Unjiniyela waseMelika kanye nomsunguli uRobert Fulton: biography, ukutholakala kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

URobert Fulton - elinye lamagama athakazelisayo kunazo zonke ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ufakazi ozibonela ngezenzakalo eziningi ezithakazelisayo, umhlanganyeli ezimpi, umqambi kanye nososayensi. Ungabhala izici eziyingqayizivele zalomuntu isikhathi eside, kepha kungabe kungcono ukubhekana nefa likaRobert Fulton esishiya enzalweni?

Biography

Ubuntwana kanye nentsha yomqambi wekusasa yabanjwa eMelika. Usuku lokuzalwa ngu-1765. Indawo yokuzalwa - idolobha elincane laseBrithani. Ubaba uRobert washona lapho umfana eneminyaka emithathu kuphela. URobert nomndeni wakhe kwakudingeka basondele kunina kamama - edolobhaneni elincane laseLancaster. Lapho, uRobert Fulton waya esikoleni.

Imfundo yalezo zikhathi yashiya kakhulu. Abafundi banikwa ukukhumbula ngezicucu eziningi zomsebenzi wamaGreki namaRoma, izindaba ezivela ekuphileni kwamazwe aseYurophu asekude zatshelwa - konke lokhu akumele kubonise isithakazelo esincane kunomqambi wekusasa. Lapho ngokuzithandela ayechitha khona isikhathi esithile kumshufi omdala emaphethelweni edolobha, waxubha ngamathuluzi abadwebi, waqoqa zonke izinhlobo ze-trinkets. Usuvele eneminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye wenza umdwebo wakhe wokuqala wobuchwephesha, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana emidwebo yakhe isikebhe sokuqala sezinga lomhlaba ne-injini ye-steam yehla emanzini.

Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, uRobert Fulton uzama ngezicathulo. Wabe esezama ukuba ngumshicileli. Eqaphela ukuthi unakho ulwazi oluningi, unquma uhambo olude oluya eNgilandi - inhloko-dolobha yamasu ezobuchwepheshe. Kulapha ukuthi konke uRobert Fulton owasungula kuqala ukuthatha ukuma kwangempela - amaphupho abe ngokoqobo.

Ukuhlala e-England

URobert Fulton wayehlala noBenjest West, omunye wabaculi abadumile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Akazange ashiye iphupho lakhe ukwenza umkhumbi wolwandle nge injini entsha ngokuyisisekelo - hhayi oar hhayi emoyeni. Okokugcina, le phrojekthi yadalwa. Umdwebo wokuqala we-steamer wanikezwa kuHulumeni waseNgilandi ngo-1793.

Ngo-1797, wathuthela eParis, lapho aqhubeka khona emsebenzini wakhe, okwakungabonakalisa igama lakhe - uRobert Fulton. I-biography yomsunguli ukhuluma ngenkathi enkulu kakhulu yokuphila kwakhe. EParis, uFulton ufunda isiJalimane nesiFulentshi, uthuthukise ulwazi lwakhe ngokwamakhemikhali, ubuchwepheshe kanye nezibalo. Lapha uhlangana noJames Ramsay, umsunguli waseNgisi, owathi ngo-1786 wakha umbukiso we-steamer wokuqala eWest Virginia.

Ukuphikisana nokutholakala

Ukumangala kukaFranklin, ukutholakala kwakhe kwakubhekwa njenge-whim, ithoyizi elingenasidingo. I-Admiralty ibonise ukuthi ngeke isetshenziswe emkhunjini owayaziwa ukuthi ukhona. Wadumala uRobert Fulton ngemisebenzi yakhe ehlangene eFrance, lapho ngaleso sikhathi ukuvukela umbuso kwase kushone, futhi uNapoleon 1 waba namandla. Mhlawumbe, iFrance izodinga amaphrojekthi akhe amasha?

URobert Fulton noNapoleon

Emanothi ka Count Countbeau kukhulunywe ngomhlangano womsunguli waseMelika noNapoleon. URobert Fulton, umdali we-steamer, wamema umbusi ukuba agcwalise imikhumbi yaseFrance ngemikhumbi emisha eyayizoqhutshwa yi-steam. Wancenga umbusi ukuthi ngemishini yokulwa enjalo uNapoleon 1 wayezonqoba ngokushesha umncintiswano wakhe ongunaphakade - uFrance.

Ngemva kokuzwa umsunguli, uNapoleon wathi:

- Nsuku zonke ngigqoka amaphrojekthi amabizi etafuleni, okuyiziphukuphuku kunokuba kungenakwenzeka ukusetha. Ngolunye usuku nginikezwe umhlaba ogwini laseNgilandi abagibeli bamahhashi, behlezi kumahlengethwa ama-tame. Hamba - wena, ngokusobala, ungomunye walabo abadangayo!

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kuphela kamuva umkhumbi waseNgilandi "uBellerophon" waxosha uNapoleon endaweni yokuthunjwa kwakhe kokuqala - eSt Helena. Esolwandle ovulekile umkhumbi waseNgisi wahlangana neFulton, eyayiqhutshwa yizinjini zamanzi.

Isitimela sagudla i-Bellerophon futhi sanyamalala ngemuva. Lapho ebona i-American steamer, uNapoleon wamangala wathi:

"Angizange ngilalele uFulton, ngilahlekelwa umqhele wami."

Imikhumbi yokuqala

Ngenkathi uFulton efuna abaxhasi ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi yokuqala ngemishini ye-steam, ngo-1800 umkhumbi wamanzi "iNautilus" waboniswa eFrance, uthakazelisa umcabango wabantu ababukeli. Kodwa ngezinhloso zempi, i-Nautilus yayingalungile, yayiphuza kakhulu, futhi izikebhe ezisheshayo zezitha zazinqanda kalula umkhumbi wamanzi. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwemikhumbi enjalo kwakumiswe okwesikhashana, futhi ukubaluleka kwemikhumbi yemikhumbi kwakulinganiselwa eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva - phakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Mhlawumbe, ngaphansi komqondo walo mkhumbi eminyakeni eminingi kamuva uVern uzobhala "uCaptain Nemo" wakhe ongafi. Ngo-1803 u-steamship wokuqala uhamba ngamanzi we-Seine. Kodwa ngokukhiqizwa okukhulu, kusengakabi nesikhathi esanele nemali. Futhi uRobert Fulton unquma ukubuyela eMelika.

Ukunqotshwa kolwandle

E-America, uRobert Fulton wasebenzisa iminyaka eminingana ekuthuthukiseni izimiso zamagesi ezinamasondo, esebenzayo ekuqhubeni imfucuza. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, ngemuva kokubuyela ezweni lakubo ekupheleni kwehlobo lika-1807, ukuqhuma kokuqala kwasungulwa emanzini ase-Hudson. Abacwaningi babibiza ngokuthi "umfudlana woMfula iNyakatho kusuka kuClaremont", kodwa kumanothi omlando waziwa ngokuthi "uClaremont." Empeleni, uClaremont - igama lomngane kaMngane kaFulton, okwakungamakhilomitha angu-177 ukusuka eNew York. Ukuhamba okuqala koMfula "eNyakatho" kwenziwa eceleni kwe-Hudson, eceleni komzila othi "Claremont-New York". Eqiniseka ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi umnotho wakhe, uMnumzane Fulton wavuma ilungelo lokutholakala kwakhe futhi wasungula ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto e-United States.

Izikebhe eRussia

Ngo-1813, uFulton wacela uhulumeni waseRussia ukuba anikeze ilungelo elilodwa lokwakha izikebhe zomfula endaweni yaseMbusweni waseRussia. U-Emperor Alexander 1 wamnika wonke amalungelo adingekayo, kodwa akakwazanga ukufeza umyalelo kahulumeni kaFulton. Eminyakeni emithathu, akukho umkhumbi owodwa owethulwa. Ngemva kokufa komsunguli ngo-1815, uCharles Byrd wathenga ukuzakhela kwemikhumbi, okwakunomnyaka owodwa owasungula umkhumbi wakhe wokuqala wokuqhuma umkhumbi. Umbiko womcimbi ushicilelwe encwadini ethi Son of the Fatherland. Lapho, okokuqala ngqá, igama elithi "steamer" lisetshenziswe, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi laqala ngokuqinile eRussia yanamuhla.