Novgorod Republic

Ezingxenyeni enkulu Russia isikhathi izinduna kwaqondana ayehlasela AmaTatar. Kule ndaba, kwakungekho self kule nkathi amandla isimo njengoba enjalo. I okuhlukile Novgorod republic amakhosi asendulo. Kulapha, ngaphezulu kwanoma iyiphi enye kuleli zwe, ebonakaliswa Chamber ukubaluleka njengoba isishayamthetho enamandla. Emakhulwini eminyaka 11-13. okungukuthi Chamber inesibalo esikhulu izici ukuthi wakwenza ezingefani ngempela nalezo emzimbeni zomthetho ohlelweni yasephalamende uhulumeni.

Novgorod Republic kwamiswa isikhathi eside. Ngaphambi kokumiswa kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo emazingeni ahlukahlukeneko zomlando samandla umphathidolobha, umbusi Veche emizimbeni kwadingeka izici zayo siqu. the wekuba sive ngekhulu le-15 kuphela yazuza ukubukeka sokugcina. Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwenzeka inhlekelele tikhungo tentsandvo yelinyenti.

Craft kanye nokuhweba republic, njengoba uhlobo inhlangano amandla isimo, ubhekwa isakhiwo engazinzile ibingaba eyesikhashana ngempela. Kule ndaba, ukwakheka lolu hlobo emizimbeni zomthetho, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, naphezu ezingeni kunalokho okusezingeni eliphezulu yelinyenti, kuyinto ukuphela efile. Akunakwenzeka ukuba sicabangele leli fomu kahle kwemandla embuso njengoba imithetho ngoba lonke leli zwe.

Novgorod Republic wathonywa ezicini eziningana. Izazi-mlando ziye zakhomba izizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko ezibangele ilungiselelo ezithile amabutho zezombangazwe nezenhlalo.

Okokuqala, Novgorod lasendulo kwakungelona yifa lezinceku Rurik. Izikhulu wahlanganyela ekulweni Ukuhlasela labantu abayimizulane, bebelokhu benesithakazelo e intela kwabase-dolobha. Ngo Novgorod, amandla lase lithengwe noma imeya, noma isikhulu. Isikhundla edolobheni buthaka ikhono njalo ukushintsha umbusi. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-11 Novgorod kwabaholi bezombangazwe waqala ngenkuthalo ukulwela 'uyothandeka ezikhulwini. " Kwezinye izimo ngisho ukusungula uhlobo "ombaxambili." Ngenxa yokushintsha kaningi nezikhulu kancane kancane aguquka kwesikhulu zobunikazi bomhlaba uhlelo eyinkosi ekhonza ngaphansi kukaNebukhadinezari. Ngo 1126 eNovgorod kwakukhona ilungelo lokukhetha kusuka izakhamuzi ezisemadolobheni kungakhathaliseki posadniks. Ukulandela isiyaluyalu 1136 - waqala ukukhetha nezikhulu. Ngakho, ngaphambili okhonzile ekuphathweni izikhulu liphendulwe umzimba akhethwe.

Okwesibili, Novgorod has a ezohwebo kanye ibhizinisi izingqimba eqinile. umnotho lo muzi nomthelela indawo evumayo namanye amazwe futhi ezifuywayo. Kulesi simo, simisa ngokwanele enamandla abanikazi kwezakhi yezenhlalakahle (kusuka omkhulu encane). Ikakhulu, i-boyars esabiwe. Lesi sigaba bagxila ezandleni zawo zezombangazwe kanye amandla ezomnotho, ukusunduza ngaleyo ndlela izikhulu. Ngenxa yalokho we Novgorod republic boyar libhekene khona amandla emizimbeni oligarchic.

kubaluleke ngezinga elifanayo kwetinhlavu setepolitiki kohlelo isimo uhulumeni ukuma ezindawo ka esifundeni. Novgorod Republic yayisesigodini endaweni kuqhathaniswa ezingezinhle yemvelo nezimo ezinzima zezulu. Lokhu ngokuyinhloko ingathiyeki ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo (esivamile eRussia). Kubi yasungulwa nokukhiqizwa kwezincwadi isinkwa. Iningi imikhiqizo yezolimo (kuhlanganise isinkwa) Novgorod kwakudingeka athengwe ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, ukushintshana kubo ngobuciko izinto yezimpahla ezingena avela eNtshonalanga. Ngakho, indawo nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni wezohwebo izikebhe ubudlelwane esifundeni. Lokhu, saholela ukuba ngaphezulu (kunaleyo Kievan nesimo) ukuzimela kwezomnotho kanye ukubaluleka komphakathi abathengisi nezingcweti zemisebenzi yezandla, nokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda emadolobheni.

The main isici kwezomnotho iyinhloko-dolobha, futhi hhayi ezweni. Ngakho kwamiswa senhlalo akhethekile engavamile (i-medieval Russia) ifomu ibhodi esimweni.

Novgorod Republic ukuthuthukisa ukuhweba kanye nemizi angaphandle kanye nabanye principalities Russian.