokayo. Ukuphatha Isikhulu ngesikhathi umsebenzi Mongol uyekile anakekele ezabelweni zazo zakwamanye amazwe. umsebenzi Its main - ukuqoqa intela ngesikhathi esifanele abanqobayo, ungakhohlwa yena. Kunamandla waba ubukhulu, ungaba yingozi enkulu kubhekwa emehlweni amaMongol.

Ezilitshelwe "ubuqhawe" Aleksandra Nevskogo

Umlando walesi sikhathi Imbalwa amacala kuchazwa ukubhujiswa ngokuphelele kwalo lonke emadolobheni, wahlekisa abavukela igunya we khans. Into ephawulekayo kakhulu ukuthi gobe ezinjalo, "kuminze igazi," izikhulu Russian. Omunye abasekeli eyinhloko amaMongol - "umvikeli" yethu yokholo Aleksandr saseNevsky. Izikhathi eziningana ku-oda we Khans, yena uqobo usho wahola uhambo ingajezisa izihlubuki. Nokho, kwaba Alexander saseNevsky waqala lwamakhosi entsha, okuyinto ixhunywe futhi ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow.

Okudingeka Ezemfundo we Russian isimo eyodwa

Owabe Russia ayikwazanga bahlangane umbuso owodwa. Lokhu lula:

• Ukukhuluma ulimi olufanayo.
• ukholo Evamile.
• isiko Joint, imithetho.
• akhawunti izinyathelo ezisezingeni.
• ukuxhumana ehlobene, nokunye. D.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo

Nakuba ukuthuthukiswa zamabutho elikhiqizayo awufikeleli isiqongo ezindaweni ukuze uhlangane ekuseni ukusho. Kodwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-14 iqala ukubambisana asebenzayo kwezomnotho phakathi kwamazwe kanye-united. Isizathu salokhu - ukuthuthukiswa olunzulu kwezolimo.

Umhlaba uye wafunda ukuphila ngaphansi kwejoka. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi "cap-Mongolian 'zivikela izimpi ezinkulu nokuhlaselwa kwabantu. ukuthuthukiswa enokuthula kuye kwaholela yokuthi endaweni kanye singenamuntu basungula futhi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, laba bahlaseli yabonisa izimboni ezintsha ongakayisebenzisi yingcweti Rusich, - ukuzalaniswa kwamahhashi kanye zokuzalanisa amahhashi. regionalization Economic eyenzekile, ngaphandle kokuhlanganyela kwezomnotho kabani esebenzayo kungaba ukumane engenamsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian kuthonywa isidingo ukudala zithenga ngamanani. Kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke-ke kwakudingekile ukuba uvale noMbusi wababusi. Elikhulu kunawo wonke wabo eBandleni. On ke Kuzoxoxwa.

Iqhaza yesonto

It kungokwalabo indima enkulu elifundisayo leSonto ukwakheka Russian isimo eyodwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi phakathi Mongol-Tatar ayehlasela, abahlaseli akazange umthinte. Kunalokho, banikela inkululeko yakhe ephelele kulezo engingakwazi ukuzenza. ukuhlakanipha-Mongolian uyazi ayikho into emlandweni - abakaze bashintshe abantu benqoba. Nakuba, njengoba umthetho, sokuthuthukisa amasiko zobuchwepheshe ngaphansana izizwe ayenqotshiwe, amaMongol-AmaTatar bazama ukwamukela bonke nemiphumela ephawulekayo yentuthuko yabo. Nokho, ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, abazange uludinga, luhlala okufanayo: inkolo, izincwadi, ubuciko. kwenkululeko zezombusazwe kuphela ziye kungagcini. Ngokuphathelene ukuthuthukiswa kwezomnotho kanye namasiko, sanikwa inkululeko ephelele ukukhetha, nje kube isikhathi ukukhokha "out."

Ukuguqukela Islam, le zidlamlilo wayengakaze waphakamisa impikiswano ukwephula-Orthodox eRussia ukunqunywa kwenye inkolo bese. Baqonda ukuthi inkokhiso kubhekwa evamile ngoba abantu abavamile. Kungakhathaliseki lapho usafunda - ekhatsi Kiev noma esibayeni. Nokho, ukuhlaselwa okholweni umphefumulo - ukuba lo muntu ayikwazanga ibekezelelwe. Life ubonakala yokuphumula endaweni yesikhashana naphakade sindiso. Zama ukushintsha lokho - futhi abantu Russian uzofa ekulweni abahlaseli.

Umsebenzi eRussia kuholela ukuvelela esontweni

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu iSonto eRussia hhayi kuphela ucime, kodwa, ngokuphambene nalokho, yaceba. Kwathiwa akenze emazweni singenamuntu eziye zahlukunyezwa impi nokubhubhisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isonto kwaba inkosi enamandla amakhosi asendulo. Ukuze wakhe eza egijima abantu ngalungi nabacindezelwe. Kulelo zwe bathola indawo yokuhlala, indawo yokuhlala kodwa bydi aphoqelelwe ukuba asebenze ngokwenzuzo ayo. Kuncike Yiqiniso, kuyinto ethambile okuningi kuka evamile izinduna. IBandla emthwalweni nokukhokhwa ayimpoqo Mongol "ophumayo," futhi oFata ongcwele ayengamakhulu nesizotha more ngaphandle aristocrats wokuziphilisa.

Ithonya elikhulayo izinduna safuna isimo united

Amandla zezindela futhi izinduna safuna isimo esisodwa umthetho isimo esiyilungelo ubukhulu ngamunye, futhi insimu olulodwa enkulu nge apharathasi enamandla zokuphatha. Ngakho-ke, ibandla yamakhosi lokuqala izinduna asekelwe ubunye emazweni Russian azungeze eMoscow. Kwakuthinta inhliziyo lapha uVladimir ezivamile kuwo wonke umhlaba-Russian wedolobha eside ngaphambi ukuphakama kwayo ikuvumela ukuba bafinyelele iziphetho ezinjalo.

Ukudala isimo esisodwa: esigabeni sokuqala (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-13 - 1462)

Ukudalwa isimo eyodwa Russian senzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Ekuqaleni kwaba umbuzo yenhloko-dolobha esizayo. Namuhla, kunzima ukukukholelwa, kodwa ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian kwenzeka ngaphansi ifulege Tver, eMoscow hhayi, njengoba kubukeka sengathi ukwenza lokhu nokunye okuningi:

• isikhundla evumayo womhlaba;
• esikhulu;
• kokuqala khans yokusekela;
• amandla kwezomnotho nakwezempi.

Ubuthakathaka - inzuzo enkulu

Nokho, izici ukwakheka Russian isimo eyodwa ukuthi izinzuzo oshiwo ngenhla emzabalazweni ubuholi ngokuvamile wezinga eliphansi ku nemibi. Hana sika okusolisayo izikhungo ezifana. Baqale disarmed edolobheni laseVladimir, okwenza kube kuphela isikhungo bokuzisholo. Khumbula ukuthi isihloko esikhulu eRussia wabizwa ngokuthi "The Grand Duke uVladimir." Naye izikhulu Russian ithole ilebuli wokuphatha kuyo yonke imizi. Nokho, edolobheni laseVladimir waphendukela emzaneni, njengoba amaMongol balandela ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ukuphakama kwayo. Bamesaba ukuze abe umfanekiso we emzabalazweni ngokumelene Khans.

Abaphumelele kungukuthi yahlulelwe

Lapho kuqala indodana Aleksandra Nevskogo Daniil (1282-1303 GG.) Ukuze eMoscow wamuka kuphela emaphandleni aseduze ngaphakathi endaweni engaba 40 km. Nokho, kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka owawina namaJalimane abaseSweden iminyaka engu-80 kwenziwa, mhlawumbe, konke kungenzeka: baganiselana Khan, izimali zanqwabelana, wathenga yonke khulula Knights izigodi kwezinye principalities, wathutha Metropolitan yokuhlala kuye futhi emshaya ngesihluku wacindezela ukuvukelwa Tver ngokumelene Khan owenza lo muzi ukuze phansi.

ukumelana lokuqala

Ngu 1380, bekholelwa ngamandla ethu, Prince Dmitry wakhetha ukunika ukumelana zidlamlilo. Amarekhodi Yiqiniso, noma yini kuthiwa kanye nababhali Russian lasendulo, impi ye Kulikovo kwakungelona ngokumelene Khan, futhi ngokumelene omunye Tartar wohlanga olukhulu - Mamaia. Ngo parlance zanamuhla, "upstart" ababengenalo negunya elingokomthetho kuyo yonke zidlamlilo. Kodwa iqiniso nje yokungalaleli emenza yini kakade esemthethweni Khan Tokhtamysh iminyaka 2 kamuva, ngo-1382, uqobo waba nengxenye emkhankasweni ngokumelene eMoscow, wasishisa emhlabathini. Tincwadzi temlandvo ukukhuluma okuningi mayelana Battle of Kulikov, incazelo yalo yokunqoba. Nokho, imikhakha emibili yobufakazi kuphela zibizwa ukucekelwa ingajezisa of Russian ngemva kwalesi senzakalo.

Inhlangano akagcini

Ngaphandle impi ne Golden zidlamlilo Dmitry Donskoy baqhubeka imfundo yakhe ngesikhathi eyodwa isimo Russian. Ngu Moscow kwakuhlangene Dmitrov, Uglich, Starodub, Kostroma, endaweni Beloozero.

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-14 kwenziwa izinyathelo yokuqala ukubusa we Novgorod Republic. Nokho, ngisho ukuze uvikele i-ngokwayo ilungelo Dvina umhlaba akunakwenzeka. Novgorod ukuhweba Ngokuzimisela ocebile isikhungo hhayi kuphela iRussia kuphela kodwa emhlabeni wonke. izimali Huge umvumele ukuba enze noma iyiphi ukumelana abahlaseli. kamuva kuphela, ngemva ukubusa wonke amazwe ayengawabantwana enikeziwe isinkwa republic inkululeko-onothando, eMoscow usebenzisa lokuqola futhi ukuvinjelwa kwezomnotho kwephulwe eNovgorod ukuzivikela. Ukuncika Novgorod okusanhlamvu wadlala ihlaya elibi ne-republic.

Isigaba sokugcina

Isigaba sokugcina yokuzihlanganisa kungokwalabo ngonyaka 1462-1533 - kusukela ekubuseni Ivan III (1462-1505) ngaphambi kokuphela nokubusa kwendodana ka wakhe, Vasily III (1505-1533). Ngemva kubo, isimo esisodwa kuyoba khona ngokuthula kuphela ngaphansi Ivan le Kubi. Ngaphandle, yebo, kulokhu kungaba ngokuthi elinokuthula. Ngemva kwalokho kuza nenkathi ende yokubusa Isikhathi Nezinkinga kanye nokungenelela.

Ukwakheka Russian isimo eyodwa ngenxa izenzakalo ezinkulu ezilandelayo (14-15 cc.):

• Kokugumbuqelwa ijoka Tartar.
• Ukujoyina Tver.
• Ukujoyina Novgorod.

Ngemva kokugumbuqelwa zidlamlilo e 1480 kwakungekho amandla ukwazi ukuvimbela inqubo enjalo, njengoba ukwakheka eyodwa isimo Russian.

Kwezikhathi nokuhlanganiswa

• 1478 - Ivan Iii amandla inamathela Novgorod. Moscow kabili anda ngokwendawo.
• 1485 - ekugcineni ihlanganyela isitha abakhulu zezombusazwe eMoscow - Tver.
• 1489 - Vyatka nomhlaba eziningi labantu non-Russian.
• 1510 - Pskov, okuyinto inqanyuliwe ngesikhathi Novgorod. Ngemva kwalokho, ngokujoyina yokugcina kuphela kwadingeka Kuxhomeke isikhathi.
• 1514 - I-Moscow phakathi nempi Lithuania recaptures edolobheni lasendulo Russian of Smolensk. Lo muzi namanje esikhathini esizayo iyoba isikhubekiso ku inqubomgomo angaphandle of the state Russian futhi iholele empini unomphela nge-Commonwealth.
• 1521 - ngokusemthethweni ijoyina Ryazan, nakuba eqinisweni isikhathi eside izikhulu eMoscow nekazuzelwa uhlangothi lwakhe Ryazan boyars.

Ngifuna ukusho ukuthi Muscovy, njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le kuleli zwe, kwakuwumsebenzi wokuhumusha omkhulu kunayo eYurophu. Kodwa ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano Russian isimo eyodwa kwakungelona elinokuthula. Izinqubo ephelezelwa njalo izimpi, ukufumbathisa, nokubulawa, sokukhaphela.

Ezemfundo eyodwa isimo Russian. Politika Ivana III futhi Vasily III

inqubomgomo ukugqilazwa abalimi waqala emva kokuphothulwa inqubo ekubumbaneni. Empeleni, lokho wafuna yamakhosi, kuhlanganise isonto. Kungenxa Sudebnik Ivan III 1497 ngoba umkhawulo okokuqala elimisiwe ukunakekelwa kwesokudla abalimi kubanikazi bamazwe. Yiqiniso, ngaphambi kokuphela nut ngeke spin, kodwa uqobo imincele kuye kwaba ukushaqeka sina. Kuze kube manje, abalimi bavunyelwa ukuba isonto elilodwa ngaphambi Day St George sika, ekupheleni kuka-November, kanye ngesonto elilodwa kamuva, ekuqaleni kuka-December. Nokho, ngaphansi koMthetho 1550 Ivana Groznogo futhi uqede lesi simiso. Ngakho isisho: "Thatha ukuthi, ugogo, St. kaGeorge," okuyinto kufanele ibonisa ukungathembani kokuqala uma iqondiswa.

Imithetho ukwedlulela abalimi

Ngokuphathelene isikhathi ushintsho, konke okunengqondo. Umjikelezo emisebenzini yezolimo wawumncane. Uma abasebenzi ushiye umninindlu phakathi umjikelezo, kuzoholela incithakalo kuye. Innovations e ushintsho kwakukhona amabili:

• Ezesikhathi esifushane kuyinto amasonto amabili ekwindla.
• Isidingo ukukhokha "abadala."

Iphuzu lokugcina kusho ukuthi umfuyi akazange Unelungelo nje usuka uJehova. Kwakusadingeka ukukhokhela inzuzo nezisebenzi kokuthunyelwe, okungukuthi, abahlala endlini. Uma umsebenzi uye wabambelela egcekeni iminyaka engaphezu kwemine, waphoqwa ukuba akhokhele izindleko egcwele kulesi sakhiwo esisha.

Ngakho, ukwakheka isimo esisodwa kuye kwaholela ekuqaleni ukugqilazwa abalimi phezu kwezwe, ngoba kwakukhona ikhono zokuphatha ukulawula ukunyakaza kwabo.