Impi Russian-Persian ka 1826-1828.

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XIX, uMbuso Russian nasePheresiya bebaphikisana ngethonya eCaucasus nezwe elingasogwini iCaspian Sea. Phakathi kwalezi zimo ezimbili amandla ixazululwe amazwe ezifana Georgia, Armenia naseDagestan. Ngo-1804 waqala impi yokuqala Russian NamaPheresiya. Yaphela ngemva kweminyaka elithoba. Kususelwa kumiphumela yayo, ezibekwe izivumelwano ukuthula Gulistan, Russia ohlanganiswe amazwe akhe Georgian futhi kancane Armenia.

Ukunqotshwa kwe-namaPheresiya akazange ivumelane. Izwe usuthandwa ngamazwi ashiwo revanchist. Shah wafuna bazithole sifundazwe elahlekile. Ngenxa yalokhu ukungqubuzana ezingahlangani izintshisekelo waqala Russian-Persian impi (1826-1828). Izimbangela zokungezwani nezingxabano esifundeni niyenzé ngenakugwemeka.

Isimo zamanxusa

Ilungiselela impi entsha yaqala ngo-asePheresiya, ngokushesha ngemva kokunqotshwa ngo-1813. Okokuqala Fath-Ali Shah Qajar wazama acele ukwesekwa kwemibuso yaseYurophu. Ngaphambi kwalokho, wayethembela Napoleon Bonaparte, owenza isivumelwano namaPheresiya ngosuku olwandulela kuhlaselwa iRussia ngo 1812. Amagama lokuvela yesivumelwano Finkeshteynskom.

Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi isimo Izwe liye lashintsha kakhulu. I kaNapoleon Izimpi yaphela kokunqotshwa France kanye uMbusi wokuvelela, owayeneminyaka edingiselwe St Helena. Shah kwakudingeka umlekeleli entsha. Ngaphambi kokuqala kwempi Russian-Persian ka 1826-1828., Ukunakwa yasePheresiya waqala ukuhlinzeka UK.

Kulesi kwemibuso yamakoloni kwadingeka izinzuzo zalo siqu esifundeni Asian. Kingdom ephethwe yi-India, futhi inxusa laseBrithani eyenziwe zithembiso Iranian ukuba kusale noma yini yezitha kuleli zwe e-London. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo impi phakathi naseTurkey. amasosha British iye yafeza indima ezingxoxweni ne yoMbuso WaseTurkey ngomzamo athonye Shah impi nomunye umakhelwane - eRussia.

Ngobusuku obandulela empini

Ngalesi sikhathi, indodana Fath Ali Shah Abbas Mirza yesibili senziwa webutho WasePheresiya. Wayethunywe ukuba ulungiselele ebutho nezinselele ezintsha futhi sifeze wonke kwekuhlela kabusha ezidingekayo. Army sesimanje sasekelwa UK. Amasosha ukuthola izikhali ezintsha bese iyunifomu, ngokwengxenye uthenge eYurophu. Ngakho Abbas Mirza azama ngayo ukunqoba le backwardness lobuchwepheshe abangaphansi ezivela ezingxenyeni Russian. Osendaweni kwaba isinyathelo endaweni efanele, kodwa ekomkhulu kwekuhlela kabusha yayo Iranian washesha kakhulu, bezama hhayi ukulahlekelwa isikhathi. Lokhu kuye kwafeza ihlaya elibi. Lapho impi Russian NamaPheresiya, owaba nengxenye impi wokugcina, Ungase uphawule ushintsho emngceleni wekamu lesitha. Kodwa kwakungafanele sokunqoba igebe owawuphakathi wamabutho Nicholas mina futhi Shah.

Ngo-1825, militarists Iranian abazamukela izindaba ukuthi Russian uMbusi u-Alexander, ngavele wafa eTaganrog ngenjabulo. Ukuhamba kwakhe nokuphila kwaholela iDemo crisis dynastic futhi (okubaluleke) ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists. Alexander cha fanele ntwana, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi kwaba ukuthuthela umfowabo esilandelayo, Constantine. Wenqaba, futhi ekugcineni waba yinkosi uNicholas, owayengakaze ilungiselela lokhu. Ngu ukuqeqeshwa wayengumuntu isosha. kokubhikisha kwango Decembrist okwamholela ukufutheka. Lapho umzamo wokuketula umbuso kuhlulekile, Petersburg, waqala isivivinyo eside.

Ngaziphebeza izinsuku abeluleki entsha inkosi yaqala ukuyobikela inkosi ukuthi umakhelwane eningizimu obala ukulungiselela zinqobe. UMbusi of eCaucasus kwaba edumile Jikelele Aleksey Ermolov. izimpi Odlule Russian-Persian zenzeka phambi kwamehlo akhe, futhi, like ubani omunye, wayezazi ingozi ukungqubuzana entsha. Kuyinto lokhu jikelele maningi amathuba owawufana Nicholas mayelana amathemba eCaucasus.

UMbusi waphendula kunalokho abavilaphayo, kodwa namanje bavumelana ukuthumela Tehran Prince Alexander Menshikov. UNgqongqoshe we Navy esizayo akazange yokuthola ulimi olulodwa kanye osomaqhinga WasePheresiya. Inkosi yamvumela ukuthi imiyalelo yakhe icala, owawuthi wayezimisele give up ingxenye uphikise Talysh Khanate esenana settlement obunokuthula ingxabano. Nokho e Tehran akazange azamukele lezi iziphakamiso. Menshikov ngisho Kuboshwe, kanye nawo wonke amanxusa, nakuba kakade eyakhishwa ngo 1827.

kokungenela Persian

Ukuhluleka izingxoxo ngaphambi kuye kwaholela yokuthi empini Russian-Persian kodwa ungakaqali. Julayi 16, 1826 amabutho Iranian wawela umngcele endaweni Azerbaijan yesimanje, lapho kwakukhona Talysh futhi Karabakh Khanate. Lo msebenzi kwenziwe ngasese ngokukhohlisa, akukho simemezelo olusemthethweni uye khona impi.

On komkhawulo kwakungasethekwini kuphela amabutho ukuzivikela ababebuthene ngokushesha ehlanganisa Azerbaijanis wendawo. Abakwazanga ukumelana sina okulungiselelwe ibutho wasePheresiya. Ezinye izakhamizi abenza Islam, ngisho wajoyina abahlaseli. Ngokwe izinhlelo, Abbas Mirza, ibutho Persian kwaba ukuthuthela endaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga eduze nezigodi eMfuleni Kura. Injongo eyinhloko sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi enhlokodolobha yesifundazwe Tiflis. Kahle kahle, amabutho Russian kwakumelwe aphonswe kolunye uhlangothi Terek.

Impi eCaucasus esifundeni kuye kwadingeka njalo a izici ezimbalwa Tactical ezihlobene endaweni ethize. Yiya yokhalo komhlaba kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa maqembu ezithile. Ukulingisa eCaucasus, babelingana namaPheresiya yathuma amabutho asizayo kuya enyakatho, enethemba ukuvimba yonke indlela impi Russian main.

Impi e Karabakh

Iqembu main ngaphansi kobuholi ngqo ka Abbas Mirza olunezinombolo amasosha 40,000. Leli butho wawela umngcele emfuleni Araks futhi kuqonde inqaba Shushi. Ngobusuku obandulela umyalo Persian wazama acele ukusekela khans zendawo, ababe abaholi Azerbaijanis ayehlala emzini. Ezinye zazo ngempela wathembisa Abbas Mirza ukwesekwa.

Ngo Thwebula njengoba labantu Armenia sabantu Orthodox, okuyinto, ngokungafani, bekulokhu siqotho iziphathimandla zaseRussia. Ikampu inqaba kwakuba lamabutho ka Cossacks. Bamvimbezela wanquma ukuthatha kalowo le khans Muslim, ngubani Sasinukwa amambuka futhi ngokubambisana namaPheresiya. Yaqala esiphuthumayo ukuqeqesha izidlamlilo, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko Armenia. Naphezu isinyathelo eyingqabavu we Cossacks, Thwebula ayengakhokha efana supply elikhulu ukudla izikhali ezidingekayo ukuze ekuvikeleni e lokushaya noma iJerusalema livinjezelwe.

Ngalesi sikhathi, i-Karabakh Khan, waba ngaphansi kwesizwe Russia ngemva kwempi ye-1804-1813., Umemezele ukusekelwa wabahlaseli WasePheresiya. Abbas Mirza, yena, wathembisa ukusekelwa phezu amaSulumane wendawo. Wamemezela ukuthi impi kuphela Russian, sinethemba eyomsiza ukuba adonsele abantu side yabo.

Ukuvinjezelwa Thwebula

Entsha impi Russian-Persian owaqala ngokuvukela ukuvinjezelwa Thwebula inqaba. Abahlaseli futhi abavikeli kwahlukaniswa nokuqinisa izindonga. Ukuqeda lesi sithiyo, babelingana namaPheresiya walala ezimayini, etholwe sibonga usizo European. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Abbas Mirza ngaphambilini ilungelo ngaphansi izindonga isifinyezo ambalwa engokomfanekiso we Karabakh Armenia, nginethemba lokuthi isenzo ukusabisa ukuxabana Armenia futhi isiRashiya, ensconced e inqaba. Lokhu akwenzekanga.

Ibutho Persian ovinjezelwe Thwebula amasonto ayisikhombisa. Ukwephuza kwakushintsha kakhulu inkambo emkhankasweni wempi. I Iran sinqume ukwehlukana ibutho bese uthumela lamabutho 18000th maqondana Elisavetpolya (Ganja). Abbas Mirza babenethemba lokuthi lo iqhinga kuzovumela kuye ukuya Tiflis kusukela empumalanga, ukuthi kungaba ukumangala okugcwele Cossacks.

Shamkhor impi

Ngo-Chief zamabutho Russian eCaucasus Jikelele Yermolov ekuqaleni empini wayesesangweni Tbilisi, wabuthanisa emashalofini. uhlelo sakhe sokuqala kwaba ngokushesha baleka yesifunda ukujula ukuyengela namaPheresiya kude endaweni yayo. Kakade ezikhundleni ezintsha Cossacks zazizoba sethubeni abahlukene ibutho uShah.

Nokho, ngesikhathi yeviyo lamasosha ayinkulungwane 8 eyayihlangene e Tbilisi, kwaba sobala ukuthi abahlaseli zabambeka isikhathi eside ngaphansi izindonga Shushi. Ngakho, konke kusenjalo, donsa pi Russian NamaPheresiya. 1826 kwaba ngawo ugcwaliseka ngokugcwele, futhi Yermolov isinqumo balwe phambi kubanda. Army eholwa uMajor General Madatova wathunyelwa maqondana Elisavetpolya ukumisa isitha futhi bahoxa ka Thwebula.

Leli qembu sasibhekene isitha kusengaphambili unogada eduze nedolobhana Shamkir. Battle Kwalandela ku historiography liye labizwa ngokuthi Shamkhor impi. It wayengadlali owathonya imiphumela impi Russian-Persian ka 1826-1828. Kuze kube kuleli qophelo lo Iran ehlaselwa, cishe ngaphandle ukuhlangana iyiphi ehleliwe. Manje kwadingeka abhekane bayibutho Russian yangempela.

Ngesikhathi Madatov uvele Azerbaijan, babelingana namaPheresiya wayesenze amaphutha ukugqashuka Elisavetpol. Ukuze ifohle iye edolobheni ukuzovala, ibutho Russian eyayidingeka ukuze aphule vanguard wesitha. Septhemba 3 mpi, babelingana namaPheresiya lost wabulala abantu 2000, ngenkathi Madatov elahlekile amasosha 27. Ngenxa behluliwe Battle Shamkhor Abbas Mirza kwadingeka bahoxa ka Thwebula iqhubekele emashalofini ngenzuzo wema ngasemnyango Elisavetpolem.

Ukuxoshwa namaPheresiya ezivela eRussia

Valerian Madatov wayala abantu ayizinkulungwane 6 kuphela. Kwakumelwe ngokucacile akwanele ukushayela namaPheresiya kusukela Yelizavetpol. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokuwina emhlabeni Shamkhor, wenza ikhuluma kancane, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho siyohlanganiswa azowalekelela fresh ababevela Tiflis. Umhlangano senzeka ngo-September 10. regiments okusha elaliholwa Ivan Paskevich. Wathatha umyalo amabutho uhame imasha khulula Elizavetpol.

Ngo-September 13, amabutho Russian ababeseduze edolobheni. Kwakukhona namaPheresiya. Amaqembu waqala ukulungiselela impi ewumnqamula-juqu. Yaqala lapho amabhomu okukhulu. Esigamekweni sokuqala elihamba Persian yizinkulumo ngenxa yokuthi emashalofini luhlangabezane umhosha futhi ngivalelekile, waba ngaphansi umlilo isitha.

Esikhathini okuhlaselayo amabutho Russian wadlala juqu indima Kherson ibutho, eyayiholwa ngqo Paskevich. Iran ayikwazanga ukuyisiza futhi wezikhali noma mabutho wazama ukuhlasela Georgian abezempi flank. impi Russian NamaPheresiya, izimbangela zezinkumbulo okuyinto isifiso Shah ukuhlasela umakhelwane walo, luveza waphinda njengoba empumalanga isitayela sebutho ayizwakali amasosha Russian, abaqeqeshiwe ngendlela yaseYurophu. Balwe izingxenye Paskevich kuye kwaholela iqiniso lokuthi Iran ekuqaleni zinhlanga ezikhundleni zabo zokuqala, futhi kusihlwa, futhi zonke bayidlulisele.

Ukulahlekelwa amaqembu ehlukene futhi akumangalisi omkhulu ngokweqile. Jikelele Paskevich abalwa 46 bashonile kwathi abanye kungathi izingalo ezingamakhulu amabili balimala. I Iran, abantu abayizinkulungwane ezimbili babulawa. Cishe inani elifanayo lempi umaluju. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Russian waya isitha wezikhali kanye amabhanela. Ukunqoba at Elisavetpolem kwaholela senguquko. Manje Russia enqumile ukuthi kuyoba yimpi Russian NamaPheresiya. Imiphumela impi amenyezelwa ezweni lonke futhi wathola njengesipho lo mbusi omusha, okwadingeka ukufakazela ikhono lakhe obala njengoba umholi.

Umkhankaso 1827

impumelelo Paskevich esikalini. Wamiswa induna yenkosi umbusi eCaucasus. Ngo-October, amabutho Iranian baqhutshwa emuva phezu Araks umngcele emfuleni. Ngakho-ke saze saphiliswa isimo esikhona manje. Amasosha wachitha ubusika, futhi ngaphambili, yasungula ukusikhohlisa yesikhashana. Nokho, wonke amaqembu waqaphela ukuthi akuyona phezu Russian-Persian impi (1826-1828). Kafushane, uNicholas wanquma ukusizakala ukuphumelela kwebutho hhayi kuphela ukuba axoshe bahlaseli, kodwa ukuze ngiphothule ukubusa Armenia Orthodox, ingxenye yayo esekhona namanje ingeyamakhosi Shah.

Injongo eyinhloko Paskevich okwakuseduze layo umuzi Erivan (Yerevan) kanye Erivan Khanate, selikhonza yangaphambili Iran. Emkhankasweni wempi kwaqala ngo kwentwasahlobo. Ehlobo lika-amasosha Russian umaluju obalulekile Fort Sardar-Abad. Kuze Agasti yempi yenkosi sike sahlangana ukumelana sina. Sonke leso sikhathi, u-Abbas Mirza esesekhaya, ngiphakamisa emashalofini entsha.

Oshakanskaya impi

Ekuqaleni kuka-August, owalandela Persian 25-ayizinkulungwane amabutho angena Khanate Erivan. Ibutho lakhe ehlaselwa edolobheni Echmiadzin, owawungumnyaka kuphela khona isikaniso samabutho encane Cossack, kanye sezindela Christian lasendulo enezivikelo eziqinile. I inqaba kwadingeka ukuba wokutakula squad, eholwa uLieutenant General Athanasios Krasovsky.

Ngo-August 17, inani elincane amabutho isiRashiya e-3000 indoda behlaselwa ibutho 30-eziqinile Abbas Mirza. Kwakungesinye iziqephu ejabulisa kakhulu, aziwa Lena yimphi Russian NamaPheresiya. Usuku Oshakanskoy impi (e historiography njengoba yaziwa) kwaqondana esungulwe Caucasian ukushisa babulawa, ukuhlushwa efanayo, wonke amadoda empi.

Injongo Krasovsky lamabutho kwaba ukuze ifohle iye emzini ovinjezelwe ngokusebenzisa kwababusi aminyene isitha. Russian yayinesihloko wemithwalo okukhulu ababezozidinga ngoba ikhanda. Indlela okwakudingeka wenziwe ngu ashaya, ngoba kwakungekho umgwaqo, lapho kwakuzoba namaPheresiya. Ukuze ugcine ukuhlaselwa isitha, wezikhali luphumelele Krasovsky, okuyinto kusukela kuqale ukusebenza uthathé osendaweni elula igobolondo ukuphakama. izibhamu kokudubula akazange avumele namaPheresiya ukuhlasela Russian nangawo onke amandla akhe, njengoba kubonakala umphumela impi.

Ngenxa yalokho, lamabutho Krasowski ephethwe ukuba abhodloze Echmiadzin, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi zonke ezinye isosha yalesi sixuku wabulawa, repulsing ekuhlaseleni amaSulumane. Ukuhluleka liye laba nethonya eqinile eyonakalisayo ku nabo bonke ubuholi WasePheresiya. Abbas Mirza isikhathi esithile bekalinga ukuvimbezela edolobheni, kodwa ngokushesha zinhlanga ngokuhlakanipha.

Amabutho eyinhloko umbuso ngaphansi kobuholi Paskevich ngaleso sikhathi bebehlela bahlasele Azerbaijan ukuya Tabriz. Kodwa ngasekupheleni kuka-August, abakhulu wathola izindaba izenzakalo Echmiadzin, ngenxa okuyinto aya kwenye esiteji of Russian-Persian impi (1826-1828). Izizathu Paskevich wathumela ihlukane elincane entshonalanga, ayelula - ayekholelwa ukuthi Abbas Mirza kuyinto esifundeni ehluke ngokuphelele. Ukuyiqonda injongo yangempela yokunikezwa futhi ukuthi ibutho Iranian main umi lakhe libheke-abakhulu wenqaba bamashele Tabriz futhi ngalapho we Erivan Khanate.

Ukuthatha Yerevan

Septhemba 7 Paskevich futhi Krasovsky elalihlangana Etchmiadzin, ngawo ngosuku olwandulela ukuvinjezelwa yaziphakamisa. Ngesikhathi umkhandlu kwanqunywa ukuthatha Erivan Armenia. Uma ibutho bakwazi umuzi, ngabe uqede impi Russian NamaPheresiya. 1828 kwakusondela, ngakho ngokushesha Paskevich hit umgwaqo, benethemba lokuyenza ngokuphelele le operation, kungakangeni ubusika.

Nokho, impi iminyaka Russian NamaPheresiya, okwenzeka esikhathini isiyaluyalu esimweni Russian, luveza ukuthi, kumnyama noma kubomvu, ibutho royal ukuxazulula izinselele nokusebenza ku izimo olindele kunazo. Nicholas mina, hhayi ngaphandle isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ukusungula protectorate phezu kwalo lonke i-Armenia. Abantu bomdabu zezwe futhi amaKristu obu-Orthodox futhi emakhulwini wahlupheka ekubusweni Muslim.

Imizamo yokuqala ka-Armenia ukuba ngixhumane Petersburg okwenzeka kudala njengoba phakathi nokubusa uPetru I. Senzeka ngaleso sikhathi impi Russian yakhululwa sifundazwe isifundazwe eNingizimu eCaucasus. Paskevich, ngokuba empumalanga Armenia, wamukelwa ngomdlandla endaweni. Iningi lamadoda bajoyine jikelele njengendlela nezidlamlilo.

Russian-Persian 1828 waba nethuba Armenia waphinda baqale ukuhlala ezweni yobuKristu. Kwakuwusuku eningi kubo, futhi Erivan. Ebona lesi sidingo, umlawuli Persian le nqaba wathumela kusuka amalungu emikhaya abanethonya-Armenian, okungase sivuselelane izakhamuzi ukuba bavukele. Nokho, izinyathelo zokuqapha ungazange esesizile Iran. Lo muzi ethumba amasosha Russian ka-October 1, 1827 kulandela ukuhlasela kwesiphepho emfushane.

izingxoxo

endlunkulu emavikini amabili nangemva kwalokhu kunqoba, yabe seyaziwa ukuthi ezinye amabutho bobukhosi ethumba Tabriz. Leli butho elaliholwa George Eristov wathumela Paskevich uya eningizimu-mpumalanga ngemva umlawuli omkhulu ngakwesokunxele Erevan. Lokhu kunqoba kwaba wokugcina front-line umcimbi, okuyinto i-Russian-Persian impi (1826-1828) eyaziwa. Lesi sivumelwano ukuthula kwaba kunesidingo shah. Ibutho lakhe yalahlekelwa yiyo yonke impi zamasu. Futhi, manje regiments bobukhosi matasa ingxenye insimu yalo.

Ngakho-ke, lapho kuqala ubusika, womabili la mazwe waqala bashintshisane osomaqhinga kanye kuthula. Ayehlangana Turkmanchay - edolobhaneni eliseduze kuya Tabriz lithunjwa. Izivumelwano ungene ngemvume kule ndawo Februwari 10, 1828, wafingqa impi Russian-Persian (1826-1828). Ukuze Russia zonke izinzuzo zaqashelwa, ukuthi ibutho bobukhosi ayenzile ingxabano odlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqhele imperial ithole izinzuzo entsha indawo. Kwakuwusuku empumalanga Armenia enedolobha yayo eyinhloko Yerevan futhi Nakhchivan Khanate. I Iran uvumile ukukhokhela lokumiswa ezinkulu (ayizigidi ezingu-20 ruble esiliva). nabo waqinisekisa non-ukuphazamiseka yayo Armenia Orthodox Izindawo inqubo ezweni lazo.

Ukuphela ukungqubuzana

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ilungu lenxusa wasebukhosini nawukuthi umbhali Alexander Griboyedov. Wathatha iqhaza ezingxoxweni izimo ngaphansi okwaphela Russian-Persian impi (1826-1828). Kafushane, lesi sivumelwano akazange ivumelane Iran. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva waqala impi entsha Russian-Turkish, babelingana namaPheresiya Uzame ukwephula imibandela zomhlaba.

Ukuze ukuxazulula ingxabano, Tehran wathumela amanxusa, eyayiholwa Griboyedov. Ngo-1829, leli thimba wabulawa ngonya abashisekeli Islamic. eziningi Killed bosomaqhinga. Shah ethunyelwe St izipho Petersburg-ocebile kute silungise nehlazo. Nicholas awuhambanga ngoba impikiswano, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi omakhelwane waba ukuthula eside.

umzimba Griboyedov sika efile wangcwatshwa Tbilisi. Akhiwe esanda sakhululwa Iran Yerevan, waqale wababuza enkundleni play yakhe edume kunazo zonke "Maye kusukela Wit". Yaphela kanjalo-ke ukuthi impi Russian NamaPheresiya. I dweba thula vumelwane ukuvumele ukudala izifundazwe ezintsha eziningana, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi South eCaucasus kwaba ingxenye yoMbuso kwaze kwaba yilapho kuwa kwamakhosi.