Ancient ebhaliwe umthombo zomlando. Izinhlobo zomlando

Isazi-mlando ngokuvamile has ukubhekana asho into yesikhathi esidlule, kuphumele kungenzeka observation oqondile wenkambo yabo akanayo. Nokho, ucwaningo kufanele sigcwaliswe ngendlela efanele futhi ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle indlela ezingosomathuba kuhlola kwentiwa ngendlela lekahle yabo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu kuphela evumela umsebenzi ngokucophelela izincwadi zomlando.

Uhlolojikelele

Ngesikhathi esafunda esikoleni abafundi ukuthatha up ezithile zomlando (Libanga 5). Ngaphansi kohlelo, izingane zinikwa eminye imininingwane kokuqala ngendaba. Ucwaningo izincwadi zomlando, abantu kuhilela hhayi kuphela ukuthi ukubazi kangcono. Phakathi nenqubo ukuqeqeshwa, abafundi ukuba bahlole, qhathanisa ulwazi wathola kusuka kubalobi ezahlukene.

amagama

Ngokusho Klyuchevskoy zomlando ukumela isigaba othize esikhumbuzo. Zibonisa ukuphila yokuqothulwa futhi imiphakathi yonke, kanye nabantu. Ngenxa yalesi noma lolo lwazi kulekelelwa umlando. zomlando kungase kubonise indlela inqubo ukubunjwa nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ngokusho incazelo, onikeza Tikhomirov, singasho ukuthi lasinda ngandlela-thile Imininingwane kukhona izinsalela ukuphila esikhathini esidlule. Ngokusho kwelinye ukutolika yesayensi zomlando aqukethe ulwazi mayelana nemicimbi yangempela ekuphileni komphakathi kanye umsebenzi womuntu ukuthi kwenzeka ekhulwini odlule. Ukuhlanganisa lezi izincazelo, ungathola umqondo jikelele. zomlando Russian kukhona izinto eziqondene namasiko imibhalo sibonakalisa ngqo izinqubo of the esidlule. Baloba umcimbi iphutha futhi amaqiniso athile. Ngokulandelayo, cabanga ngalokho imithombo zomlando.

zinhlobo

Ucwaningo zomlando wenziwa kohlaka isayensi ekhethekile. Isiyalo futsi liphenya izindlela ukuthola kubo, inikeza ukulinganisa. Lokhu isayensi ibizwa ngokuthi "Chronology". Ngaphakathi isiyalo ivelele izigaba eziningana kucwaningwe ulwazi. Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zomlando:

• Ethnographic.
• Phonons nezithombe.
• Real.
• Ukubhala.

Lawa zomlando eziyisisekelo. Zimelela izenzakalo kufinyeleleke kakhulu esikhathini esidlule. Ukukhuluma ngokuthi yiziphi izincwadi zomlando, abantu kufanele kushiwo mayelana ukuhlukahluka esihle futhi kokuziphatha.

netintfo mbamba

Ngenhla kwaba ngezigaba zomlando. Kuye ngokuthi yiziphi isigaba into ethile ekhethiwe kanye nendlela ucwaningo yayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umsebenzi kanye zomlando imithombo real uhlobo wenziwa kohlaka isayensi wemivubukulo. Ukuze kulesi sigaba yiziphi izinto esidlule, izitsha, izinto zasekhaya, yezandla, amathuluzi, izingubo, ubucwebe, amagugu, nemingcwabo, zemali nokunye. Kufanele wathi futhi iveze nemivubukulo nezinye izinhlobo zomlando. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, izithombe kanye imibhalo evamile. Ukuhlaziya izincwadi zomlando ikuvumela ukubuyisela elilodwa noma kwenye inkathi isintu. Ukucwaninga ulwazi, ochwepheshe kabusha ukuthuthukiswa kwezenhlalo nezomnotho emphakathini.

ebhaliwe umthombo zomlando Lasendulo

Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa izikhumbuzo etemibhalo inkathi ethile. Njengoba isibonelo, Birch amagxolo. Phakathi imibhalo etholakala Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov nakwamanye amadolobha kukhona izincwadi ezivela imvelo nezokuphatha izinduna ukuba abantu engaphansi, izicelo eziphuma kubalimi, imibiko eyabhalwa ikhanda ngomzana, inzalo kanye namarekhodi kwezomnotho, okusalungiswa zamafa. Futhi wathola phakathi amaphepha kukhona okuthunyelwe okuqukethwe bezempi nabezombusazwe enye ukuphangwa, isimo esingokomthetho, ukuzivocavoca umfundi.

Omunye imibhalo eyinhloko esidlule

Ukwahlukaniswa ngaphezulu zomlando ubhekwa Imininingwane. Isigaba ngasinye has subgroups yayo. Ngakho, imithombo ukuze ezalotshwa zihlanganisa hhayi birch namagxolo kuphela, kodwa futhi umlando. Lesi sakamuva ubhekwa amathuluzi eyinhloko esidlule. Uma ucabangela ebhaliwe umthombo zomlando wasendulo, kumele ukuthi wahlala Imininingwane obuphathekayo ngokuphila abantu eminyaka adlule. Imisebenzi kufanele setheksthi amelwe ngendlela isethulo izenzakalo eminyakeni.

Ukubhala eRussia kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ngomlomo. Kwakuwusuku umgcini abantu ngqo. I mlando lokuqala ezavela Russia, bakwazi ukuqoqa ulwazi mayelana makhulu eminyaka ambalwa adlule. Ngenxa yalokho, baye ukusungulwa Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo yangaphambilini ye izenzakalo. Old Russian umthombo zomlando liqukethe ulwazi mayelana nomkhankaso, esekelwe emadolobheni izivumelwano. Esikhathini imisebenzi izimfanelo langempela yezikhulu, wakhuluma kokubuyela izizwe. Ulwazi isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iye kwesinye. Ngokusebenzisa ukuhlaziya izincwadi zomlando, abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi yonke imininingwane laba balobi basekela kusukela temdzabu. Futhi lokhu kuyaqondakala. Legends, iculo, tinganekwane, inganekwane kukhona umlando omkhulu engabhaliwe Russia lasendulo.

imilando Old Russian njengoba umthombo zomlando

Imibhalo esekhona, walondoloza izinsalela eziningi zezindaba, amaculo nama-legends. Ngokuwasebenzisa, ababhali ERussia yasendulo yakhiwa bikho umlando wakhe yomhlaba impahla. Lokho temdzabu kungcono isibe base umlando yokutakula izenzakalo ezidlule. Esimeni imisebenzi temlomo lalinamaphayona abalazi abantu, bavunyelwe ukuze akhule ngendlela zemihla. Century, ngokuqondile eseduze umsebenzi abalobi lokuqala IX kanye X eminyaka, onginike umsebenzi omningi, lathathwa temdzabu, kunokuba owedlule.

Knowledgebase

Kulula ukuhlukanisa phakathi izinhlobo ezinkulu imikhiqizo, ezisetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni incazelo sezulu. Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakuyilabo ezinganekwaneni eziningi. Le misebenzi ziye zahlobana emizini, emizaneni, amangcwaba, amapheshana, chithi emathafeni Russian. Kuyinto ephawulekayo ukuthi izinkumbulo ekuqaleni eduze kakhulu ehlangene zangaphambi kobuKristu, lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa yobuqaba yokhokho. Nokho, eduze nesikhathi sokuphila abalobi ngokwabo, ngokucace kakhudlwana kuyofikwa ukwaziswa okungokomlando kanye ngokucacile ivelele isithakazelo esikhathini esidlule yezwe. Consciousness abantu ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe futhi busuka nohlaka kwezenzakalo.

Ifomu imisebenzi

Uhlobo kanye nohlobo nemengamo, okuyinto kufanele ibonise umthombo wasendulo ebhaliwe, kwadingeka izici zayo siqu. Ifomu yayinamakhothamo, ngokukhethekile, iye Ihlobene ngokuseduze ulwazi ababhali. imisebenzi Medieval awabhalwanga ikakhulukazi ukuze alondoloze embhalweni wokuqala njengoba ayehlala kuwo lapho ekuleso idokhumenti entsha. Abafundi abanesifiso ngalezo zikhathi ayizange isithombe okwangempela, futhi ngokoqobo uqobo. Babelithanda ngegama umcimbi kanye zemihla ngemihla documentary. Ngesikhathi esifanayo umfundi ngokuvamile iphutha for ngokoqobo izindaba zezimangaliso, izenzakalo, izimpawu kanye nezinye izenzakalo.

isethulo izici

mlando Old Russian wanika imibhalo emisha yasekuqaleni ezenzakalweni wesimanje ngabo. Ukulandisa waqhubeka izenzakalo lapho umlobi kwakuwubufakazi. IziNyathelo njalo kulekelelwa, umbhalo bajoyine okufakiwe ezintsha. Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XVI, indaba bebengenayo nezikhathi ephelele - ke waqhubeka kwaze kwaba isikhathi ayephila kuso Umlobi womlando. umbhali ngamunye uye wazama umkhiqizo kuya "umbusi waleli." Ukuqoshwa yokugcina Yayinesikhwanyana impahla eyigugu kakhulu. Kuzo umbhali awuzange ngokubhala izingxenye imisebenzi odlule futhi ukwethula imibono yabo siqu. Yingakho ebhaliwe umthombo zomlando wasendulo empeleni iye akuphelelanga. Ukuphela umkhiqizo bekulokhu ezinye uhlobo kuyivelakancane, ukukhanya ngokushelela ku okwamanje. Kuchubeka indaba, "umphumela eziphilayo" lingachazwa ngokuthi uhlobo wokuthi luwuthinte ukuma nemengamo. Lolu shintsho kusukela esikhathini esidlule kuze kube namuhla ukuxuba ubudala, eyigugu impahla documentary futhi okufakiwe ezintsha ezenzakalweni abalobi wesimanje.

kwenta tinhlaka izincazelo

Abalobi, ukudala imisebenzi wayebakhathalela ikakhulukazi mayelana nokwenza imisebenzi ngaphambili zabo yawela ezandleni zabo. Okubaluleke ngendlela efanayo ngabo, futhi kwadingeka ezihlukahlukene izincwadi zomlando. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa izincwadi, izivumelwano, tando izikhulu, izimpilo zabangcwele, nokunye. Phela into etholakala sebuqoqiwe, kwezinye izimo, wehlukile kakhulu futhi eziningi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izingcezu ezimbili noma ezintathu, umlobi kwaba incazelo sezulu. Annals ehlangene unyaka ngonyaka. Umbhali bebelokhu bezama ukugwema ezinikezwa. Wayefanele ngesethulo ngonyaka yokuhlala yabo, impilo njengomuntu olungile - at usuku lokufa kwakhe. Izinto kungaba inoveli zomlando, iminyaka ejabulisa ambalwa. Kulokhu, umlobi uhlukanisa kube nezikhathi, ngokubeka wonke umuntu ngaphansi ngonyaka othile. Lokhu ukwakhiwa kwenza kwaba lula ukwenza izinguquko umlobi wezenzakalo echazwe unyaka ngamunye.

Lo msebenzi angeke ngokuthi lokukhanda. Umbhali, kwezinye izimo, kwadingeka ukuba kwenzeke ukuqeda ukungaboni ngaso, ukuze afeze ucwaningo ngempela eziyinkimbinkimbi iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo ngoba nokubekwa okunembile kwezindikimba kolwazi. Umlobi womlando kungenzeka weqa Kunoma ikuphi, esekelwe, isibonelo, yokubukwa zabo zezombusazwe, noma wenze ukukhetha izindaba. Kwezinye imisebenzi ungathola incwadi ehlaziya emfushane umsunguli. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umbhali akusho usungula noma yini entsha. Lapho beqeda svodchika Umlobi womlando wabe echaza izenzakalo zosuku lwakhe.

Class Umdwebo imisebenzi

Ancient ebhaliwe umthombo zomlando - iqoqo izindaba esedlule hhayi kuphela. Esikhathini imisebenzi futhi ezihlukahlukene amafilosofi zazibonakala. Kusukela ekuqaleni ukhona, zemihla ngemihla ekilasini wathola Umbala we uhlamvu oluthile. Umsebenzi wona wawungemubi uhlobo lesikhumbuzo. Amaphepha ngomumo kwezakhi ephakeme somphakathi wasendulo, ikakhulukazi amakota eduze kokwesikhulu. Kule ndaba, izibalo eliyingqikithi imisebenzi babe izinduna noMbusi wababusi ababhishobhi namakhosana. Umlobi womlando waso sonke isikhathi ephendulela ukunaka yayo ekufezeni umphakathi engenhla.

incazelo Laurentian

Leli rekhodi eyabhalwa ngonyaka 1377. Ngo kwekuhlanganisa indela ukuwo Lawrence namanye abalobi. Umsebenzi uvezwa uhlobo imibhalo yesandla yesikhumba. Iqukethe ikhophi Ikhodi 1305. Ngaphansi kobuholi iqembu izindela abakopishi e 1377 lomsebenzi ticondziso Prince Dmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod). Luqala ngokunikela umbhalo "The Tale of esidlule Iminyaka" futhi iphela ngonyaka 1305. Ngo umkhiqizo azikho izehlakalo ngemva kweminyaka eminingi. Iqoqo 1305 equkethwe ulwazi mayelana izinto ezenzeka ngesikhathi lapho isikhulu esikhulu Vladimir UMichael Yaroslavovich. Kusekelwe indaba e 1281, lakhulisiwe 1282-m. Laurentian Chronicle uhlanganiswe e le Annunciation Monastery e Nizhny Novgorod noma uVladimir Christmas iyeza. Ngo 1792 yayibizwa zitholwa AI Musin-Pushkin futhi kamuva ethulwa-Alexander Omkhulu. Kamuva, lo mbhalo wesandla yanikwa Library Yomphakathi (manje Saltykov-Shchedrin). Kube wayelokhu kuze kube yilolu suku.

Ipatyevsky egumbini

Lokhu wesandla kubhekwa lesikhumbuzo endala, omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala yaleli indaba. Igama egumbini kwaba uhlu indawo e Kostroma e Ipatiev sezindela. Njengengxenye wesandla ezingxenyeni ezintathu. Owokuqala "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka", owesibili - Kiev umlando ekupheleni kwekhulu XII, kanti eyesithathu iqukethe ikakhulukazi Galician-naseVolyn lelandzisako. Ipatyevsky lwaleli kubhekwa imisebenzi eziyigugu kakhulu lapho incazelo izenzakalo eqoqwe engxenyeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga ekupheleni XIII ekhulwini lizwe. Isici esiphawulekayo indaba isitayela yezwe ezinye izindaba. Kwabaningi Galician-naseVolyn ezilandisayo libhekene ulimi elikhanyayo, engokomfanekiso, sibonga ngalo lwaleli bangavuselwa ezingeni umsebenzi senkondlo.

Novgorod mina indaba

Leli rekhodi ubhekwa njengemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu, isitshela indaba emlandweni zezenhlalo nezombusazwe Russian futhi, ngokukhethekile, ka Novgorod 11-17 eminyaka th. Lokhu umzimba luwuthinte Tales zonke isiRashiya Engxenyeni xv futhi XVI nekhulu lesibili. Ngokuvamile, imisebenzi ichazwe imibono lesigaba esibusayo emphakathini. Nokho abalobi Novgorod ngokuvamile wema ohlangothini bantfu labasebentako. Ukurekhodwa isikhathi ethakazelisa kakhulu ukwakha isimo esisodwa Russian. Bavumela ukuba anezele futhi acacise ulwazi, Tver, iMoscow kanye nezinye abalobi. indaba Novgorodskie ezincwadini evamile ebekwe izinombolo ezinhlanu. Ingxenye endala ubhekwa isethi yokuqala. Ubalula izenzakalo alethwe namathathu banesifo esibi sokukhohlwa ngekhulu le-14. Njengengxenye lwaleli likhona "Russian Iqiniso" kule nguqulo emifushane, kanye nokuqoqwa zomthetho, okubandakanya izikhumbuzo eziningana zomthetho. I indaba ogxile wathola irekhodi ezisukela enkulungwaneni yesibili eyishumi XII leminyaka. Inani Novgorod mina elibekwe oludalulwa Shakhmatova isebenza. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi imisebenzi ekuseni kwabonakala iqoqo ekupheleni kokuqala XI leminyaka. Yena kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe "Tale of esidlule Iminyaka".

okusho vaults

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngesikhathi samanje akaphelelwa indaba yayo hhayi kuphela umuzwa zomlando ulwazi, kodwa futhi wokufundisa. Vaults uchubeke nekufundzisa ejulile esidlule esikhazimulayo abantu. Annals of namuhla ikhuthaza imfundo yokushisekela izwe imibono zasebukhosini.

Amanye amadokhumenti

Uma ucabangela zomlando isiRashiya, angeke kushiwo mayelana izinkumbulo zabantu abangabezinye izizwe, okwadingeka ukuba ahambe emhlabathini kazwelonke. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi ezinkulu zesayensi kuqala bese kuphela Kliuchevskoi baba PhD ukubhala yezinganekwane babhekwe njengabezinye izizwe Muscovy. Lo msebenzi yanyatheliswa wokulandisa. Ngu ebhaliwe zomlando kufanele futhi ubheke imithetho, imiqulu kahulumeni, zokucwaninga ngobuchwepheshe kanye izinto kwezibalo, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe. Ulwazi esibaluleke kunazo mayelana izenzakalo ezidlule, abacwaningi baye bathola ama-imeyili yangasese, Diaries. Esikhathini ezinkathini zakamuva iqembu imithombo ebhalwe waqala ukungena imibhalo zasedaniyay izikhulu eziphezulu amaqembu ezombusazwe kanye nokunyakaza kwezenhlalo, izincwajana, izinhlelo, Umlando, emaphamfulethi, nakomagazini (emaphephandabeni nakomagazini) kanye namanye amadokhumenti.

Injongo idatha cwaningo

Lomhlangano umthamo omkhulu kwemibhalo imisebenzi ezikhungweni zomasipala kanye nesimo nezinhlangano ezehlukene emphakathini kanye nabantu bagxila kule zomlando. Basinike nokuzuza, isitoreji kanye nokusebenzisa eminye imininingwane. isicelo Complex of zomlando kuvumela abacwaningi kutsha Izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule njengoba elibanzi ngangokunokwenzeka.

I izikhumbuzo isiko ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama

imithombo Ethnography zihlanganisa izakhi bendabuko, ukuphila kwansuku zonke futhi izimo zokuphila kwabantu. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, amathuluzi, izinto, namathuluzi okulima, zobumba, izitsha, izindlu, ifenisha kanye nemishini kuwo, ukudla, abantu amathoyizi. Futhi zihlanganisa izindlu, tetimphahla nendvwangu, kuhlanganise imvunulo yesizwe, umhlobiso, efekethisiwe nokunye. Emkhakheni we imithombo ethnographic lihlanganise mkhuba wokuphila kwabantu okungokomoya. Lezi zihlanganisa umkhaya nekhalenda amasiko amasiko abantu izinkolelo, temdzabu, izinhlobo izinhlobo kazwelonke iculo, besina bethi: izaga, yezinganekwane, imizekeliso, izimfihlakalo, gobe nama-legends.

Okunye izikhumbuzo esidlule

Ukuze imithombo olungokomfanekiso zihlanganisa lezo noma eminye imisebenzi yobuciko, kuhlanganise petroglyphs, izinto ngazinye kanye amaqoqo imidwebo, ebaziwe, ihluzo. Iqembu kuhlanganisa imithombo imicikilisho ethile yokuziphatha (wezempi, umsebenzi, amaholide, njll), imfashini, amasiko, udumo izinto.

izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku nokubhala

Lezi zindlela lokuqoqa nokugcina ulwazi wathola sasivumela okwandile. izindlela ezintsha kuye kwavela ngenxa ngokusungula izinto zesayensi, nakwezobuchwepheshe, ezisunguliwe izifundo ezihlukahlukene. Le mithombo documentary zihlanganisa, isibonelo, ifilimu, alalelwayo izinto lokushicilela. Okunjalo idatha izindlela iqoqo abizwa ngokuthi sib. Ziqukethe Imininingwane okuyilona elidingekayo ukuze umuntu ekukhiqizweni imishini ezifanele. Ngokuvamile, le mithombo ezibhekwa ngokucophelela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ayefana kakhulu amasu kanye ukudlala indalo, ubunjalo indlela ulwazi ukuyiqonda nokuyikhumbula inhlangano wesitoreji yabo. Okwamanje, abaningi ifilimu, isithombe, ividiyo kanye umsindo okuqoshiwe oluqukethwe ku zasemoyeni. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuphepha idatha kanye nekhono uwasebenzise ucwaningo izikhathi eziningi by ongoti ezahlukene.