I-De-Stalinization yi ... Inqubo ye-de-stalinization

I-De-Stalinization yinkqubo yokwehlisa uhlelo lwama-ideological-ezombusazwe olwakhiwa ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaJV Stalin, kufaka phakathi ukuziphatha komholi omkhulu. Leli gama lisetshenziswe ezincwadini zaseNtshonalanga kusukela ngawo-1960. Esihlokweni samanje, sizocubungula inqubo ye-de-Stalinization (njengoba wacabanga futhi eqhutshwa nguKhrushchev), kanye nemiphumela yayo. Ekuphetheni, sizoxoxa ngomjikelezo omusha wale nqubomgomo e-Ukraine naseRussia.

Ukuqala kwe-de-Stalinization

Ingxoxo ezungeze le nkinga ayizange iphelile kuze kube manje. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi i-debunking yobuntu bukaStalin idinga ukuqhubeka, abanye babiza iphutha elinjalo lephutha likaKhrushchev. Konke kwaqala ngo-1953. Umholi wobushiqela washona, futhi nalo uhlelo oludala. I- Nikita Khrushchev enobudlova futhi eqinile yafika ngokushesha . Wayengenalo imfundo, kodwa lokhu kwakusindiswa ngokuphelele yizindlela zemvelo zezombangazwe ezimangalisayo. Waqala ngezikhundla eziphansi kakhulu emcimbini futhi wayebheke kalula izitayela ezintsha. Ngo-1956, e-Congress ye-20 ye-CPSU, kunqunywe ukuba kunqunywe ukukhonta okungaboni kukaStalin. Ngokwesazi-mlando M. Gefter, ukuphikisana nombuso kwakukhona ngisho nangaphambi kokufa koMholi. Ukukholelwa ku-clairvoyance kaStalin kwakunqotshwa ukuhlukunyezwa okukhulu phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Ekuqaleni, ihlelo lobuhlanga lalihlotshaniswa neBeria. Kodwa kancane kancane i-de-Stalinization esemthethweni yomphakathi yaqala.

"Umbiko Wemfihlo" kaKhrushchev

I-XX Congress ye-CPSU yabutha izihambeli ezingu-1436. Wabizwa izinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili ngaphambi kosuku olufanele ngenxa yesidingo esiphuthumayo sokubuyekeza inkambo ngemuva kokufa kukaStalin. Futhi iphelile ngokuthi okuthiwa "umbiko wecala" weKrushchev. Ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko kukhokhelwe ulwazi olutholwa yiKhomishana kaPostolav ekucindezelweni. Ngokusho kukaKhrushchev, abangu-70% abakhethelwe eKomidini Ephakathi, abakhethwe e-XVII Congress, badutshulwa. Nokho, uNicita Sergeevich wagcizelela ukuthi i-de-Stalinization ayiwona ukubhujiswa kwezisekelo zomphakathi wezenhlalakahle, kodwa ukukhishwa kwehlelo eliyingozi lomuntu ngamunye. Ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano, ukubambisana kanye nomzabalazo okhuni nempi yokuphikiswa kwakubhekwa njengezingqinamba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukiseni i-USSR njengombuso oqinile. UStalin yena kanye nabalandeli bakhe basolwa ngokuziphindisela. U-Khrushchev akazange aqaphele ukuthi imvelaphi yezinkinga ayifihliwe ebuntwini bomholi, kodwa ohlelweni ngokwaso.

Imiphumela yezwe

"Imbiko Yomshoshaphansi" kaKhrushchev ayizange ishicilelwe, kodwa yayifundwa kuphela emihlanganweni yabasebenzi beqembu eneziphakamiso ezifanele. U-Stalin wayengabonakali njengobubi obukhulu. Isikhathi sokubusa kwakhe "asizange sishintshe isimo" sezenhlalakahle zangempela. Umphakathi usaqhubekela phambili endleleni efanele, okungukuthi, ekukhomeni. Izimo ezimbi zashiwo ukuthi zanqoba ukubonga emizamweni yabaholi beCPSU. Ngakho umthwalo wemfanelo nabalandeli bakaStalin wawususwe ngokuphelele. Bahlala ezindaweni eziyinhloko. Ngokuvamile, "umbiko wecala" kaKhrushchev:

• Yashintsha i-psychology yabantu baseSoviet;
• Hlukanisa inhlangano yenhlangano yamaKhomanisi;
• Yaba ubufakazi beNtshonalanga yobuthakathaka be-USSR.

De-Stalinization: isikhathi kusukela ngo-1953 kuya ku-1964

Emphakathini, isimo sengqondo esihlukile kumgomo omusha. Ukuphikisana okubukhali phakathi kwe-USSR ne-West kwaqala. Ngakho-ke, ake siqale kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngo-1953, uStalin wafa. Ngonyaka ozayo, igama lakhe nesithombe zazixoxwa ngaso njalo ezinkulumweni zobuholi beqembu. Ngemuva kokuthi "umbiko wecala", inqubomgomo esemthethweni ye-de-Stalinization yaqala. Kodwa-ke, emphakathini kwakukhona imibono ehlukene yemibono ehlukene mayelana nongqongqoshe wangaphambili. Ukwehliswa kobuntu bukaStalin njengesibonakaliso senkathi yonke kwaveza impi yonke yokuzibulala. Abaningi abazange baqonde ukuthi kungani uKrushchev eqala ukuveza umbono wakhe ngokucindezela kuphela emva kokufa komholi omkhulu. Esigabeni sokuqala, i-de-Stalinization ngokuyinhloko ihlukanisa uhlelo lokuphatha. Amabhizinisi angaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyi-10 anikezwe amandla okubusa kwamaRiphabliki. Ngaphansi koMthetho ka-1957, izindawo ezingaphezu kwekhulu zezomnotho ezinemihlangano yokuqeqesha, i-Sovnarkhozes, yadalwa. Isici esihle sokusungulwa kwemvelo kwaba ukuqhutshwa kwesinyathelo sendawo. Ukunganaki - ukunciphisa inqubekela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Uhlelo lweSoviet lulahlekelwe ikhono lokugxila kwizimali zokuthuthukiswa. Ukuphakama kokusungulwa kwamandla emisebenzi kwenzeka ngo-1961.

XXII Congress of the CPSU

Ngasekupheleni kokuhlwa ngo-Okthoba 31, 1961, iRed Square yavalwa. Abantu bamenyezelwa ukuthi lo mcimbi uhlaziywa ngoNovemba 7. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, isinqumo seCongress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union senziwa. Kwadingeka ukuthi uthathe uStalin ngaphandle kweMausoleum. Wonke umuntu waqonda ukuthi isenzo esinjalo singabangela izinkinga. Kwabaningi, uku-Stalinization kungumcimbi nje. Phakathi kwabangenelisekile kwakukhona amasosha amaningi asephambili. Imiphakathi yasendaweni yaqala ukuphonsa phansi izikhumbuzo ezingekho emthethweni kumholi omkhulu. Abantu baphoqa ukuthi uKhrushchev ukhulula indawo eMausoleum eduze noLenin. Ngo-1961, imizi eminingi yaqanjwa kabusha.

E-Ukraine

I-De-Stalinization yinkambiso eyathonya kakhulu isimo ku-SSR yase-Ukraine. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umkhankaso wokulwa nokuzwela wayeka, inqubo yeRussia yanciphisa futhi indima ye-factor factor yase-Ukraine kuzo zonke izigaba zakhula. U-Kirichenko wakhethwa unobhala wokuqala weKomidi Elikhulu leCommunist Party of Ukraine. Izikhundla ezihamba phambili zaqala ukuthatha ama-Ukraine omdabu. Ngo-1954, iCrimea yathunyelwa e-SSR yase-Ukraine. Lesi sinqumo sashukunyiswa ukusondela komhlaba kanye nomphakathi wezomnotho. Inkinga yayiyinkomba yobuhlanga bendawo. Ama-Ukrainien kuphela angu-13,7%. Isici esihle senqubo ye-de-Stalinization kwakukwandiswa kwamalungelo amaRiphabhuliki aseManyeni. Kodwa-ke, ngezindlela eziningi waletha ukungezwani okungaphezulu emphakathini.