I-American Lion: i-giant ukhokho wamakati wamanje

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, kuze kube umzuzwana lapho indoda yaba ngumzingeli futhi ithola isikhali, phezulu kwezokudla kweplanethi yethu kwakuyizakhamuzi zomndeni wekati. Yiqiniso, lezi zingesiyo izingonyama zanamuhla, amajagu, izingwe nama-tigers, kodwa okhokho babo abaqedwa, njenge-tiger ekhanda ngamabhomu noma ingonyama yaseMelika. Ake sijwayelane nendawo yengonyama yaseMelika engaphelelwa yisikhathi, noma, njengoba ososayensi bayibiza, i-Panthera leo atrox.

Incazelo yezinto eziphilayo

Zonke izingonyama, kanye namajagu, ama-tigers nezintshe zingamalungu omndeni wamaqhwa (uFelidae), angamazinyane amakhulu ase Pantherinae, kanye nejubane le Panthera (panther). Ngokwezifundo zesayensi, ukuguquka kwalolu hlobo kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-900 000 edlule, lapho i-Afrika yanamuhla ikhona khona. Abamele kamuva balezi zinhlobo ezihlala kuyo iningi lezwe leHolarctic. Amadala asekuqaleni kwezilwane zaseYurophu atholakala eduze kwedolobha lase-Italy lase-Isernia, kanti iminyaka yabo yayinqunywe eminyakeni engu-700 000. Ezwekazini lase-Eurasia, cishe eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 000 edlule, kwakukhona ibhubesi lomhume. Ngenxa yesismusmus, ngaleso sikhathi esasihlanganisa i-America ne-Eurasia, ingxenye yabantu balaba bahlaselwa emhumeni yafika e-Alaska naseChukotka eya eNyakatho Melika, lapho kwakhiwa ama-subspecies amasha wezingonyama, amaMelika ngenxa yokuzihlukanisa isikhathi eside.

Izibopho ezihlobene

Ngenxa yomsebenzi ohlanganyelwe wesikhathi eside owaqhutshwa abacwaningi baseRussia, eNgilandi, e-Australia naseJalimane, kwatholakala ukuthi konke esinakho emhlabeni kwakuyizinhlobo ezintathu zezingonyama. Namuhla indawo encane kakhulu inabantu abakhiwe yingonyama yesimanje. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba kube khona izinhlobo ezimbili zangaphambili nezokuphela namuhla. Okokuqala, liyingonyama yamathanga (i-Panthera leo spelaea), ehlala entshonalanga yeCanada nasendaweni cishe yonke i-Eurasia ePleistocene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona nengonyama yaseMelika (i-Panthera leo atrox), eyayiphila ensimini ye-United States yanamuhla. Futhi nakwezinye izingxenye zaseNingizimu Melika. Ibizwa nangokuthi ingonyama yaseNyakatho Melika, noma i-giant jaguar yaseNigel. Ngenxa yocwaningo lwezinto ezifuywayo zezilwane nezinsalela zanamuhla, kwakungenzeka ukuthi zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zamabhubesi zifana kakhulu ne-genome yazo. Kodwa yikuphi okungaphezulu okungafundwa ososayensi: i-subspecies yeNgonyama yaseMelika yayineminyaka engaphezu kuka-340,000 ubudala ekuhlukaniseni izakhi zofuzo, futhi ngalesi sikhathi yayihluke kakhulu kwezinye izifunda.

Bavelaphi?

Ekuqaleni, izingonyama ezavela e-Afrika zakha insimu yase-Eurasia futhi zawela kuphela isiphetho seBeringia, ehlanganisa iNyakatho Melika nezwekazi lase-Eurasia ngalezi zikhathi ezikude, futhi yaqala ukuthuthukisa izwekazi elisha. Ososayensi bakhombisa ukuthi ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene eNyakatho Melika kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwabamele laba bantu ababili ngenxa ye-glaciation. Ngokwezinye izinkolelo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene: umhume namabhubesi aseMelika - yizithunywa zamagagasi amabili okufuduka esuka e-Eurasia, kude kakhulu ngaphandle komunye nomunye ngesikhathi.

Wayebukeka kanjani?

Njengezinye izilwane ezidalwa ngaphambili, inkunzi yaseMelika yanyamalala eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakungesinye sezilwane ezinkulu kunazo zonke eziyingozi kakhulu: ubude bayo bufinyelela emamitha amathathu nangaphezulu, futhi isisindo sifike kwabesifazane kuya ku-300, nakubesilisa naku-400 kg. Phakathi kososayensi, akusekho isivumelwano sokuthi lesi silwane sasine-mane, njengendodana yaso yanamuhla, noma cha. Kodwa-ke, bachaza ukubonakala kwakhe ngokuqinisekile: emilenzeni yakhe enamandla kwakuwumzimba obukhulu, umzimba, okhanda ikhanda elikhulu, futhi ngemuva kwakuwumsila omude. Umbala wesikhumba, njengoba abacwaningi basikisela, kwakuyi-monophonic, kodwa, mhlawumbe, ishintshiwe ngezikhathi ezithile. I-morphologically kakhulu eduze kwezingonyama zaseMelika ziyi-ligers - inzalo ye-tigress nengonyama. Kunzima ukuchaza ukuthi ibhubesi laseMelika lalibukeka kanjani. Ukubukeka kwesithombe sokubukeka kwakhe kusiza ukuqonda ukuthi ubukeka kanjani "njengesihlobo" sakhe samanje.

Wahlala kuphi?

Ngenxa yokucwaningwa kwemfuyo, izinsalela zalesi silwane zitholakala endaweni enkulu kakhulu: kusukela ePeru kuya e-Alaska. Lokhu kwavumela ososayensi ukuba baqinisekise ukuthi ingonyama yaseMelika ayihlali kuphela eNyakatho kuphela, kodwa nakwezinye izindawo zaseNingizimu Melika. Izinsalela eziningi zalesi silwane zatholwa eduze naseLos Angeles. Ngisho nanamuhla, naphezu kokuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kwesayensi, ososayensi abakwazi ukuchaza izizathu eziqondile neziqondile ezibangele ukuqothulwa kwalesi sidumbu cishe eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 edlule. Kukhona ukucabanga mayelana nokudliwa komhlaba wezilwane kanye nokufa kwezilwane ezisebenzela ukudla njengezingonyama zaseMelika, ngenxa ye-glaciation nokushintsha kwezimo zezulu. Kukhona futhi inguqulo mayelana nokubandakanyeka kwabantu basendulo ekuqothulweni kwalesi sidalwa esiyingozi.

Ukudla nabancintisana

Ingonyama yaseMelika ngesikhathi esisodwa yayingazingela okhokho be-wapiti zanamuhla kanye ne-bison, kanye nezinkomo ze-bushy eziphelile, amakamela asentshonalanga, izinkunzi zasendle namahhashi (Equus). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ezinye izidumbu ezinkulu, eziphelile, nazo zahlala eNyakatho Melika.

Ukuvikela izilwane zabo zokudla nokuzingela, izingonyama zingahle zihlanganiswe ndawonye. Ukuvikela ukudla kanye nensimu yabo, ingonyama yaseMelika yalwa ne-tiger-toothed tiger (iMachairodontinae), izimpisi ezimbi zasendulo (Canis dirus) kanye nezinyosi ezincane (Arctodus simus).