Sea South Aral: imbangela yokufa, umlando, izithombe

Lesi sihloko ngeke ukhulume omunye amakhona umhlaba, yaphenduka ogwadule olungenalutho ngenxa ukuziphatha ngendlela engafanele abantu bazo nomsebenzi wezolimo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Ngaphambili, usayizi Sea yayo Aral kwaba umzimba wesine lamanzi emhlabeni wonke. Ukufa-Aral Sea kwaba umphumela Abstraction ngokweqile amanzi ukunisela enkulu emazweni yezolimo e Kazakhstan ne-Uzbekistan. Konke lokhu kwenzeka Aral Sea - enhlekeleleni okungapholi kwemvelo.

Bekusele kancane nje ukuba kule kanye nezinye izinto eziningi eziphathelene lokhu kungumzimba wemvelo yamanzi, kuzoxoxwa ngakho kamuva sihloko.

Ngisho scary ukukucabanga, kodwa endaweni Aral Sea futhi ivolumu namuhla, ngokulandelana, ingxenye yesine futhi mayelana 10% yenani yasekuqaleni.

Inani lamagama kolwandle

Ngalesi kwesigubhu zemvelo etholakala inani elikhulu iziqhingi. Kule ndaba, seliye labizwa ngokuthi i-Aral. igama elihunyushwe ngokuthi "zolwandle" Nge ulimi lalolo hlanga zalezi zindawo.

I-Aral Sea namuhla: izici jikelele, indawo

Empeleni, namuhla endorheic, okunosawoti, echibini relict. Indawo ke - Central Asia, elisemngceleni insimu ka Uzbekistan naseKazakhstan. Ngenxa ushintsho imisinga Syrdarya futhi Amudarya, ukusuthisa kolwandle, kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 kwaba khona ukulahlekelwa enkulu ivolumu amanzi nge ukwehla okuhambisanayo ezindaweni zawo, okubangela enhlekeleleni yezinto eziphilayo enkulu zicatshangwe.

Ngo-1960 kwaba South Aral Sea kunjalo ngempela. Amanzi amboze amaqabunga ngaphezu kogu lolwandle ngu 53 metres, futhi endaweni ingqikithi 68.000 amakhilomitha square. Yelula cishe kwakuyihora 435 km ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu futhi 290 km ukusuka empumalanga uya entshonalanga. ukujula kwayo ngokwesilinganiso kungamamitha 16 metres, futhi endaweni ejulile - 69 amamitha.

I-Aral Sea namuhla - echibini omiswe, okuyinto lancipha ngobukhulu bayo. Kwathatha amakhilomitha 100 kusukela ugu yakhe yangaphambili (isibonelo, i-Uzbek emzini Muinak).

Isimo sezulu

Ukuze indawo yakwa-Aral Sea elinesimo yezwekazi ehlane sezulu, nge high izinguquko amplitude lokushisa, nge elishisayo kakhulu futhi ebusika kuqhathaniswa abandayo.

Ukungabi imvula (mayelana 100 mm ngonyaka) counterbalances le ukuhwamuka kancane. Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza sokunquma ukulinganisela amanzi - a amanzi emfuleni emifuleni ekhona futhi ukuhwamuka, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukuba mayelana ngokulinganayo.

Izizathu ukunyamalala Aral Sea

Empeleni, ukufa-Aral Sea livelile phezu engu-50 edlule. Duzane Kusukela ngo-1960, lizinga bamanzi bayo waqala ngokushesha futhi ngendlela ehlelekile ukunqaba. Ngu lokhu kwaphumela yokufakelwa ukwembuleka the Syr Darya futhi Amu Darya emifuleni ngezinhloso ngenkasa emasimini wendawo. Iziphathimandla lamaSoviet laqala ukuguqula izindawo ezinkulu ugwadule eKazakhstan, Uzbekistan futhi Turkmenistan emasimini amahle kutshalwa.

Mayelana ezifana imisebenzi emikhulu esikalini, inani lamanzi eza emzimbeni engokwemvelo amanzi, kwaba kancane kuyancipha. Kakade 1980, phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo, kwemifula emikhulu emibili i omile, hhayi dotekaya olwandle, futhi olungenayo nemingenela kwesigubhu aqala ukuncipha. Isimo esibi Aral Sea namuhla (isithombe ngezansi sikhombisa loku).

Ulwandle ngokwemvelo yizinqamu 2. Lokhu kudala amadamu amabili amanzi: eningizimu Ningizimu Aral Sea (Lesibanti Aral Sea); enyakatho - Small Aral. ngaleyo ndlela usawoti anda 3-nesibaya eqhathaniswa-yalolucwaningo 50.

Ngokusho idatha 1992, endaweni ingqikithi amadamu amabili yehlile izinkulungwane 33.8 sq. M. km, futhi yehlise izinga le-kwamanzi kuya ku-15 metres.

Yiqiniso kwakukhona imizamo ohulumeni Central Asia ukuhlela inqubomgomo vodoekonomnogo kwezolimo ukuze usimamise ezingeni Aral Sea ngenxa ukukhululwa amavolumu lamanzi emfuleni. Nokho, nobunzima ekuhleleni izinqumo phakathi amazwe ase-Asia kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi ukuletha amaphrojekthi ngalolu daba kuze kube sekupheleni.

Ngakho, ihlukaniswe Aral Sea. ukujula Its kakhulu ziyancipha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwakhiwa cishe 3 ahlukene emachibini amancane: Esibanzi Aral Sea (entshonalanga nasempumalanga echibini) kanye Aral Amancane.

Ngokusho imibono yososayensi, kuze 2020 kulindeleke ukuba zinyamalale, futhi, engxenyeni eseningizimu yaleli kwesigubhu.

imiphumela

Sezibunile Aral Sea ekupheleni 80s ilahlekelwe ezingaphezu kuka 1/2 ivolumu yalo. Kule ndaba, okwanda inani usawoti namaminerali, okwaholela ukushabalala abacebile ezikhathini ezidlule e nezilwane esifundeni, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.

nezimbobo Kuyatholakala (Aralsk kuya Inyakatho neningizimu Muinak) namuhla has amakhilomitha amaningi ibanga kusuka umugqa ogwini echibini. Ngakho, kwakungekho yango esifundeni.

Ngo-1960, ukudoba ngokuvamile ifinyelele Amathani ayizinkulungwane 40., Futhi 80s maphakathi okudoba ngenjongo yezentengiselwano endaweni abasekho. Ngakho, ke elahlekile angaba yizinkulungwane 60. Imisebenzi.

Okuvame kakhulu abakhileyo kolwandle kwaba ulwe Black Sea, ngiyijwayele impilo emanzini usawoti (amazwe kwaba ngawo-1970). U-Olivia wanyamalala kule Big Aral Sea ngo-2003, njengoba usawoti emanzini waqala ukufinyelela amanani phezu 70 g / l, okuyinto engcono kakhulu cishe izikhathi ezingu-4 ephakeme kunaleyo emanzini asolwandle, ejwayele izinhlanzi ezinjalo.

Isimo lapho uhlala ne-Aral Sea namuhla, okwaholela yokuthi kwaba noshintsho eqinile sezulu nokusukuma okushisa kwawo namandla awo.

Futhi lokuthumela kumisiwe ngenxa ukubaleka amanzi ngezinyawo amakhilomitha amaningi kusukela ichweba elikhulu Aral Sea.

Ngo inqubo ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi kuzo zombili amadamu liwile, ngokulandelana, futhi enhlabathini ezingeni, futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, asheshisa inqubo ngenakugwemeka eshaqisayo yokuba ugwadule kwendawo.

Renaissance isiqhingi

Isihloko ukunakekelwa okukhethekile futhi banakekele ku 90 sekwephuzile lalicishe. Renaissance. Ngalezo zinsuku, km 10 kuphela. amanzi bekumnyama tshu yoke indawo.Wahlukanisa esiqhingini esuka ezwekazini. Ukutholakala esikhula ngokushesha kulesi siqhingi sekuyinkinga elithile, njengoba ezinsukwini iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, kule ndawo bekulokhu maphakathi izifundo ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene izikhali ezingamagciwane Union.

Futhi, ngaphandle izifundo ezinjalo zenziwa kwalo kulahlwa amathani angamakhulu-anthrax kwamagciwane ayingozi. Okubangelwa ososayensi baye exhumene yokuthi indlela ezindaweni uhlalwe abantu kungenzeka waphinda ukusakaza -anthrax. Ngo-2001, cishe. Renaissance usejoyine kakade South ingxenye yayo oya ezwekazini.

Aral Sea (isithombe kwesigubhu yesimanje ngenhla) isesimweni eshaqisayo abampofu. Yebo nezimo zokuphila sezizimbi endaweni. Ngokwesibonelo, izakhamuzi Karakalpakstan baye bahlupheka kakhulu, abahlala ezindaweni elise eseningizimu ne-Aral Sea.

Iningi phansi evulekile echibini siyimbangela eziningi uthuli iziphepho, ethwele nabo kuso sonke isifunda uthuli ezinobuthi kanye nosawoti wamakhemikhali nezibulala-zinambuzane. Mayelana nalezi izenzakalo abantu abahlala khona, lapho okuthiwa South Aral Sea kwaqala ukuvela izinkinga zempilo ezingathí sina, ikakhulu eziningi izimo, umdlavuza amalaka, isifo sezinso futhi igazi. Futhi ezingeni nokufa kwezinsana esifundeni - aphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni.

Mayelana nezitshalo nezilwane zomhlaba

Kakade 1990 (phakathi) esikhundleni zasemazweni ekhephuzelayo kwezihlahla, amakhambi nezihlahla ku wangaphambili seashores omangalisayo kungabonwa kuphela tufts ezingavamile zezitshalo (xerophytes futhi halophytes), ngandlela-thile ingashintshwa ukuze nenhlabathi ezomile futhi nosawoti.

Futhi walondoloza kuphela 1/2 kwezinhlobo ongowokuzalwa izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo maqondana kwesimo sezulu, ngaphakathi 100 km kusuka umugqa nogu yokuqala (ushintsho esikhulu lokushisa kanye nomswakama).

isiphetho

isimo esiyinhlekelele emvelweni, eye samanje ababengamasela kunalokho enkulu oLwandle South Aral, iletha asemrarweni futhi ezindaweni ezikude.

Ngokumangalisayo, uthuli kusukela ezifundeni Aral Sea wathola ngisho zeqhwa Antarctica. Futhi lokhu kuwubufakazi bokuthi ukunyamalala amanzi kakhulu ukuthonywa semvelo emhlabeni jikelele. Kufanele ucabange ngakho yokuthi isintu kumelwe yenze imisebenzi yayo esibalulekile amakhanda, ngaphandle kokudala ezifana umonakalo oyinhlekelele imvelo, onikeza ukuphila ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo.