Ababusi bokuqala baseRussia. Ababusi baseRussia Yasendulo: ukulandelana kwezikhathi kanye nokuphumelela

Ngo nobukhulu East European Plain lwamaSlav wahlala kusukela kudala, okhokho bethu oqondile. Namanje asilwazi Sebefikile lapho. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa ngokushesha baqala ukuhlala kabanzi kuyo yonke mfula omkhulu kahle leyo minyaka. amadolobha Slavic nasemizaneni wasuka Baltic kuya oLwandle Olumnyama. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Babeyimbangela uhlanga wezizwe, ikakhulukazi ubuhlobo obunokuthula phakathi kwawo yayingakaze.

I wokulwa njalo ngokushesha khulisa izikhulu tribal ubani ngokushesha waba mkhulu, futhi waqala ukubusa wonke Kievan Rus. It waba ngumbusi wokuqala yeRussia, abamagama abo behlele kithi nge uchungechunge engapheli eminyaka esidlulile kusukela ngaleso sikhathi.

Riurik (862-879)

Mayelana ngokoqobo lokhu emlandweni namanje kukhona zineminyaka mpikiswano kososayensi. Kungakhathaliseki kwakukhona umuntu onjalo, noma uhlamvu collective, liphefumulelwe bonke ababusi lokuqala eRussia. Kungakhathaliseki wayenguKristu inyumbazane, kungakhathaliseki Slav. By the way, thina cishe angazi mayelana ababe ababusi naseRussia ngaphambi Rurik, ukuze konke isekelwe kuphela imibono kule ndaba.

umsuka Slavic kungenzeka kakhulu, ngoba wona Rurik isidlaliso zihunyushelwe Norman lwesigodi okubhekiselwe kubo ngelithi "Rurik" isidlaliso ngokuba Falcon, nge anolimi isiSlavonic Esidala. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, kodwa ukuthi yena kubhekwa umsunguli wonke Old isimo Russian. Rurik bedinil (njengoba kwakunjalo kuzo zonke kungenzeka), izizwe eziningi Slavic ekhwapheni lakhe.

Nokho, leli bhizinisi, nge impumelelo obuhlukahlukene, cishe zonke izinduna zomhlangano Russia. Kuyinto ngenxa yemizamo yabo, izwe lethu namuhla kuyinto isikhundla ebalulekile kumephu jikelele.

Oleg (879-912)

Kube indodana Rurik sika Igor, kodwa ukuthi usemncane kakhulu ngesikhathi ukufa kukayise, kodwa ngenxa Grand Duke baba umfundisi wakhe, u-Oleg. He dumisa igama lakhe futhi militancy we inhlanhla ukuthi wayehamba endleleni yezempi. ephawuleka kakhulu umkhankaso wakhe wokulwa waseConstantinople, abavule lwamaSlav amathemba Amazing kusuka abasafufusa amathuba ezohwebo namazwe kude empumalanga. Abantu ayephila nabo babemhlonipha ngakho owawubizwa ngokuthi "u-Oleg eliyisiprofetho '.

Yiqiniso, umbusi wokuqala eRussia ayehlaselwa izibalo edume ukuze ubuqhawe babo bangempela thina cishe ngeke azi impela kodwa Oleg kwaba ngempela ungumuntu ohamba phambili kunabo.

Igor (912-945)

Igor, indodana Rurik, isibonelo u-Oleg naye wangena ngokuphindaphindiwe Kuzonyuka, enamathiselwe eningi ezweni, kodwa kwakungeyona iqhawe njengabaphumelelayo yini, futhi umkhankaso wakhe wokulwa Greece nazo zonke kwaba esidumazayo. Kwaba ezinzima, ngokuvamile 'aphundla "izizwe wahlulwa kuze kube sekugcineni, okuyiwona wakhokha kamuva. Igor waxwayisa ngokuthi drevlyans akulula, belulekwa ukuba baphuze polyude squad okukhulu. Akazange alalele futhi wabulawa. Ngokuvamile, mayelana wake watshela ochungechungeni TV "Ababusi Russia."

Olga (945-957)

Nokho, drevlyans ngokushesha ngizisole izenzo zakhe. unkosikazi Igor sika Olga, kuqala asebenzelana ngayo ezimbili asemazweni yabo kube nokubuyisana, abese eshiswa umuzi omkhulu Drevlyane, Korosten. Abaphila Besikhathi zifakazela ukuthi kuyinto ingqondo emangalisayo nokuqina willed. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, akazange alahlekelwe a intshi eyodwa ezweni incotjwa indoda okhokho bakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi bamukela ubuKristu Eminyakeni ethile kamuva eyaziwa.

Svjatoslav (957-972)

Svyatoslav waya kayisemkhulu, u-Oleg. Futhi kwahluka isibindi, zokwenza izinqumo ngokushesha, neqondile. Wayeyinkosi eyiqhawe elinesibindi omkhulu, walawula lanqoba izizwe eziningi lwamaSlav, wayevame ukusishaya Pechenegs, kulabo wazonda. Njengezinye ababusi Russia, ayethanda (uma kunokwenzeka) ukuxoxisana "amicably." Uma izizwe wavumelana aqaphele ubukhulu Kiev lomthelo kwaba nomvuzo, ngisho nababusi azishintshile.

Attached kuze Vyatichi Ezingakanqotshwa (ababethanda ukulwa emahlathini zabo kuyo) yena, waphula Khazars, bese wathatha Tmutarakan. Naphezu ubukhulu elincane isikwati ngempumelelo balwa baseBulgaria eDanube. Wanqoba Adrianople, aze asongela ngisho ukuthatha ngokuthi iConstantinople. AmaGreki uncamela sikhokha intela ocebile. Endleleni, wabulawa kanye iqembu ku Dnieper Rapids, njengoba ebulawa le Pechenegs efanayo. Kusolwa ukuthi izinkemba kanye izinsalela imishini kwaba isikwati atholakala lapho kwakhiwa Dnieper.

izici Jikelele kwekhulu 1st

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kokubili esihlalweni sobukhosi, waba ngukumkani ababusi lokuqala eRussia, inkathi yezinxushunxushu njalo nombango kancane kancane waqala siphele. Kwabe sekufika oda isihlobo: retinue kwesikhulu bavikela imingcele ezizweni zakwa sokweyisa nesibindi ayimizulane, futhi, esikhundleni salokho, bathembisa ukusiza Warriors, futhi uncome ukuqoqwa siqu inkokhiso. Ukukhathazeka main nezikhulu babe Khazars: ngaleso sikhathi bakhokha intela (hhayi njalo, ngesikhathi esilandelayo kuhlasela), izizwe eziningi Slavic, okuyinto libukelwa phansi kakhulu igunya kuhulumeni.

Enye inkinga ukuthi ukungakholelwa ezivamile. On lwamaSlav, abanqoba waseConstantinople, uthathwa ngendelelo, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi kakade monotheism ngenkuthalo efakwe (yobuJuda, ubuKristu), nakwabezizwe mhlawumbe izilwane. Kodwa izizwe isenzo sokumelana yonke imizamo ukugxambukela ukholo lwabo. Lokhu etha "Ababusi Russia" - yamabhayisikobho ngempela kuyiqiniso ukuba ngokoqobo kwenkathi.

Lokhu kunomthelela yokwanda kwenani inhlokomo elincane isimo abasha. Kodwa Olga, ngubani ebuKristwini futhi baqala ukusakaza futhi bangabi nankinga ukwakhiwa obuKristu e Kiev, kwavula indlela umbhaphathizo zwe. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesibili leminyaka lapho ababusi ERussia yasendulo iye wadala izinto eziningi ezinkulu.

St uVladimir. Sts (980-1015)

Njengoba sazi, phakathi Yaropolk, Oleg futhi uVladimir, ababeyizindlalifa zombuso Svyatoslav, angikaze ngibe nothando lobuzalwane. It akaphinda wamsiza ukuthi uyise ngesikhathi esaphila esichaziwe ngamunye wabo ezweni labo. I upshot kwaba owabhubhisa abazalwane uVladimir futhi waqala abuse yedwa.

Lokhu isikhulu, umbusi waseRussia lasendulo, weba Red Rus regiments, futhi abaningi balwa ngesibindi ngokumelene Pechenegs kanye baseBulgaria. Waba abadumile njengombusi oyisehluleki ophanayo owenza konke okusemandleni igolide izipho kubantu abaqotho kuye. Okokuqala, yathumba cishe wonke amasonto obuKristu namasonto, okwakhiwa kuso unina, futhi umphakathi wamaKristu ambalwa zashushiswa njalo kusuka kuye.

Kodwa isimo sezombusazwe yokuthi izwe lidinga ukuba kuholele monotheism. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu besikhathi ekushoyo umuzwa oqinile oqubuke ngesikhathi isikhulu inkosazana WaseByzantium-Anna. A yobuqaba wakhe akekho owayeyinika. Ngakho ababusi ERussia yasendulo bavumelana ngesidingo ukuba abhapathizwe.

Yingakho kakade ngonyaka 988 zenzeka umbhaphathizo prince zonke nabasizi bakhe, khona-ke inkolo entsha yaqala ukusakaza phakathi kwabantu. Basil kanye Constantine, umbusi waseByzantium, unikezwa Anna yoMntwana uVladimir. Mayelana uVladimir ababephila ngesikhathi ekhuluma onesandla esiqinile, kanzima (ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nesihluku) umuntu, kodwa wayemthanda ngokwethembeka kwakhe, ubuqotho, nokungakhethi. Ibandla namanje odumisa kwesikhulu, ngenxa yokuthi yena waqala bakamalalahlengezela ukwakha amathempeli wezwe futhi amasonto. It waba ngumbusi wokuqala yeRussia, wabhapathizwa.

Sviatopolk (1015-1019)

Njengoyise wakhe, uVladimir phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe basakaza ezweni emadodaneni akhe eziningi: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, ngoJarosław, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, uBoris futhi Gleb. Ngemva kokufa uyise, Sviatopolk wanquma abuse yedwa owawuyala ukususwa abafowabo, kodwa waxoshwa Kiev ngu Yaroslav ka Novgorod.

Ngosizo amaPolish King Boleslaw le Abanesibindi, yena owakwazi ukuyazi kahle Kiev yesibili, kodwa abantu walithatha cool. Ngokushesha, waphoqwa ukuba libaleke kuleli dolobha, sabe sesifa endleleni. Ukufa kwakhe - indaba amnyama. Kusolwa ukuthi wabeka ukuphila kwakhe siqu. Esikhathini isiko abantu ngokuthi "uqalekisiwe."

Yaroslav Mudry (1019-1054)

UJaroslav ngokushesha waba umbusi esizimele Kievan Rus. Okuphawulekayo okwesikhathi ingqondo omkhulu, kuye kwafeza lukhulu sokuthuthukisa isimo. Yakhelwe zezindela eziningi, nomthelela yokwanda lokubhala. ubuqambi yakhe kungokwalabo "Iqiniso Russian", iqoqo lokuqala esemthethweni imithetho futhi sibekwa ezweni lethu. Thanda okhokho bakhe, ngokushesha wanikela amadodana iziza umhlaba, kodwa bajeziswe kanzima "ukuphila ngokuthula, kwamaqhinga nomunye ukuzilungisa."

Izjaslav (1054-1078)

Izyaslav kwaba eyizibulo Yaroslav. Ekuqaleni imithetho Kiev, owayevelele njengenceku umbusi omuhle, kodwa abantu bazi kanjani ukuzwana kahle kakhulu. Kugcine, wadlala indima ethile. Lapho eya Polovtsy futhi jeza bibizane emkhankasweni, abantu Kiev it is nje baxoshwa, obiza kokubusa komfowabo u-, Svyatoslav. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, Izyaslav wabuyela enhloko-dolobha.

Empeleni, kwaba umbusi omuhle kakhulu, kodwa bukhona Ngawa izikhathi nzima. Njengazo zonke ababusi ekuqaleni we Kievan Rus, kwakufanele bonyana enze ukuxazulula eziningi imibuzo enzima.

izici Jikelele kwekhulu 2nd

Emakhulwini eminyaka kusukela Russia ivelele eziningana cishe ezimele principalities: Kiev (enamandla kunazo), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal (Vladimir-Suzdal kamuva), Galicia-naseVolyn. Ngokuzimela emi Novgorod. Ukushayela vechem isibonelo Polis ngesiGreki, yena ngokuvamile wabheka phezu kwezikhulu, hhayi okuhle kakhulu.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu kwehlukana, ngokomthetho eRussia namanje kubhekwa ukuba geqe. UJarosław wakwazi push yalo kuze River Ros (a owumthelela Dnieper). Ngaphansi uVladimir izwe ebuKristwini, ezikhulayo ithonya waseByzantium ezindabeni zayo zangaphakathi.

Ngakho, ekuqaleni kwazo esanda wadala Metropolitan Church imele, eConstantinople libika ngokuqondile. Ukholo obusha beza nalo hhayi kuphela inkolo kodwa futhi lwezinhlamvu entsha, imithetho emisha. Izikhulu ngaleso sikhathi isinyathelo ekhonsathini nebandla, amasonto amaningi amasha, ukukhuthaza imfundo abantu bayo. Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho bebephila Nestor abadumile, ngubani nombhali amarekhodi eziningi ebhalwe isikhathi.

Ngeshwa, kwakungeyona bushelelezi ngakho. inkinga Okuphakade babenjengomuntu kuphangwa njalo labantu abayimizulane, futhi izingxabano zombango, amazwe njalo ziklebhukile, zibancishe amandla ako. Njengoba uzwakalise Nestor, nombhali "Beka" kuzo, "moans ezweni Russian." Qala ukubonisa imibono zemfundo of the Church, kodwa kubi ukuthi abantu bamukele inkolo entsha.

Yaqala kanjalo ekhulwini lesithathu leminyaka.

Vsevolod mina (1078-1093)

Vsevolod lokuqala kungenzeka kahle yehle emlandweni njengombusi oyisehluleki imodeli. Wayengumuntu eyiqiniso, ethembekile, waba nesandla ekwakhiweni nokuthuthukiswa kolimi ebhaliwe, wayazi ngezilimi ezinhlanu. Kodwa akazange abe lempi athuthukile neziphiwo zezombusazwe. kuphangwa njalo Polovtsy, isifo esiwumshayabhuqe, isomiso, nendlala ngeke ziye zaba nomthelela igunya lakhe. indodana yakhe uVladimir, kamuva ngokuthi Monomakh, futhi kuphela wahlala esihlalweni sikayise (icala esiyingqayizivele phakathi kwezinye izinto).

Sviatopolk II (1093-1113)

Wayeyindodana Izyaslav, zazihlukile ubuntu obuhle, kodwa wayebuthakathaka sengingene kakhulu kwezinye izindawo, okwenza izikhulu ezithile awacatshangwa ngoba Grand Duke. Nokho, wabusa kahle: Lalela iseluleko esifanayo uVladimir Monomakh, ku Dolobskom Congress 1103 athonya abaphikisi bakhe ukuthatha umkhankaso ngokuhlanganyela ngokumelene "balahlwe" Polovtsian, bese ngo 1111 AbAhl.

ukukhiqizwa Military wawumkhulu. Grand Dukes of Polotsk kulimale okungenani babulawa ukuthi impi. Lokhu kunqoba akuveza zasakazekela emazweni lwamaSlavic kokubili aseMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga.

UVladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ubukhulu awuzange kufanele athathe isihlalo sobukhosi Kiev, uVladimir wakhethwa ngazwi linye ngesinqumo. Lolu hlobo lothando kungenxa ithalenta ezingavamile kwezombangazwe nakwezempi Prince. ingqondo eqaphelekayo, anamandla kwezombangazwe nakwezempi, ukuthi nginesibindi kakhulu kwezamabhizinisi ezempi.

Umkhankaso ngamunye ngokumelene Polovtsian iholide kubhekwe (Cumans imibono yakhe awabelwene). Kulapho Monomakh ngokweqile ngentshiseko izindaba wokuzibusa wezikhulu zibukhali mfushane. Ihamba inzalo "Iziyalezo Izingane", okuyinto ukhuluma ukubaluleka kwenkonzo ngokwethembeka nokuzidela kuya Motherland.

Mstyslav mina (1125-1132)

Ukulandela iziyalezo kayise, waphila emhlabeni nabafowabo kanye nezinye izikhulu, kodwa raged kwelinye ukusikisela yokuvukela nokuphishekela yezimpi zombango. Ngakho kwakujwayelekile ukubona amakhosana namakhosazana Polovtsian yathukuthela kubabeka aphume ezweni, ngemva kwalokho baphoqekile ukuba nibalekele umbusi wokunganeliseki eByzantium. Ngokuvamile, abaningi ababusi Kievan Rus wazama ngokungadingekile ukubulala izitha zabo.

Jaropolk (1132-1139)

Waziwa izingobe ngekhono lakhe kwezepolitiki, okuyinto kamuva kwaphenduka ezimbi maqondana "Monomakh". Ekupheleni wokubusa kwakhe enquma ukudlula sobukhosi kumfowabo akazange ashade, futhi indodana yomfowabo ngesizotha. Kucishe awufiki yezinxushunxushu, kodwa isihlalo sobukhosi sikhona emuva namanje kodwa uhlangulisa inzalo ka-Oleg Sviatoslavovych, "O.". Hhayi isikhathi eside, nokho.

Vsevolod II (1139-1146)

Vsevolod kwahluka ngempela okuhle ukuthambekela umbusi, wabusa ngokuhlakanipha futhi ngokuqinile. Kodwa wayefuna ukuba kudlule sobukhosi Igoryu Olegovichu, ukwenza indlela yokuphepha "O.". Kodwa abantu Kiev alimazanga Igor, waphoqwa ukuba athathe izifungo lezindela, bese ngokuphelele wabulawa.

Izjaslav II (1146-1154)

Kodwa izakhamuzi Kiev bajabula kakhulu lapho kuphuma Izyaslav II Mstislavovich ukuthi amakhono yakhe ekhaliphile zezombusazwe, anamandla bokulwa ingqondo wamkhumbuza ngokucacile kuye kakhokho wakhe, Monomakh. Nguye esethula ezisele njengoba umthetho okungahloliwe wesithombe: uma uhlala nomalume kwesikhulu efana naleyo, indodana yomfowabo ukuthola isihlalo sakhe sobukhosi bengayi.

NgangikuMoya uDlamini esibi Yuri Vladimirovich, iSikhulu Rostov-Suzdal. negama lakhe liyakuthiwa akukho lutho eziningi, kepha ngasemuva Yuri Dolgoruky prozovut. Izyaslav kwadingeka kabili ukusebenzisa kusuka Kiev, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba afe akalokothanga sobukhosi.

Yuri Dolgorukiy (1154-1157)

Yuri ekugcineni uzuza bangeniswe esihlalweni Kiev. Njengoba lahlala phezu kwalo iminyaka emithathu kuphela, eye eziningi: ayikwazanga uyayidambisa (noma ajezise) izikhulu, nomthelela ukuhlanganisa amazwe niphihlizwe ngaphansi amandla eqinile. Kodwa wonke umsebenzi wakhe kwakungasho lutho, ngoba Dolgoruky Ukuxabana phakathi izikhulu ngemva kokufa Kuqubuka ngomfutho ovuselelwe.

Mstyslav II (1157-1169)

Kuyinto incithakalo izingxabano kwaholela yokuthi ngesikhathi sokubusa Mstislav II Izyaslavovich. Yena wayengumbulali umbusi omuhle, kodwa kwahluka Awuthandanga kahle kakhulu futhi wathuthukisa Knyazhye ukuxabana ( "uhlukanise futhi umthetho"). It Uxosha kusuka Kiev Andrei Yurevich, indodana ka Dolgoruky. It Emlandweni waziwa ngaphansi isidlaliso Bogolyubsky.

Ngo 1169, u-Andrew wawunganikezwanga ukuxoshwa isitha esibi kunazo zonke uyise, kanyekanye evutha phansi Kiev. Ngakho wathatha yokuziphindiselela ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi abantu Kiev, ababengoFakazi ngaleso sikhathi aluthola umkhuba wezikhulu sokuxosha nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, yokushaya Duchy yakhe noma ubani owayevuma ukuba abathembise a "isinkwa futhi emasekisini".

Andrew Bogolyubskii (1169-1174)

Njengoba nje u-Andreya, athatha izintambo amandla, masinyane ethutha ikomkhulu emzini wakhe ozithandayo, uVladimir phezu Klyazma. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, isikhundla esivelele Kiev ngokushesha waqala ukuba singantengantengi. Kwaze kwaba sekupheleni kokuphila isibe enemikhuba azikhukhumeze, Bogolyubskii ababengayikholelwa kobugqila eziningi boyars, abafisa ukusungula amandla autocratic. Abantu abaningi akakuthandanga lokho okwakushiwo, kodwa ngenxa Andrew wabulawa uzungu.

Wenze njalo umbusi wokuqala Russia? Ithebula linikeza impendulo jikelele kulo mbuzo.

inkathi	sici
ekhulwini lokuqala	Ukudalwa prototype kwesimo eqinile futhi enobunye, ekumeleleni imingcele yayo esuka izitha. Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu njengoba isinyathelo ezombusazwe nezenhlalo ezibalulekile
ngekhulu lesibili	ukwandiswa okwengeziwe insimu ka-Russia, le ngxabano nemizamo "separatism"
wekhulu lesithathu	isengezo obengeziwe emazweni amasha, kudalwa wezikhulu ukukhononda, ukudala preconditions ngokuba autocracy

Ngomqondo onabile, inkulumo efanayo ukwenza zonke izinduna zomhlangano eRussia kusukela Rurik ukuze Putin. Ithebula akunakwenzeka ukuba kudlule bonke labo nobunzima lapho abantu bethu ahlupheka endleleni enzima yokuba isimo.