Kumiswa, Indaba
Grand Dukes eRussia. Ababusi ERussia yasendulo
Kievan Rus - isimo ephakathi, okuyinto eyavela ekhulwini IX. Ezo lokuqala grand ibekwe sokuhlala kwakhe emzini Kiev, okuyinto, ngokusho legend, yasungulwa VI. bazalwane abathathu - Kyi, Scheck futhi iHorebe. Isimo ngokushesha weza isigaba izimbali futhi sahlala isikhundla ebalulekile ngamazwe. Lokhu lula ukusungulwa ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki futhi ukuhweba nomakhelwane enjalo enamandla, eByzantium kanye Khazar Khanate.
Askold Board
Igama elithi "iZwe Russian" wabelwa isimo nenhloko-dolobha yalo ekhatsi Kiev phakathi nokubusa Askold (IX isenti.). Ngo "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka," negama lakhe liyakuthiwa okukhulunywa eduze Dir - Umfowabo omdala. Kuze kube manje, azikho idatha ku ibhodi yayo. Lokhu kunikeza isisekelo eziningana mlando (isib, Rybakovu B. A.) ukuhlobanisa igama Deer nomunye isidlaliso Askold. Ngaphezu kwalokho, namanje umbuzo kungalungiswanga ngemvelaphi ababusi bokuqala Kievan. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa Varangian ababusi babo, abanye abathola umsuka Askold futhi Dir kusukela (Kiya inzalo) ensimini.
"Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" linikeza ukwaziswa okubalulekile ngokuphathelene nokubusa Askold. Ngo 860, wenza umkhankaso ophumelele wayiyisa eByzantium ngisho esingangesonto aphethwe e obloge iConstantinople. Ngokusho yetinsita Wazenza umbusi WaseByzantium ukuqaphela Russia njengoba geqe. Kodwa ngo-882 wabulawa Askold, u-Oleg, eyabe ihlezi esihlalweni sobukhosi Kiev.
Oleg Board
Oleg - ngowokuqala Grand Prince of Kiev, abusa iminyaka 882-912. Ngokusho yetinsita wathola amandla eNovgorod ngu Rurik e 879, ibamba lendodana yakhe kwezinsana, bese sahamba isikhathi sokuhlala kwakhe unomphela eKiev. Ngo 885 Oleg uye enamathiselwe ubukhulu bakhe ezweni Radimichi Slaven Krivichy bese wenza uhambo Ulichi futhi Tivertsy. Ngo 907 wenza ngokumelene anamandla WaseByzantium. Oleg ukunqoba brilliant Nestor wachaza ngokuningiliziwe ngomsebenzi wayo. Grand Duke mashi ngeke kwasiza ukuqinisa isikhundla Russia enkundleni ngamazwe, kodwa kwamvulela ukufinyelela duty-free ukuhweba nge yoMbuso WaseByzantium. New ukunqoba Oleg eConstantinople ngo 911 waqinisekisa amalungelo abathengisi Russian.
Lezi zenzakalo esigabeni sokugcina we kusaqhuba uhulumeni omusha nge maphakathi Kiev bese iqala inkathi lalichumile kunabo bonke.
Igor futhi Olga wokubusa
Ngemva kokufa Oleg wafika amandla indodana Rurik - (. 912-945 GG) Igor. Like esasisandulele yakhe, Igor kwakudingeka abhekane nesimiso yokungalaleli izikhulu okhonzile imifelandawonye zamaKhosi. Ukubusa kwakhe kweminyaka iqala Drevlyane Ukungqubuzana, isiboshwa futhi Tivertsy, lapho Grand Duke wanameka intela ngokweqile. inqubomgomo enjalo futhi kuchazwe ukufa kwakhe okwase kusondele ebulawa Drevlyane edlubulundayo. Ngokusho yetinsita lapho Igor waphinda futhi wahlangana no ukuqoqa intela, bakhothama izihlahla birch ezimbili, kuboshelwe eziqongweni izinyawo zakhe ikhishwe.
Ngemva kokufa isikhulu esihlalweni sobukhosi ngumkayo Olga (945-964 GG.). Inhloso ngqangi yalo mgomo walo wawenziwe revenge for the kokushona komyeni wakhe. Wamelana zonke antiryurikovskie kwemizwelo Drevlyane futhi ekugcineni ongaphansi kwegunya labo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, enegama Olga Omkhulu exhunywe umzamo ubhapathizo lokuqala Kievan Rus, okuyinto akuphumelelanga. Izinqubomgomo enkolweni isimo isimemezelo ubuKristu, waqhubeka elandelayo Grand Dukes.
Svyatoslav Board
Svyatoslav - indodana Igor no-Olga - imithetho eminyakeni 964-980. Yena ubusebenza inqubomgomo angaphandle nolaka futhi cishe weyengenandaba izinkinga sangaphakathi isimo. Okokuqala, ngesikhathi engekho, ukuphathwa wahlanganyela Olga, futhi ngemva kokufa njengomhlatshelo wakhe izingxenye ezintathu izindaba isimo (Kiev, Drevlyansky umhlaba futhi Novgorod) babenezinkinga athonywa ababusi omkhulu Russian Jaropolk, Oleg futhi uVladimir.
Svyatoslav wenza umkhankaso ophumelele ngokumelene Khazar Khanate. Ngaphambi nabasizi bakhe abakwazanga ukumelana inqaba enamandla kangaka njengoba Samandar, Sarkel Itil. Ngo 967, yena wethula umkhankaso Balkan. Svyatoslav ethumba ezindaweni sifinyelela aphansi iDanube, wathatha Pereyaslav futhi batshala khona nephini lakhe. Emkhankasweni elandelayo aseBalkan, wakwazi ukunqoba Eqinisweni lonke Bulgaria. Kodwa endleleni ekhaya Svyatoslav squad wahlulwa Pechenegs, wathatha indawo usole kumbusi WaseByzantium. futhi Omkhulu Duke washona ngo obloge.
Vladimira Velikogo Board
UVladimir kwaba engumlanjwana indodana Svyatoslav njengoba azalwe Malusha - sasendlini Princess Olga. Ubaba wafaka ikusasa umbusi omkhulu sobukhosi Novgorod, kodwa umbango wakwazi ukuzitholela sobukhosi Kiev. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, uVladimir kulayini ukuphathwa ezindaweni asiphula ku ongaphansi komhlaba izizwe izimpawu yezikhulu wendawo. Yilokho ngesikhathi esikhundleni division lesizwana Kievan Rus indawo.
Ngesikhathi amazwe United uVladimir kuhlale amaqembu amaningi yobuhlanga nabantu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbusi kwakunzima ukugcina isithunzi sendawo isimo, ngisho ngenkani izikhali. Lokhu kwaholela ekubeni isidingo lokulungisiswa ngemibono amalungelo Vladimir kuzo zonke izizwe zakwa-ukuphathwa. Ngakho-ke, isikhulu wanquma ukushintsha ubuqaba ngokubeka ekhatsi Kiev, eduze kwendawo ukuthi kwaku Isigodlo Grand Dukes, ezithombeni ohlonishwa kakhulu onkulunkulu Slavic.
Rus ubhapathizo
Umzamo wokuguqula ubuqaba akuphumelelanga. Ngemva kwalokho uVladimir wabiza ababusi imifelandawonye ahlukahlukene tribal, abathi ubuSulumane, ubuJuda, ubuKristu, nokunye. D. Ngemva kokulalela iziphakamiso zabo mayelana inkolo entsha isimo, isikhulu ithunyelwa WaseByzantium eChersonese. Ngemva umkhankaso ophumelele, uVladimir yamemezela inhloso akhe ukuba ashade inkosazana ethile yaseByzantium Anna, kodwa ngoba kwakungenakwenzeka, njengoba ayethi zobuqaba, Prince wabhapathizwa. Ukubuyela Kiev, umbusi wathuma izithunywa kulo muzi oda bonke abakhileyo usuku ukuza Dnieper. Januwari 19, abantu 988 wafika emfuleni, uma befika khona bayiswa wabhapathizwa abapristi WaseByzantium. Empeleni, ukubhapathiza Rus kwaba ngempoqo.
Lolu kholo olusha akazange ngokushesha baba lonke. Okokuqala, ubuKristu abe esehlanganyela naye izakhamuzi emadolobheni amakhulu, futhi emasontweni ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XII. kukhona izindawo ezikhethekile ukubhapathiza abantu abadala.
Okusho isimemezelo inkolo isimo
Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu yaba nethonya elikhulu ku-ukuqhubeka isimo. Okokuqala, lokhu kwaholela ekubeni yokuthi izikhulu omkhulu Russian aye aqinisa igunya lakhe phezu izizwe wahlukana futhi abantu. Okwesibili, indima isimo anda enkundleni ngamazwe. Ukwamukelwa ubuKristu wasiza ubudlelwano obuhle eMbusweni WaseByzantium, eCzech Republic, Poland, uMbuso isiJalimane, Bulgaria neRoma. kwaba nengxenye futhi imikhankaso yezempi ka Grand Dukes of Russia ayisasetshenziswa njenge ndlela eyinhloko ukuqaliswa kwezinhlelo inqubomgomo angaphandle.
Ukubusa Yaroslava Mudrogo
Yaroslav Mudry ka Kievan Rus munye ngaphansi kokubusa kwakhe 1036, ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yezimpi zombango umbusi omusha kwakumelwe zigunyazwe futhi kula mazwe. Wakwazi ukubuyela Chervensk umuzi owakhiwa edolobheni St George Chudskoy phansi futhi ekugcineni bashaya Pechenegs e-1037-m. Yokudumisa uzowanqoba umbimbi uJaroslav ngaphambilini ukubeka isonto enkulu - St Sophia Cathedral.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba iqoqo lokuqala imithetho isimo - "Iqiniso Yaroslav". Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi i kuye ababusi ERussia yasendulo (Grand Dukes Igor, Svyatoslav, Vladimir) wagomela amandla abo ngokuphanga abantu amandla, hhayi ilungelo futhi umthetho. UJaroslav wahlanganyela ukwakhiwa amasonto (St George sika Monastery, St Sophia Cathedral, Kiev-Pechersk Monastery) futhi asekelwe igunya namandla phezu kwesikhulu namanje inhlangano isonto kunalokho ebuthakathaka. Ngo 1051 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile Metropolitan lokuqala Rus - uHilarion. Iziphathimandla Grand Duke wahlala iminyaka engu-37, washona ngo-1054.
Yaroslavichy Board
Ngemva kokufa Yaroslava Mudrogo ezweni ezibaluleke kakhulu ezandleni amadodana akhe amadala - Izyaslav, Svyatoslav futhi Vsevolod. Ekuqaleni, ezo grand abusa umbuso ngempela ngokushelela. Baye balwa ngempumelelo ngokumelene izizwe ukukhuluma Turkic-ka Torquay, kodwa 1068 emfuleni Alta lahluleka kwasani empini ne Polovtsy. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi Izyaslav waxoshwa Kiev wagijimela Polish yinkosi Boleslav II. Ngo 1069 wayengumuntu ngosizo amabutho azihlanganisa futhi wathatha enhlokodolobha.
Ngo 1072 Grand Dukes of Russia babuthana Indawo yokubambela izingxoxo e Vyshgorod, lapho ikhodi abadumile kwemithetho Russian "Iqiniso Yaroslav" sivunyiwe. Emva kwalokhu uqala isikhathi eside izimpi zombango. Ngo-1078 esihlalweni sobukhosi Kiev wathatha Vsevolod. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe 1093, wafika amandla Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, kanye namadodana akhe amabili, Vsevolod - Vladimir Monomakh futhi Rostislav - waqala ukubusa ngo Chernihiv futhi Pereyaslav.
Ukubusa Vladimira Monomaha
Ngemva kokufa Svatopluk e-1113 wamenywa ukuba esihlalweni sobukhosi Kiev uVladimir Monomakh. Umgomo oyinhloko nezinqubomgomo zayo, wabona yinye kwamandla wombuso kanye nokuqinisa ubunye yeRussia. Ukuze babe nobuhlobo obunokuthula izikhulu ezihlukahlukene wasebenzisa imishado dynastic. Yingenxa yalesi, nakude-sekuqhamuke Inqubomgomo yasekhaya, wayekwazi ukuzikhuthaza ngempumelelo ukulawula nsimu enkulu eRussia iminyaka 12. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishado dynastic united state Kievan nge eByzantium, Norway, eNgilandi, Denmark, uMbuso isiJalimane, Sweden kanye neHungary.
Grand Prince uVladimir Monomakh ukuhlomisa inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia, ngokukhethekile, yayakhiwe ibhuloho yonkana Dnieper. UMbusi washona ngo 1125, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi zaqala isikhathi eside ukwehla kanye nokwehlukaniswa isimo.
izikhulu Olukhulu ERussia yasendulo esikhathini yalokhu kuhlukana
Kwabe sekwenzekani? Phakathi ukwahlukana izinduna njalo eminyakeni 6-8, ukushintsha ababusi ERussia yasendulo. Grand Dukes (Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod, Pereyaslavl, Rostov-Suzdal, Smolensk) wawalwela sobukhosi grand izingalo. I wabusa elide kakhulu isimo Svyatoslav futhi Rurik, naye owayekulelo ezinethonya kunazo Olegoviches ubudala futhi Rostislavovich.
Ngo Chernigov-Seversky ubukhulu kwamandla kwaba ezandleni O. Davidovich futhi umndeni wakhe. Njengoba la mazwe abavezwe ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi ukunwetshwa Polovtzy ababusi ukugcina ukunqoba ngokusebenzisa ukusungulwa imishado dynastic.
Pereyaslavl ubukhulu , ngisho esikhathini kwehlukana kwaba bathembele ngokuphelele ezintweni Kiev. I izimbali eliphakeme lezi zindawo ezihambisana negama uVladimir Glebovich.
Ukuqinisa we ubukhulu eMoscow
Ngemva Kiev ukunqabela indima eyinhloko kuya ubukhulu eMoscow. ababusi baso ezibolekwe isihloko okwakukhona ezo grand yeRussia.
Ukuqinisa we ubukhulu eMoscow ezihambisana negama Daniel (uthunjana Aleksandra Nevskogo). Wakwazi niwunqobe emzini Kolomna, futhi Pereyaslavl ubukhulu Mozhaisk. Nge ekuhlaleni yokugcina ebalulekile kwezohwebo eyayihlanganisa futhi mfula p. IMoscow yayingenye kuleyo nsimu kaDaniyeli.
Ukubusa Ivan Kalita
Ngo-1325, wafika amandla, Prince Ivan Kalita. Wenza uhambo Tver tshoda it, ngaleyo ndlela lisuse umphikisi wakhe oqinile. Ngo 1328, wathola kulebula i-Mongolian Khan phezu uVladimir ubukhulu. Phakathi nesikhathi sokubusa kwayo eMoscow ngokuqinile lwaqinisa bokuphakama kwayo eNorth-Eastern Russia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngalesi sikhathi-ke kwakhiwa union kwetheksthi iziphathimandla Grand nebandla, okuyinto wadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni isimo eyodwa. Metropolitan uPetru wathutha sokuhlala kwakhe kusukela Vladimir eMoscow, elaba isikhungo wenkolo ophambili.
Ngo elala Mongol khans Ivan Kalita waphishekela umgomo ikhuluma nenkathazo nokukhokhwa inkokhiso. Ukuphakamisa imali labantu owawuse nge rigidity appreciable ezaholela ekuqongeleleni ezandleni umbusi ingcebo eningi. Kwakuphakathi isisekelo ubukhulu eMoscow Kalita amandla sase sibekiwe. Indodana yakhe Simon umangalele isihloko "Grand Prince of All Russia."
Ukuhlanganisa wonke amazwe eMoscow
Phakathi nokubusa Ivan Kalita eMoscow wakwazi ukuthola ukusuka uchungechunge zombango, ngisibeke isisekelo izinhlelo kwezomnotho kanye kutemnotfo. Lo mbuso sasekelwa ukwakhiwa kwalesi ezibiyele ngonyaka 1367, okwaba inqaba lempi ukuzivikela.
Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIV. emzabalazweni supremacy ezweni Russian kuhlanganisiwe iSikhulu Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod futhi Ryazan ubukhulu. Kodwa isitha eyinhloko eMoscow Tver wahlala namanje. Nezitha ubukhulu enamandla wayewenza nokuxhaswa amaMongol Khan noma Lithuania.
Ukuhlanganisa kwamazwe Russian azungeze eMoscow ehlangene egameni Dmitriya Ivanovicha Donskogo, ngubani ovinjezelwe Tver futhi ngek ukuqashelwa amandla okubusa.
Impi yase-Kulikovo
Phakathi nengxenye yesibili e XIV. ezo grand Russian uqondise yonke amandla okulwa amaMongol Khan Mamai. Ehlobo lika-1380, yena nebutho lakhe bafika emngceleni oseningizimu Ryazan. Ngokungafani naye, uDmitry Ivanovich ukubeka squad 120,000th, eye ngalapho we Don.
Ukunqotshwa washesha ngokuwa amaMongol Golden zidlamlilo futhi kwaqinisa ukubaluleka eMoscow njengoba maphakathi ubunye emazweni Russian.
Similar articles
Trending Now